جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فنی توئین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Postoperative pain is one of the most important complications of anorectal surgeries. Management of these pains would result in improved situations and more satisfaction in patients. The utilization of topical medications is a recommended approach and phenytoin is a preferred option for this method. Hence, this study aimed to invstigate the effects of topical ointment of phenytoin 1%, topical placebo on wound healing, and postoperative pain in patients with perianal fistula after fistulotomy.

This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial, it was conducted by the 31 codes of research ethics of Iran. In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with anal fistula underwent fistulotomy at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari after obtaining informed consent and were randomly selected to receive topical 1% phenytoin ointment or topical placebo twice a day. Phenytoin 1% cream was prepared by Iran Daropaksh Company and the placebo was prepared from Vaseline ointment. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study were checked. Medicines were coded in opaque medicine cans and assigned to study groups using a limited randomization method. After that, up to 8 weeks after the operation, pain, recovery, pain caused by defecation, itching, and complications were determined and compared in the groups. Data analysis was done with SPSS software (version 13.0). Chi-Square, Independent-Sample-T test, and Repeated-Measure ANOVA tests were used to compare between 2 groups.

A total of 44 patients completed the study and a thorough analysis was carried out. The average age in the intervention group was 43.0±11.8 years and in the control group was 42.1±6.9 years (P>0.05). The patients in the two study groups did not differ in terms of the type of fistula (P>0.05). Postoperative pain from the first to the fifth visit was significantly lower in the phenytoin group compared to the placebo group (P<0.001). Also, the pain after defecation from the first to the fifth visit in the phenytoin group was significantly less than the placebo group (P<0.001). The percentage of recovery from the first to the fifth visit was significantly higher in the phenytoin group compared to the placebo group (P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the intensity of itching among the groups (P>0.05). Wound secretion was observed in the phenytoin group and the control group, respectively, 63.6% and 68.2% (P>0.05). In the phenytoin group, 85.7% of serous and 14.3% of pus were observed, and in the control group, 53.3%, 33.3%, and 13.4% of serous, pus, and blood were observed, respectively (P>0.05). The only complication in the phenytoin group was bleeding, which was observed in 3 patients (13.6%).

In general, it can be concluded that 1% phenytoin ointment is effective in wound healing and reducing postoperative pain in patients with anal fistula undergoing fistulotomy. Therefore, the use of this topical medicine is recommended. However, studies with a larger sample size are needed to reach more definitive results.

Considering the importance of the skin in regulating the temperature and maintaining body fluids and its prominent role in the defense system, it is important to improve any discontinuity in the skin, which is called a wound. Although limited and superficial wounds heal by themselves, the treatment of deep wounds requires drug therapy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and prepare a topical cream containing the extract of the sumac plant (Rhus Coriaria L) and compare its effect with phenytoin in healing skin wounds in an animal model.

 In the present study conducted in 2021-2022, twenty-five New Zealand laboratory rabbits, with the weight range of 2500-3000 grams, were obtained from central animal house, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: I) Control Group; II) Receiving Phenytoein cream (1%) as the medical therapy; III) Receiving the placebo cream base; IV) Receiving therapeutic cream containing standardized sumac extract (0.1% of tannic acid); and V) Receiving therapeutic cream containing standardized sumac extract (0.05% of tannic acid). Then, a wound, with dimension of 2*2 cm, was induced in the back of any rabbits and the appropriate topical therapy was administered twice daily on the rabbits. The effectiveness of therapy using creams containing sumac extract was determined using the extent of wound healing and the level of hydroxyproline. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

It was demonstrated that each one gram of standardized extract contained 2.74±0.86 milligram of tannic acid. The data achieved from the study, including the determination of hydroxyl-proline levels, percentage of wound healing, and the duration of remission, demonstrated significant efficiency in treatment with sumac-containing creams (either 0.1% or 0.05%). Histological studies revealed more condensed collagen fibrils and more reduction of inflammation cells in treatment groups receiving sumac-containing cream (either 0.01% or 0.05%) compared with the control group.

Sumac-containing creams, due to anti-oxidative properties and enhancing synthesis of hydroxyl-proline, can condense collagen fibrils which consequently cause improved wound healing.

To treat wounds, various treatment methods are used,including chemical, herbal, homeopathic and laser treatments, the main goal of which is faster, less complication, and at the same time lower cost of wounds. Topical phenytoin also has a positive effect on wound healing.The aim of present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of topical 1% phenytoin on microbial contamination caused by microorganisms affecting oral ulcer infection in an animal model.

In this experimental animal experimental study in 2019, 36 male rafts were selected. After anesthetizing the rats, the mandibular gingiva was flapped. Three types of microbial microorganisms including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycosis were prepared. An equal number of microorganisms was placed at the incision site. Rats were randomly divided into two groups. In 18 rats 1% topical phenytoin powder was applied to the wounds, and in the remaining 18 rats no drug was applied to the wound. Finally, 36 samples of incisal biopsy were cultured in specific media for each microorganism and transferred to the laboratory. Colonies counted in phenytoin groups were compared with non-phenytoin groups. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney test  by means of SPSS 22 software.

Mean±sd and Pvalue colonies of Staphylococcus aureus case and control groups respectively(124827±301378) and(807±1209),(P=0.259), Candida albicans(1750±1339)and(2357±4679),(P=0.423) and Actinomyces (16088±36721)and(47±114)(P=0.049)were not statistically significant between the phenytoin and control groups.

 It seems that 1% topical phenytoin powder after one use had no effect on reducing the microbial contamination of oral ulcers in laboratory rat.

Phenytoin ointment is a usual medicine for wound healing. Aloe vera gel promotes wound healing by directly stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts that increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby promoting tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey on skin wound healing in rabbit animal model.

5 rabbits with 50 skin wounds were used in this study. Phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey were used in four wounds and another was considered as an untreated control. Macroscopic study was performed on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 after wounding and histopathologic study was done on the days 10 and 21 from the wounds.

On the 8th and 12th days in the Aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey groups, the area of the wound had a significant difference (p < 0.05) than group1 (phenytoin), indicating a faster reduction of the wound surface than the phenytoin group. On the 16th day after surgery, the ulcer surface of the honey group was completely closed and on day 20 all the wounds were fully restored in all groups. Also, histopathologic studies on 10 and 21 days showed no significant difference between the studied groups and all wounds were completely restored on day 20.

Finally, the results of this Study showed that phenytoin 1% ointment, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey, all had a good effect on wound healing.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a painful and common oral ulcer with an incidence rate of 25%. The treatment is non-specific and is mainly based on corticosteroids. Given the systemic side effects of the corticosteroids, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of phenytoin with triamcinolone acetonide on minor aphthous ulcers. It is hoped to take a step to prescribe medications with fewer side effects in this regard.

This double-blind clinical trial was conducted randomly on 60 patients referred to the Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Yazd, Iran, with minor aphthous ulcers. The patients were divided into two groups of triamcinolone acetonide (n=30) and phenytoin (n=30). The pain severity and burning sensation experienced by the patients were measured by visual analogue scale, and the size of the lesion was estimated by transparent calibration grid before treatment and on days 3, 5, and 7 after treatment. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22).

According to the results, both groups showed a reduction in the mean of the largest recurrent aphthous stomatitis diameter before treatment and 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment; however, the difference was not significant between the groups in this regard (p < /em>=0.59). Furthermore, both groups reported a decrease in the pain severity and burning sensation (p < /em><0.0001); nevertheless, the difference was not significant between the groups in this regard (p < /em>=0.23).

Triamcinolone acetonide and phenytoin are effective in decreasing the recurrent aphthous stomatitis diameter, pain severity, and burning sensation. However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard.

Hydatidosis is possible in all organs. However, brain involvement is only observed in only 1-2% of patients and is very rare. Common symptoms of brain involvement include headache, vomiting, seizures, behavioral disorders, or unilateral symptoms such as paralysis of one half of the body. Here we present a patient with cerebral hydatidosis that has recurred due to drug interactions between phenytoin and albendazole.

CASE REPORT: 

The patient is a 19 -year- old man with a history of cerebral hydatidosis who underwent two surgeries with complaints of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. CT scan of the brain showed a lobule cyst with internal septa in the right hemisphere of the brain with an adjacent lesion that has wall calcification, suggesting cerebral hydatidosis. To control the patient s seizures, sodium valproate was substituted for phenytoin and oral albendazole was recommended in consultation with the Infectious Diseases Service. The patient was discharged after five days in good general condition.

According to this case, concomitant use of anticonvulsant drugs including phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine with albendazole has been reported to reduce plasma levels of albendazole and reduce its efficacy. Therefore, to control seizures in patients with cerebral hydatidosis treated with albendazole, it is better to use other anticonvulsant drugs.

The antimicrobial effect of phenytoin on ulcers has been addressed in few studies. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of phenytoin on common contaminating microorganisms of oral cavity ulcers in vitro. Three standard microbial species including Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Candida albicans were prepared. Twenty four-hour cultures of the species was accomplished on BHI Agar medium at 37°C in aerobic situation in an incubator. After 24 hour, 0.5 McFarland concentration were prepared from microorganism colonies. Meadow cultivation of microorganisms was done in plates containing BHI Agar medium. In each plate 4 wells were created for 4 concentrations of phenytoin (0.5, 1, 3, and 5%). Then one drop of each phenytoin solution was poured in the wells in certain concentrations. For each microorganism species, one well containing 0.2% chlorhexidine was prepared as positive control. The plates were placed in incubator and after 24 hour, diameter of non-growth halo around all wells was measured in all plates using a caliper. These steps were repeated three times to ensure the accuracy of process and results. Diameters of non-growth halo around colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Candida albicans were 0 millimeter in all four concentrations of phenytoin. Phenytoin was found to have no antimicrobial effect on common contaminating microorganisms of oral cavity ulcers in vitro.

In recent years, the use of foreign herbal weight loss supplements is growing in Iran which due to the use of some unauthorized synthetic materials by manufacturers in their products can be problematic. The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of the foreign herbal slimming capsules common in use in the city of Arak in 2015.
From the available foreign herbal slimming capsules, randomly six brands were selected and purchased from the supplier stores in the city of Arak. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the quantification analysis of the amounts of sibutramine, phenytoin and phenolphthalein in the capsules.
In all brands, sibutramine was identified and the highest values were in the brands of Original Super Slim and Slim Fast, as about 75 and 54 mg per capsule, respectively. In some brands, there were phenolphthalein and phenytoin with different values. Other unauthorized materials, such as caffeine, pseudoephedrine and amfepramone (diethylpropion) were identified using GC-MS data library.
The foreign herbal slimming capsules included in the study, contain unauthorized synthetic materials not mentioned on the label. Healthcare providers should aware people regarding the use of foreign herbal slimming capsules and their side effects.

Skin is of great significance for protecting body against dehydration, bleeding and invading microorganisms. The wounds are prone to bacterial infections and may increase the possibility of scar formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenytoin cream and aqueous Mazu extract on wound healing in rats.
Material & 30 male Wistar rats weighing 200-180 g were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups. Having created a 2-cm wound in the animal’s neck (epidermal and dermal), the researchers administered normal saline (control), phenytoin cream, aqueous extract of Quercus Infectoria Galls to the groups with concentrations of 5%, 25%, and 50% to heal them for 21 days. On the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th, and 2st, day the diameter of the wound was measured. On 21st day, wound sampling was carried out and prepared for histopathological studies.
Improvement percentage in the group that received 5% aqueous extract was more than other groups and this difference was significant among control groups on the 3rd, 6th, 9th , and 18th day (P According to its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, the 5% aqueous extract of Quercus Infectoria Galls can be important in wound healing and even superior to phenytoin.

Borrago Officinalis has wide effects on rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disorder, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary disorders and skin allergies. This plant can be useful in wound healing process due to specific compounds. The aim of this study was comparative evaluation of the effects of Borrago Officinalis with iodine and phenytoin on wound healing.
This is an experimental research study performed on 20 mature mice, in four therapeutic groups, including the Borrago Officinalis extract, iodine, phenytoin and control groups. Cutting wounds in dorsal part of mice body were evaluated through healing rate and histopathology at days 3, 7, 10 and 14. Data were analyzed using SPSS software using ANOVA and TUKEY tests.
The findings about the mean area and the increase in the rate of wound healing in the use of Borrago Officinalis were compared at the 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th days; the results indicated that the Borrago Officinalis had a positive effect on healing wounds (P˂ 0.05). However, this effect is more rather than both the iodine and control groups, but is less than the phenytoin group. . From the viewpoint of histopathology, the findings indicated a significant decrease in terms of inflammatory factors in Borrago Officinalis group (P= 0.007). The phenytoin group in relative to granulation tissue and epithelial cell growth had a higher level than the other of the groups.
The results show the positive effect of Borrago Officinalis extract on wound healing. In comparison, this effect is less than the phenytoin and more than iodine. More studies are needed on different doses of this plant and its comparative effect with other common treatments for wound healing.

Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a common side effect of antiepileptic, immunosuppressive and calcium channel blocker drugs. Cyclosporine and phenytoin are amongst the most widely used drugs associated with GO. Gingival fibroblasts seem to have a significant role in the production of certain enzymes after administration of the drugs contributing to GO.Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of GO in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare normal human gingival fibroblasts with those exposed to Cyclosporine or phenytoin in measuring the production levels of certain enzymes that could have a possible role in GO.
samples were obtained from the gingival biopsies of seven adult and seven pediatric patients and were cultured into plates. With the growth of fibroblast cells, they were treated with or without either Cyclosporine or phenytoin. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)was used to determine the expressed levels of R-EGF, Cathepsin B, L,Lysyl oxidase,COL1,TGF β1, MMP-1,2 and TIMP1.
According to RT-PCR analyses, the expressed levels of R-EGF,Cathepsin B,L, Lysyl oxidase,COL1,TGF β1,MMP-1,2 and TIMP1 were affected by Cyclosporine and phenytoin.TGF-β1, TIMP, Cathepsin B and EGF showed comparable values in the adult and pediatric groups.TGF-β1 was the only mediator produced by both drugs in adults and children. Phenytoin lead to TIMP production and cyclosporine induced cathepsin B gene production at both age groups.
Different expressed levels of enzymes after treatment of the gingival fibroblasts of adults and pediatrics with phenytoin or Cyclosporine could be the reason for the higher severity of GO in children. More studies need to be performed on the pathogenesis of GO at different age groups.

Background and Seroma formation is a common complication after inguinal surgery and lymphadenectomy. Phenytoin as an antiepileptic medication has also antimicrobial effects that can accelerate wound healing and reduce pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of phenytoin in prevention of seroma formation following inguinal lymphadenectomy.
In this experimental study, 30 Wistar rats were divided into two groups. After inguinal lymphadenectomy the intervention group received topical phenytoin 1% and sterile normal saline 0.9%, while the control group received only normal saline. Ten days after surgery, the incidence and volume of seroma were determined and tissue samples were sent for histopathological examination. Data analysis was done in SPSS V.20 using Chi-square and Independent T-test.
The results showed that edema (P=0.050) and congestion (P=0.001) were considerably lower in phenytoin group while fibrosis was significantly higher in this group (P=0.017). The mean volume of aspirated seroma in intervention group and controls was 0.73±0.24 and 1.31±0.27 ml, respectively (P=0.014).
Phenytoin can reduce edema and congestion in wound region and also leads to faster healing by increasing fibrosis. The topical application of phenytoin causes direct access of the medication to the target site and prevents the risk of systemic side effects.

Background and Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The hallmark of this disease is an autoimmune neuroinflammation induced by autoreactive lymphocytes attack. Pervious documents indicated that phenytoin can protect axonal loss in EAE. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of phenytoin in EAE.
In this experimental study, EAE was induced by guinea pig spinal cord homogenate and complete Freund’s adjuvant in Wistar rats. The animals were then divided into two therapeutic groups (n=7 per group). Phenytoin therapy (50 mg/kg-daily) was started in treatment group at day 12 when the treatment group developed a disability score. EAE control mice received vehicle alone on the same schedule. Signs of disability were monitored daily until day 36 when mice were sacrificed. Splenocytes were checked for proliferation by MTT test and cytokine production by ELISA.
Phenytoin therapy after the occurrence of clinical symptoms significantly regressed the clinical symptoms and improved the weigh index of EAE rats. Phenytoin significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-17 as well as IFN-γ in supernatant of spleen cells culture (P In addition to direct neuroprotective effects, phenytoin can also improve EAE via modulation of immune responses.

Wound healing is influenced by many internal (pathophysiological) and external (microorganisms and drugs) factors. The purpose of this study is the histological comparison of the effect of using edible honey and phenytoin in healing the hard palate wounds in rats through a pilot study.
A total of 45 Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 200± 10 were randomly divided into three groups. The surface of the hard palate was cut transversely with dimensions 6 × 4 mm under general anesthesia. Treatment was started the day after surgery¡ so that the first group received oral phenytoin and the second one honey and the third group was considered as control. For histopathological studies on days three¡ seven¡ and 14 after surgery¡ 3 groups out of 3 categories were killed and biopsied and then slides were prepared from the wound site. Then¡ the size and persistence of newly formed epithelium¡ number of newly formed vessels¡ lymphocytes¡ neutrophils and collagen levels were investigated.
The maximum amount of neutrophil (acute inflammation) on the third day in edible honey group had statistically significant difference compared to the seventh day (P = 0.010). Also¡ the maximum level of lymphocytes (chronic inflammation) on the third day had statistically significant difference compared to fourteenth day (p = 0.005). The highest rate of collagen was on day 14 in edible honey group. The maximum vascularization had been on the seventh day in phenytoin group¡ but this process was declining from the7th to 14th day¡ but the difference was not statistically significant. Quantities and qualitative data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis¡ respectively.
The oral honey can be effective in wound healing by reducing inflammation¡ increasing the tissue collagen and increasing re-epithelialization. However¡ it seems that the use of oral phenytoin has no significant impact.

Administration of phenytoin can been associated with severe adverse reactions such as hypersensitivity reactions. Lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) can be a useful method for determination of the drug, which has caused hypersensitivity reaction. This study was done to evaluate the results of lymphocyte transformation test in patients with delayed hypersensitivity reactions following phenytoin administration and control group.
In a case-control study, four patients with hypersensitivity reactions following administration of phenytoin and ten patients, who had used phenytoin without hypersensitivity reactions, were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated. The cells were stimulated with Phenytoin, PHA ( Phytohaemagglutinin ) as a mitogen and candida as an antigen. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured using Brdu proliferation assay kit (Roche, Germany). The stimulation index was calculated by dividing OD of stimulated to unstimulated cells. Stimulation index more than 2 were considered as positive. The results in case and control groups were compared, using Fisher's exact test.
Of 4 patients in the test group,3 had positive LTT results and one had negative test result. Among patients in control group, none of them had positive LTT result. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.002). The mean time between development of drug reactions and perform the LTT was 16±6.9 months in the test group with positive result and 38 months in test group with negative test result. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.174).
.LTT can be a helpful method in diagnosis of the drug that has caused hypersensitivity reaction.

Diabetic wound is a common complication of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical application of Lotus corniculatus hydroalcoholic extract on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats induced by streptozocin (STZ) in comparison with Phenytoin ointment in rat.Methods and Materials: In this interventional experimental study, male Wistar rats (250±20 g) were divided randomly to normal and diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). After anesthesia, full thickness skin of upper dorsal part of rats removed in 2cm2 area. 24 hours after operation, wound in each animal treated once daily with L. corniculatus hydroalcoholic extract (40%) or phenytoin ointment (1%) in normal and diabetic group. Control group received no treatment. Wound surface area measured until 24th postoperative days. The time required for complete healing was also recorded. The progress of wound healing in diabetic animals was slower than in normal animals, and also healing effect of L. corniculatus extract compared with controls and normal Phenytoin and diabetic test groups was significant (p<0.001). Topical application of L. corniculatus might be accelerate the wound healing after seven day and it was comparable to phenytoin cream in diabetes-related complications.

Cesarean is one of the most common surgical procedures in obstetrics and gynecology. Poor wound healing and failure of incision are the main causes of complications after cesarean delivery. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of phenytoin cream on cesarean wound healing. This double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 2012 on 80 candidate mothers for cesarean section in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ahvaz، Iran. Subjects were randomly divided into two phenytoin and placebo groups (n=40 for each). Cesarean wound healing was assessed using REEDA scale at days 7 and 14 after repair. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and independent t-tests، chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. The mean scores of wound healing in phenytoin group were significantly lower than placebo group at days 7 and 14 after delivery (p=0. 001). There was a significant difference in total wound healing between two groups at day 14 after delivery (p=0. 003). Phenytoin cream has a significant effect on faster cesarean wound healing

the toxic epidermal necrosis syndrome is defined as severe skin and mucosal reactions which usually appears by some drugs such as phenytoin. a 35-year-old man who consumed phenytoin hospitalized due to diffuse mucocutaneous lesions and bullous lesions. After diagnosing its etiology، therapeutic actions were done similar to severe burns which led to improvement of wounds and discharging from the hospital. finding the etiology of every disease is crucial step in its treatment. When the disease is caused by drug، it is necessary to discontinue immediately consumption of this and start treatment.

pharyngo-cautaneus fistula is the most common complication (8. 7%-22%) after laryngectomy. Multiple factors such as radiotherapy are associated with complications after laryngectomy. Spite of the different treatments such as local، regional and advanced flaps، the ideal method for closing larg fistula of pharyngo- cautaneus is stiil a mater for debate. Subjects and In this investigation، 8 cases from 50 patients between 2001-2008 as prospective and 19 controls from 130 patients between 2001-2008 as retrospective underwent total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer in Emam Khomeini hospital، Ahvaz، Iran، were chosen. All of the cases underwent antibiotic therapy، irrigation of wound with solution of clindamycin، acetic acid، dexamethasone and phenytoin and change of dressing 4 time in day. In the case and control groups، 8 (16%) and 19 (14%) patients were affected by pharyngo-cautaneus fistula. In the case group، six patients underwent radiotherapy before operation (12%). The mean time for beginning fistula formation and repair in cases and control group was 6. 5،9. 6 and 27،24 respectively. All of these cases responded well to this medical therapy method and 2 patients from control group needed surgery for fistula repair. In this study showed that the large fistula in patients with radiotherapy can also be cure with non-surgical treatment and special cares.

One of the most important complications of utilization of anti-epilepsy drugs in pregnancy is an increase of fetal abnormality. There is not enough information about the role of phenytoin on teratogenic effects on pregnancy and on fetal organogenesis. Hence، this study was designed to determine the macroscopic abnormalities created by continuous use of phenytoin during organogenesis of fetus. Forty pregnant mice (NMRI type) were divided into three experimental groups (I، II، III) and one control group. Three experimental groups I، II، III received 60mg/kg، 75 mg/kg، and 90 mg/kg per day with 0. 2 ml volume from the day 6. 5 (GD6/5) to day 14. 5 (GD 14/5) of pregnancy intraperitoneally (i. p.). The control group received the same volume of normal saline instead. The mice on the day 18. 5 of pregnancy were sacrificed، and their tail lengths، weights، and abnormalities were studied. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. In the experimental groups، the mean weight and tail length was reduced significantly compared to the control group (P<0. 05). In all three experimental group (I، II، III) abnormalities such as absorption of same fetal، hemorrhage in different organs and follicular thyroid was increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0. 05). Our results show that utilization of the drug phenytoin in mouse during organogenesis not only induces absorption of some fetuses، weight loss، and tail length reduction، but it can also induce abnormalities such as hemorrhage and follicular thyroid.