جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "روانسنجی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

It is necessary to examine different dimensions of psychometrics in different sciences, and paying attention to the accuracy and precision of the results can lead to the construction of reliable and valid tools; In this article, exploratory factor analysis has been done using SPSS software, version 26.

This research was a brief report that was conducted between 30 January 2023 to 10 October 2023. Reliability means reproducibility and continuity of results in the same conditions, and validity means matching the test with the purpose for which it was designed. Validity includes face, content, criterion and construct validity. To determine construct validity, various methods are used including: convergent validity, divergent validity, internal consistency and factor analysis. Factor analysis is a method that aims to simplify a complex set of data and allows researchers to find a specific pattern among many variables and complex relationships between them which includes exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to estimate hidden factors or variables and reduce the large number of variables.

exploratory factor analysis is a statistical method that is used by reducing the number of variables and exploring the underlying structure of a large set of variables with the aim of discovering factors or hidden variables, and its basic assumption is that any variable may be related to any factor. It tries to use factor loadings to discover the factorial structure of the data and by identifying the basic structures, grouping the factors by considering the common meaning of the variables.

Reliability means repeatability and validity of the degree of accuracy of the results which are measured through different methods. Exploratory factor analysis uses construct validity measurement methods to simplify the data and provide more reliable and valid tools, so it is very important to pay attention to the accurate and correct measurement of the results in the validation of health system tools.

As people age, they often look back on their history to determine their accomplishments and shortcomings, which might cause them to feel regret. The present study was designed to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the regret scale in the Iranian elderly. The research method was a descriptive evaluation type. The study was conducted in Tehran in 2023. The sample consisted of 293 elderly men and women, who were selected by available and online sampling methods. The elderly completed the demographic checklist, regret, psychological distress, and psychological well-being questionnaires. The psychometric properties of the regret scale were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in SPSS software and R software. The content validity of the questionnaire items was found to be satisfactory in terms of quality. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the regret scale had a single-factor structure. The model had an RMSEA of 0.07 and an SRMR of 0.04, which indicated the appropriateness of the model. The calculated values of other indices (GFI, CFI, NFI, NNFI, and IFI) were 0.99, 0.96, 0.94, 0.86, and 0.96, respectively, indicating that the obtained model was acceptable. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.81. The findings indicated that the regret scale had construct validity and acceptable reliability among the Iranian elderly. Besides, the single-factor structure of this scale could help to identify regret in the Iranian elderly.

More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy.

This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha.

Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91.

The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients.

The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients.

Thirst distress is a common complication in the final stage of kidney disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the network and psychometric properties of the thirst distress scale in the Iranian hemodialysis patients.

In this cross-sectional study in 2023, 411 hemodialysis patients in Mazandaran were selected using the convenience sampling method. After translating the scale, its psychometric properties were evaluated through exploratory factor analysis, network analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, and the structural validity (convergent and divergent validity) was assessed. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega, and composite reliability.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed two factors of distress due to thirst and dry mouth were extracted, explaining 80.46% of the variance in thirst distress among hemodialysis patients. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the assumed model had a good fit (CFI = 0.971, IFI = 0.971, RFI = 0.923, NFI = 0.969). The extracted factors demonstrated good convergent validity (AVE above 0.50 for both factors) and high reliability (composite reliability above 0.70), and were appropriately divergent (HTMT ratio of 0.512). Finally, the internal stability of the thirst distress scale was deemed acceptable (Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability above 0.70).

The psychometric results of the thirst distress scale indicated that chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis experience and perceive distress with two concepts of thirst and dry mouth. This study confirmed the psychometric properties (appropriate validity and reliability) and suitable factor structure for the Persian version of the thirst distress scale in hemodialysis patients. It can be stated that healthcare providers can utilize it in future studies.

Measurement of caring behavior can not only be useful for the measurement of the caring behavior of students and employees of the healthcare system but can also be used to identify and provide timely information about the status of these behaviors in students and employees to carry out interventions and modify policies. The present study aimed to translate and determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the caring behavior scale on healthcare students and providers.

This methodological study was carried out in 2023 with the participation of 330 students and employees of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The instrument was translated using the forward-backward method. The final version of the scale was checked in terms of validity (content, face, and construct validity [using confirmatory factor analysis]) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha, test-retest, and intraclass correlation) in SPSS software (version 25) and AMOS software (version 24).

In reviewing the face validity,  scores of all items were higher than 1.5. content validity of all items was accepted, and the factor loading of all the items was higher than 0.4; therefore, all the items were retained. The goodness of fit indices of the model indicated the approval of the model and its good fit (GFI: 0.884, NFI: 0.911, CFI: 0.921, and RMSEA: 0.07). Reliability of the scale was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, test-retest, and intra-cluster correlation of 0.84, 0.86, and 0.83, respectively.

Psychometric features of the Persian version of the CBS-HSP scale were favorable. Therefore, it can be used in future studies to measure the care behaviors of the Persian population and also evaluate effective interventions on this outcome.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric indicators of Burt & Donnellan's antisocial behavior questionnaire in Iranian adolescents.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population included all high school students in Shiraz. A sample of 567 (342 girls and 22 boys) students was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The measurement tools were Burt & Donnellan's (STAB) antisocial behavior questionnaires, Aquino and Reed's moral identity, and Flores-Camacho et al.'s (BSVT-11) tendency to revenge. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis and principal components method using varimax rotation were used.

The findings showed this questionnaire consists of three components: physical aggression, social aggression, and breaking the law. In order to measure the three-factor structure, confirmatory factor analysis was used and findings showed the fit indices of the three-factor model of antisocial behaviors have an acceptable fit with the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficients had acceptable values. Finally, in order to examine the divergent and convergent validity, the simultaneous implementation of the questionnaires of moral identity and tendency to revenge was used. The findings showed the current questionnaire has a negative and significant relationship with the moral identity questionnaire and a positive and significant relationship with the tendency to revenge.

As a result, it can be said the current questionnaire has adequate reliability and validity and can evaluate antisocial behavior and its components in Iranian culture and society. Also, this questionnaire can be used in various educational and research situations.

The counselors’ professional development seeks education and skills training, experience, and expertise, not only in one field but for the present and the future.

The present research was conducted to design and study the psychometric properties of the “Counselors’ Professional Development Scale".

The current research was a mixed exploratory design and tool making. The statistical population of this research included all counselors of counseling and psychology centers in Tehran in 2022. The number of samples reached 12 semi-structured interviews, which were selected by purposive sampling. Construct validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to examine the psychometric properties of the Counselors' Professional Development Scale.

The results of the present study showed that the Counselors’ Professional Development Scale has Cronbach's alpha reliability and adequate construct validity in a sample including counselors of counseling and psychology centers in Tehran.

The Counselors’ Professional Development Scale in the theoretical framework of 6 selected codes based on the grounded theory was designed and the results indicate the desired reliability and validity of the present tool. It is suggested that the authorities of higher education and the organization of the psychology and counseling system consider the designed tool and provide a suitable platform for the professional development of counselors.
Keywords: Counselors, development, professional, psychometric

Health tourism is one of the dimensions of sustainable development to help Mazandarn’s economic dynamic. A strong agreement is doubted in identifying factors influencing the attraction of health tourists. This study was implemented to design a questionnaire to measure the factors influencing the attraction of healthy tourists and investigate its psychometric properties.

This study was done with a combinatorial approach in three steps, including relevant literature and the opinions of experts as long as health tourists' opinions of Mazandaran province were applied to the development of the item pool. Then, content validity, face validity, construct validity, and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed for the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The final questionnaire was approved after performing 17 interviews and applying professional expertise in the qualitative part. In the first stage of the quantitative part content validity was studied by 10 people from an expert panel, and its face validity, the questionnaire was completed by 10 participants. Finally, the construct validity of the designed instrument was calculated using exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 24 software and confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 24 software by asking 300 people familiar with health tourism in Mazandaran province. The internal and external validity were determined using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest in 25 people.

The results of the literature review and interviews with experts in the first and second stages of the study led to the design of 76 items. In the next step, the changes in the qualitative stage 15 questions did not receive favorite points in Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) calculation in the quantitative part of content validity. Then face validity was applied and the item effect index for 8 items was lower than 1.5 in the quantitative stage of face validity. Then the questionnaire with 53 items was entered into construct validity. In the exploratory factor analysis, the value of KMO was equal to 0.778. Furthermore, the value of Bartlett's test of significance was less than 5%. Based on the rotated matrix of components, eight factors with positive values were obtained. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that 7 items had a factor loading of less than 0.4, which were removed from the questionnaire, and finally, 46 items remained. In the confirmatory factor analysis stage, the factor load of all dimensions was in good condition and the P-value was in the acceptable range. Cronbach alpha rate was calculated as 0.831. The external reliability was lower than 0.05 (ICC= 0.90, P<0.001).

The designed questionnaire, due to the low number of questions, the simplicity of the sentences, as well as the acceptable validity and reliability, can be used to identify and investigate the factors affecting the attraction of health tourists. Normalization of the questionnaire in other cultures is suggested. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be utilized by researchers, healthcare and tourism system managers, and other stakeholders to inform the planning of interventions aimed at increasing medical tourism. Additionally, it is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a springboard for future research in this area.

Virtual education comes with ethical challenges. Designing reliable and robust tools to assess ethical performance in virtual education is essential. The aim of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire on ethical behavior in virtual education among students.

The present study was methodological research conducted on 264 students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences during the years 2022-2023. The design and psychometric validation of the Ethical Behavior Questionnaire were performed using Waltz’s method (2010) in four stages. Face validity, content validity (both quantitative and qualitative), and internal consistency were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20.

The theoretical concept of ethical behavior in students was extracted in six domains: academic honesty, privacy and confidentiality of individuals’ information, avoidance of cheating, maintaining order, observing etiquette and respect, and mental well-being. The Ethical Behavior Questionnaire, consisting of 35 items, demonstrated satisfactory content validity ratio (CVR = 0.84), content validity index (CVI = 0.93), and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92).

The designed questionnaire possesses desirable psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, and is suitable for use by other students. To further develop the concept of ethical behavior and precisely define its domains, qualitative studies with structural validity are recommended.

In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of nutritional literacy in the formation of a healthy eating pattern. The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the nutritional knowledge scale in women of reproductive age.

A cross-sectional was done on 320 women of reproductive age who were referred to health service centers in Kerman city. Data was collected through a two-part questionnaire that included demographic information and the Persian version of the nutritional knowledge scale. This scale has 31 questions with a score between 0 and 124. Lisrel version 8.8 software was used.

Most of the participants were married (76.1%), housewives, had an average level of economic state (67.5%), had a university degree (56.6%) and were housewives (52.5%). Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 indicated the appropriate internal consistency of the Persian version. The goodness of fit indices was at an acceptable level after removing some items with a factor load of less than (0.3). The average score of nutritional knowledge was 86.46 ± 13.85, and the status of it in 108 people (33.7%) was low. Women with academic education levels, those working in the private sector, and those with good economic levels obtained higher scores.

The Persian version of the scale had appropriate psychometric properties. About one-third of women had low nutritional knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize increasing nutritional awareness of women of reproductive age.

Measuring the cost of treatment is one of the daily concerns of the developed world, which play a fundamental role in the design and evaluation of health systems. The present study was conducted with the aim of development and psychometrics of "Treatment Cost Management Scale" for children with cancer.

The current research is of a methodological type. In the qualitative part, a wide review of the literature related to the research subject, including library documents and scientific articles from 2003 to 2021, was conducted and by analyzing them in the form of a data extraction form, "Treatment Cost Management Scale" was developed. In the quantitative part, the content validity ratio and the content validity index of the scale were conducted by asking the opinions of 15 people from the medical staff of Shafizadeh Children's Hospital in Babol city with the snowball method. Construct validity was investigated by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity and divergent validity by distributing the designed scale among 250 available medical staff of Shafizadeh Children's Hospital. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability were calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 22 and Amos. 24.

In the qualitative part, "Treatment Cost Management Scale" was developed with 24 items. The values of the content validity ratio for all items were 0.49 and the content validity index was 0.80. Exploratory factor analysis showed the construct validity of 6 subscales. Divergent validity was equal to 0.58 and composite reliability was equal to 0.89 and reliability by internal consistency method was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.88.

"Treatment Cost Management Scale" is valid and reliable with 24 items and 6 subscales. It is suggested to use the designed scale in researches related to health and treatment services to manage the costs of children with cancer.

Fear of guilt is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which confirms the centrality of guilt in obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Iranian adaptation of the Fear of Guilt Scale.

This study was applied and developmental in terms of aim and psychometric type,respectively. The population included all the people of the three company in Tehran, Iran, in the year 2022 from which 520 adults, were selected by availabile sampling. The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (2004) and the Fear of Guilt Scale (2016) were used to collect the data. Besides, mean, standard deviation (SD), exploratory  and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and construct validity, SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were run to analyze the data.

Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the existence of two factors: "punishment" and "prevention of harm." The scale demonstrated favorable convergent validity. Concerning scale reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.90 for the entire scale, 0.88 for the "punishment" subscale, and 0.75 for the "prevention of harm" subscale which revealed the convergent and construct validity of this questionnaire.

This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Fear of Guilt Scale in terms of evaluating the features of fear of guilt in obsessive-compulsive disorder .Future researches can use this tool for the purposes of evaluating and investigating the fear of guilt in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.

Evaluation of medical equipment management should provide the possibility of timely identification of shortcomings and gaps in this process. The current research was conducted to develop and psychometrically measure the "Medical Equipment Management Scale" in Tehran hospitals.

The current research is of a methodological type. At first, a wide review of the texts related to the research topic, including library documents and scientific articles from 2018 to 2022, was conducted and by analyzing them in the form of a “Data Extraction Form”, "Medical Equipment Management Scale" was developed. Then in the quantitative section, the content validity ratio and the content validity index of the scale were measured by asking the opinion of 24 experts in the field of health and treatment management with the purposeful sampling method using the snowball method. Construct validity was measured by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and divergent validity by distributing the developed scale among 78 experts in the field of health and medical services management by convenience sampling method. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability were calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 24 and Amos. 24.

In the qualitative section, "Medical Equipment Management Scale" was developed with 13 items. In the quantitative part, content validity ratio and content validity index were measured and 1 item was removed and 12 items remained. Construct validity results showed 4 subscales. Convergent validity was 0.50 and divergent validity was >0.90. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was reported as 0.89.

"Medical Equipment Management Scale" with 12 items and 4 subscales is valid and reliable. It is suggested to use the developed scale in research related to healthcare services.

The increase of unsafe events in healthcare environments can cause injuries to healthcare personnel and patients. Understanding the patient safety climate in an organization using a valid and reliable tool can reduce these risks and injuries to the patient. The present study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Patient Safety Climate Questionnaire in Health Care Organizations (PSCHO).

The study was started by obtaining permission from the original author of the instrument. This questionnaire was first translated into Farsi by a group of experts using the forward-backward translation method; then, it was translated into English. After the English version was approved by the original author, the final Persian version was formed. The final questionnaire was completed by 221 healthcare workers from three public hospitals in Sari, Iran. The statistical indicators used include Cronbach's alpha coefficient, content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Pearson correlation.

This study was conducted in the second half of 2022. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire is 0.883. The average CVR and CVI were calculated as 0.59 and 0.81 according to the opinions of 30 occupational health, ergonomics, and nursing experts.

This study has shown that the PSCHO has high reliability and validity and can be used to evaluate and identify the level of patient safety in healthcare centers.

Objective (s):

 Due to its unpredictable and unfortunate circumstances, the coronavirus has caused stress among people and disrupted their lives. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Brief Version of the COVID-19 Stress Scales (CSS-B) in Iran.

This was a methodological study. The original questionnaire was translated using the backward-forward method. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the face validity was achieved by the qualitative method through interviews with ten people. Then, the construct validity of the Brief Corona Stress Scale was conducted through the known group comparison. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation between the brief version (CSS-B) and the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS). The reliability of the scale was calculated by internal consistency analysis.

In all, 415 people participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 35.55 (SD = 12.24) years. The known group comparison showed that the average total score of the Corona stress scale among females significantly was higher than that of men (P=0.038) as hypothesized. Convergent validity showed a significant correlation between the Persian version of the CSS-B and the CSS (r=0981). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the dimensions and the whole questionnaire was acceptable ranging from 0.82 to 0.96.

The findings showed appropriate validity and reliability for the Persian version of the Brief Version of the COVID-19 Stress Scale.  It is suggested that the future studies need to assess the structural validity (expletory and confirmatory factor analysis) of the CSS-B with a bigger sample size.

The nursing education course faces challenges that can be solved with simple and low-cost measures if properly identified. Otherwise, the challenges will turn into a crisis and their solution will be difficult and costly. However, there is no tool available to examine the challenges of nursing education in Iran.

This research is a combined study that was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the terms of the questionnaire were compiled using the qualitative interview of the study, as well as the review of authentic texts related to the topic of the research. In the next step, during a methodological study, the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire were determined using face validity, content (CVR & CVI) and exploratory factor analysis, as well as reliability with internal consistency and stability methods.

The pool of items including 30 expressions was extracted. After determining face validity, qualitative and quantitative content validity, the number of questionnaire statements was reduced to 28 items. The result of the exploratory factor analysis of this questionnaire, three factors including "defective educational cycle", "educational structure challenge" and "overall neglect as a member of the education family", these three factors explained a total of 72.01% of the variance of the entire test. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.865 and the stability through retest with intraclass correlation test was 0.8.

Considering the desired validity and reliability of the 27-item questionnaire of nursing education challenges, its use by researchers is recommended.

The stigma associated with occupational stress and burnout in mental health professionals (MHPs) is one of the major barriers to seeking psychological help in this population.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the psychological help seeking stigma scale toward occupational stress and burnout in MHPs.

This psychometric research was conducted on a population of counselors and psychologists in Tehran, Iran, in 2021. A total of 316 MHPs, who were selected via convenience sampling, completed the MHPSS by Clough & et al. (2020), as well as Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (1972) through Whatsapp application. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured to examine the internal consistency of the scale. The validity of the scale was also evaluated by calculating convergent validity and performing a confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS version 24 software.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed four factors of “structural stigma”, “self-stigma”, “perceived other stigma”, and “personal stigma”. The convergent validity of the scale with the GHQ was favorable. Regarding the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured to be 0.88 for the entire scale, 0.73 for structural stigma, 0.76 for self-stigma, 0.81 for perceived other stigma, and 0.85 for personal stigma.

In this study, the validity and reliability of the MHPSS were confirmed. Overall, this tool can be used to conduct further detailed research on the MHP population due to the implicit assessment of psychological help-seeking stigma, in addition to its specific design for MHPs.

The role of spirituality with its different levels in different countries and societies should be considered for investigating the elderly's health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate spirituality with a scale specifically designed to measure spirituality. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Attitudes Related to Spirituality Scale (ARES) in the elderly.

In this psychometrics study, the study population included all the elderly of Ardabil city, among whom 459 individuals were randomly selected to fill ARES. The data was analyzed by SPSS and Amos Software.

The reliability of ARES was 0.94 by Cronbach's alpha. Its construct validity, calculated by confirmatory factor analysis, showed that the model for measuring attitudes related to spirituality in the elderly had a suitable fit and its one-factor structure was confirmed (RMSEA=0.001, GFI=0.99, CFI=1).

The Persian version of the Attitudes Related to Spirituality has a one-factor structure, and could be used in psychological studies in Iranian samples due to its acceptable necessary validity and reliability.

The impacts of the growth of e-learning technology in medical sciences have been very significant, and it is essential to evaluate the dimensions of the effects of e-learning in medical sciences. The current study aimed to compile and psychometric test of a suitable tool to evaluate the effectiveness of e-learning among students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study is part of a larger study which was conducted using a combined consecutive method in 2020. It was designed and psychometrically analyzed in two stages. The literature review was used to design the questionnaire items. Face validity and content validity were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively, and also construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and stability (retest reliability) were evaluated.

The initial questionnaire was designed with 75 questions that after psychometric analyzed was reduced to 60 items with six dimensions. The six dimensions were named as follows: satisfaction, educational content, and materials; learning-teaching activities; feedback and evaluation and flexibility; fitness and workload; infrastructure, technology, and support. The results of total Cronbach's alpha of the tool were 0.95, retest with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 for the whole tool, and P < 0.001 showed that the instrument had desired reliability.

The tool for measuring the effectiveness of e-learning had validity and reliability in the target population of students. Therefore, this tool can be used for research, educational, and practical purposes and to evaluate the effectiveness of e-learning during the outbreak of COVID-19 among students.

During COVID-19 pandemic, human society, especially the nurses who care for the patients of COVID-19, aside from the physical complications of this disease, have also faced its extensive mental devastations. One of the psychosocial consequences of contracting infectious diseases is social stigma. Due to the lack of appropriate tools to investigate the social stigma related to the COVID-19 crisis, this study was conducted with the aim of localization and psychometric analysis of the Persian version of the social stigma questionnaire related to the COVID-19 crisis.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1400, after back-and-forth translation of the existing social stigma questionnaire in studies in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, face and content validity was measured by 12 members of the panel of experts in the field. To be valid and reliable, the questionnaire was presented to 242 nurses working in selected centers of COVID-19 by multi-stage random sampling. The validity of the content and structure of the questionnaire was done with confirmatory factor analysis and average CVR, and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The content validity index of CVR was calculated as 0.92 and the value of CVI as 0.98. Content and structural validity resulted in Persian version with 12 questions and 3 subscales with a variance of 72.86.

This study showed that the Farsi and adaptive version of the social stigma questionnaire has good validity and reliability and can be used as a valid and reliable tool to measure social stigma among nurses.