جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « blind » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 This study aimed to compare the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces in blind and healthy participants with open and closed eyes during walking.

 This study was quasi-experimental. The statistic samples comprised 15 blind men with a mean age of 25.22±6.33 years and 15 healthy men with a mean age of 27.22±5.31 years. They were selected by available sampling. A foot scan (RS Scan International, Belgium) device was used to measure the foot pressure values while walking. Variables of foot pressure were recorded at a sampling frequency of 300 Hz. For data analysis, we used the paired t test to compare the within-group means and the independent t test to compare the between-group means in SPSS software, version 24. 

 The results showed that the frequency content with 99.5% power was greater in the blind group than in the healthy group with open eyes in the vertical direction, first metatarsal, and lateral and medial heel parts (P<0.05). Also, the frequency content with 99.5% power was greater in the healthy group with closed eyes than those healthy ones with open eyes (P<0.05). The frequency content with 99.5% power (P=0.004) and numbers of essential harmonics (P=0.003) in the vertical direction in the blind group were respectively 9.84% and 13.51% less than the healthy group with closed eyes. The number of essential harmonics (P=0.002) in the vertical direction in the healthy group with closed eyes was 20.61% greater than those healthy ones with open eyes. The frequency content with 99.5% power in the vertical direction in the blind group was less than that of the healthy group with closed eyes (P=0.023).

 Considering the increase in frequency with 99.5% power and the number of essential harmonics in different areas of the soles of the foot in the blind group and healthy group with closed eye, it is recommended that physiotherapists, motion analysts, and rehabilitation specialists design a special rehabilitation protocol for blind people and those who lost their vision due to an accident.

Individuals with visual impairment encounter numerous difficulties that can significantly affect their quality of life and restrict their ability to excel in various areas such as education, independent living, socializing, and health status. In this study, we aim to present a model of the challenges that elderly men with visual impairment face, based on grounded theory.

This study was qualitative and focused on old men in Shiraz City who have visual impairment. The participants were chosen through purposeful and snowball sampling until the point of theoretical saturation was reached. A semi-structured interview was used as the data collection tool. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin (1998) method. The data coding was conducted in three stages: open (initial), central, and selective coding. 

After conducting interviews with elderly men who have visual impairments, we were able to identify five central categories of their lived experiences. These categories include: feeling vulnerable, dealing with challenging environments, feeling lonely, minor environment's perceive, major environment's perceive.

Based on the results obtained, addressing the challenges faced by elderly men with visual impairments can significantly enhance their psychological well-being. Therefore, it is essential to improve the quality of life of this vulnerable group. Furthermore, these findings can be used as a significant step towards reducing the obstacles faced by visually impaired individuals in accessing social support and receiving appropriate health and psychological services.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Group schema therapy on social anxiety and its specific symptoms in blind and visually impaired people.

This study was a semi -experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up test with a control group. For this purpose, the statistical population of study, included all blind and low-vision people admitted to Isfahanchr('39')s Ababasir Educational Institute. 26 participants were selected by available sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental group (13 persons) and the control group (13 persons). The experimental group was trained on 10 sessions (weekly) according to schema therapy in Yang protocol, while control group did not receive any training. Data were collected by self-report method (Social Phobia Inventory) and analyzed using covariance test by SPSS-21 software.

Results showed a significant difference between social anxiety in the experimental group, when entering the study, immediately after treatment, and 1 month after treatment; but no significant difference was observed in the control group.

One of the useful and effective treatments for refractory, ambiguous and long-term disorders that have their roots in childhood is Yangchr('39')s scheme therapy and also, group therapy is one of the most important factors in the effectiveness of this treatment model in the present study.

The link between frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces and hearing loss and blindness during walking is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces in deaf and blind people during walking.

This study was quasi-experimental. The volunteer participants in the current study consisted of thirty males who were divided into three equal groups: blind, deaf, and healthy (control) groups. Frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces in three groups was recorded by a foot scan system (sample rate: 300 Hz). The multivariate ANOVA test was used to compare between groups. The significance level was set at P<0.05 for all analyses.

The results showed that the frequency content with the power of 99.5% in the vertical component of ground reaction forces in both deaf (P=0.020) and blind (P=0.021) groups was reduced vs the control group. Also, frequency content with the power of 99.5% in the mid-foot in the deaf (P=0.020) group was more than the blind group (P=0.036).

The present study showed that the frequency content with the power of 99.5% in the mid-foot in the deaf group was more than the blind group. It can be stated that the frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces has a clinical value. Therefore, the use of therapeutic interventions to improve the frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces in deaf and blind people is suggested.

The present study aimed to compare the academic help-seeking and meaning of education in deaf, blind, and normal students.

The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population included blind, deaf, and normal high school students in Isfahan. A total of 36 students were selected using the convenience sampling method and then divided into two groups (18 people) due to the limited statistical population of deaf and blind and input criteria. In the following step, 18 normal students were selected. Data were collected using Ryan and Pentrichchr('39')s (1997) academic help-seeking and King and Smithchr('39')s (2006) meaning of education (MOE) Scales and analyzed MANOVA, Tukey’s test, and SPSS Software (Version 24).

The results indicated that the three groups were significantly different in the avoidance of help-seeking and meaning of education (P<0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the general components of meaning of education in the profession, independence, future, learning, self, next step, social, and the world terms (P<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in the component of adaptive and escape between groups (P<0.05).

The results revealed that deaf students avoid help-seeking and use less cognitive and metacognitive strategies when faced with academic difficulties. Blind students have also problems with the meaning of education. Therefore, based on the results, it is suggested that help-seeking strategies and improving beliefs in the meaning of education in the profession, independence, hope for the future, learning, and social interaction should be considered to promote cognitive and metacognitive processes in deaf and blind students.

Blind and deaf individuals, due to their physical disability, may encounter more problems in regard with oral and dental care. The present study aimed to compare  DMFT index mean within blind and deaf students in comparison with the healthy students.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 44 blind and 88 deaf students aged between  6-18 were selected via the census method. Moreover, 134 healthy subjects were randomly selected as the study controls. Permanent teeth examination was accomplished using natural light, catheter, and disposable mirror. DMFT index was utilized to assess the participants’ dental status. The study data were analyzed using SPSS software (ver, 16) via ANOVA and LSD tests. 

The mean DMFT within blind, deaf and healthy students was reported as 1.73 ±2.11, 2.86 ± 2.74 and 1.06±1.31 respectively. A significant difference was observed in DMFT index between healthy students with  the blind (P-value=0.047) as well as deaf (P-value=0.000) students. In addition, a significant difference was detected between the blind and deaf students (P-value= 0.011).

Based on the results of this study, higher values of DMFT index mean was observed in the blind and deaf individuals compared to the controls. Therefore, promotion of oral and dental care through a proper education seems to be essential within these individuals.

Information collection about the malocclusion and oral health in blind children is essential to plan for their education in schools. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the status of malocclusion and oral health among blind children and teenagers in Mazandaran, Iran.

The population of this included 150 blind children and teenagers aged from 10 to 18 years who were referred to the public and private centers cities including Sari, Babol, Freydoonkenar, and Babolsar in Mazandaran, Iran in 2019. Information on maxillary occlusion status, oral hygiene index, and DMFT index was extracted through clinical examination. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software by ANOVA and Chi-square tests in addition to the descriptive statistics.

The mean DMFT was 10.25 (SD 4.67). Oral hygiene status was good in 16% of participants, moderate in 82%, and poor in 2%. There was no significant difference between girls and boys in terms of oral hygiene status (P=0.5). In all cases, 35.8% had class I malocclusion, 29.8% had class II malocclusion, and 14.6% had class III malocclusion. Class II malocclusion was more common in girls and class I in boys (P=0.01).

Dental caries and occlusal abnormalities were common among blind children and adolescents living in Mazandaran province. Addressing the oral and dental needs of the blind should be a priority for health policymakers in this province in Iran.

Visual impairment is blindness and low vision. Besides, it is among the most common disabilities and causes of functional disability among individuals with profound effects on functioning. Visual impairments cause some problems in visual receptors that include disorders in spatial orientation, balance, performing motor skills, cognitive skills, and learning. Balance control and injuries/falling are in diverse relations. Simultaneously, the issue of balance in the blinds' lives occurs in a more complicated manner, e.g., when cognitive attention is focused on something else. Considering the importance of balance for the blind to reduce falls and injuries and the effect of dual concentration and activity on balance and reduce the executive performance of the blind, compared with others. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Brailletonik cognitive–motor exercises on postural control and cognitive abilities in blind women. 

The was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The sample consisted of 21 blind women (age: 20–35 years) that lived in Isfahan Province, Iran, in 2018 and selected by convenience sampling technique. The study participants were randomly assigned into the experimental (n=12) and control (n=9) groups. The inclusion criteria of the study were absolute or very severe blindness; awareness in Braille for the blind; being in the age range of 20 to 35 years; no history of lower limb fractures or sprains in the past 6 months; no substance dependence and use of sedatives, alcohol, etc.; having certain diseases, such as inflammation, osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular, specific orthopedic problems; presenting dizziness, hearing problems, and any factors that interfere with exercise or affect balance, and no regular sports activity during the last 3 months. The exclusion criteria were lower extremity problems, dizziness, physical weakness, and absence from>4 consecutive sessions or 3 non–consecutive sessions during the course. The experimental group participated in Brailletonik exercise sessions for 2 months 3 times a week; however, the control group participated in usual aerobic exercises. The study subjects were instructed quiet upright standing on a Kistler force platform under the following conditions: quiet upright standing (single task) and quiet upright standing while performing a cognitive activity (dual–task). Postural control was evaluated before and after Brailletonik exercises.</span> Each test was repeated 3 times for 60 seconds. The rest between the two trials was considered 60 seconds, and the test sequences were random. The parameters of mean velocity, the standard deviation of velocity in both anterior–posterior and medio–lateral plans, and standard deviation of amplitude in both anterior–posterior and medio–lateral plans from the center of foot pressure have recorded the device (for both pretest and posttest). Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) analyzed the obtained data in SPSS at a significance level of α=0.05.

The ANCOVA results for both single tasks suggested that the mean value of the mean velocity (p</em>=0.002), the standard deviation of the velocity in the lateral view (p</em>=0.004), and the standard deviation of the velocity in the anterior–posterior view (p</em>=0.05) in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group; however, the standard deviation of displacement in two lateral (p</em>=0.416) and anterior–posterior (p</em>=0.539) views was not significantly different between the two groups. Moreover, the ANCOVA results for dual–task indicated that the mean value of the mean velocity (p</em><0.001), the standard deviation of the velocity in the lateral view (p</em><0.001), and standard deviation of the velocity in the anterior–posterior view (p</em><0.001) in the experimental group was significantly smaller than the control group; however, the standard deviation of displacement in two lateral (p</em>=0.165) and anterior–posterior (p</em>=0.469) views did not significantly differ between the research groups.

The present study data revealed that the cognitive–motor exercises of brailletonik in dual tasks and single tasks effectively improve postural control of the blinds. Related centers, such as the State Welfare Organization, Exceptional Education, Rehabilitation Centers, and Families of the Blinds, are encouraged to include Brighton exercises in the weekly blinds Schedule.

Less training, along with a lack of visual symptoms, leads to less movement in people with visual impairment. This inactivity causes a delay in motor growth, and movement as the most important factor in the survival of each person is an important factor in promoting the health of disabled children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vestibular stimulation exercises on balance and motor performance of the blind.

In the current quasi-experimental study, 30 males and females were randomly selected from the blind volunteers and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. After selecting the students and obtaining their consent to participate in the training program, dynamic balance was measured using TUG test and motor function using tinetti test as pre-intervention. The experimental group participated in the training for six weeks (3 sessions per week, each session for 30 minutes). Finally, the pre-intervention tests were repeated as post-intervention. Data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that after six weeks of vestibular stimulation training, there was a significant improvement in the dynamic balance and motor function scores of the experimental group compared to the pre-exercise period of the vestibular stimulation exercises. However, there was no significant change in the control group.                                                                         

According to the results, it seems that vestibular stimulation exercises are effective on dynamic balance and motor function of the individuals. Considering the importance of mobility and balance, especially in children with visual impairment, it is recommended that vestibular stimulation exercises be used as an effective method for the physical mobility of these people.

Because of an altered walking mechanism in blind individuals compared to healthy ones, it is expected that using textured insoles in blind individuals change the mechanism and ground reaction forces encounter to the lower limbs and joints. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare frequency domain of ground reaction forces during walking with and without textured insoles in blind individuals.

12 blind males (age: 29.66±4.39 years) volunteered to participate in this study. A foot scan system was used for measuring frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during walking with and without textured insoles. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis.

The findings indicated similar walking speed during walking with and without textured insoles in blind individuals (P>0.05). The frequency content with power 99.5% in the vertical ground reaction force component during walking with insoles were greater than that walking without it (p=0.039). Also, the frequency content with power 99.5% in the 3rd toe and 4th toe during orthoses condition were greater than that without it (p<0.05). In addition, frequency bandwidth in the 3rd toe region of the foot in insole condition was lower than that without insole condition (p=0.039).

Although there was similar walking speed during walking with and without textured insoles in blind individuals, there were lower frequency bandwidth and median frequency of ground reaction forces during orthoses condition compared to without.

Trust among people is an essential characteristic of every society. Eric Erickson, the famous psychologist, believes that trust is a fundamental basis for any personal relationship. Social trust is one of the indicators of social capital and is a new concept that has been introduced in the socioeconomic studies of developed societies. Investigating social trust in the partially–sighted and blind individuals, especially the elderly, is crucial but has received little attention. Sport and physical activity could contribute to individuals’ interaction in a social setting; a sports environment has more capacity than other environments in this respect. Researchers have reported that performing a regular sports activity is a factor for preventing and delaying, or even treating problems associated with aging. It has also been argued that sports and physical activity could increase social development in individuals. Besides, sports could provide a desirable basis for developing social trust in the blind and partially–sighted elderly. The present study compared social trust in blind and partially–sighted athletes and non–athlete elderly.

This was a causal–comparative study, and the convenience sampling method was used for selecting the study participants. The statistical population consisted of all athletes and non–athlete blind and partially–sighted elderly, referring to the Blind Society of Arak City, Iran, in 2018. The statistical sample included 101 blind and partially–sighted elderly (43 athletes and 58 non–athletes). All of the study participants provided consent to attend the present study and aged >55 years. The research instrument was the Social Trust Questionnaire (Safariannia and Sharif, 2010). This questionnaire has 25 questions, and 5 subscales, including the behavior–based trust, cooperative tendencies, preciseness, honesty, and confidence. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been approved by Safarinia and Nasim Sharif (2010). The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the dimensions of trust–based behavior, cooperative tendencies, preciseness, honesty, and confidence was measured as 0.97, 0.97, 0.96, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively. Moreover, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the total reliability of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.95. The questionnaire was provided to the study participants and completed by the interview. The collected data were analyzed using One–Sample t–test and Independent Samples t–test in SPSS. 

The obtained results indicated that the social trust status was moderate in all studied blind and partially–sighted elderly. The average sample in athletes and non–athletes was significantly lower than the theoretical mean of society (p=0.001). The achieved results revealed no significant difference between the dimensions of social trust and total social trust in the blind and partially–sighted elderly athletes and non–athletes. However, the comparison of mean scores suggested that in all dimensions, athletes obtained higher scores than the non–athletes.

The status of social trust was unfavorable among the partially–sighted and blind elderly sample of the present study. However, there was no significant difference between the total social trust score and its dimensions scores among the studied athletes and non–athletes. However, observing average scores indicated that athletes had a higher mean score than the non–athletes. These achieved results highlighted the role of sport and physical activity in improving social interactions and enhancing social trust. The attained results revealed that the consideration of the social trust in blind and partially–sighted elderly populations requires further attention. Sports and physical activity, especially group activities, may significantly increase the social trust in this group.

Sensory processing training program is becoming a more practical method to improve braille writing skill of blindstudents and using this program has been associated with desirable outcomes. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness of sensory processing training on braille writing skill of blind students.
The present research was a single-subject study with base line, intervention, and follow up design. The study population included second grade blindstudents in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were selected using convenient sampling method. Five blindstudents were included in the study. The sample group received sensory processing training for 10 sessions (three sessions weekly; each lasting for 45 minutes). The instrument used in the present research was braille writing skills inventory. The obtained data were analyzed using visual analysis.
The results showed that during the visual analysis of data charts and based on the descriptive statistics, intervention has been effective in all five participants; respectively with percentage of non-overlapping data 100 for participants 1, 2, 4, and 5 and 83.33 for participants 3. Moreover, the mean scores for braille writing errors in participants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 decreased from 63.33, 63.41, 61.43, 64.10, and 63.14 to 48.40, 47.96, 49.50, 48.63, and 48.86, respectively.
According to the findings of the present research, it is suggested that beside other educational and rehabilitation methods for blindchildren, sensory processing training program be applied, too.

Having a different physical and emotional experience, including stressors in human life, could affect individual identities, psychosocial dimensions, emotional balance, self–satisfaction, sense of competence and achievement, social interactions, interpersonal relationships and individual needs adaptability. Blindness is a different experience. Blind people usually have difficulties in adaptation with their environment because they lose their basic sense of mobility and navigation skills. However, it is said that a person with a behavioral pattern can achieve success when a person can navigate his work and his personal life. Identifying behavioral patterns of individuals can lead to the correct design of the movement for successful relationships and constructive interaction with others to obtain the desired outcomes from work negotiations, family relationships and friendly communication. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the life experience of blind people to recognize their driving patterns.

This research was a qualitative study and phenomenological research. The sample and statistical population of the study were blind subjects with 22 years and older in Tehran. The people were selected using targeted sampling method, and the data–gathering tool was semi–structured interviews. In analyzing the data obtained from the interview, two methods of descriptive phenomenological analysis (Clayzee method) and the coding method used simultaneously. Interview data at the same time and after completing interviews and recording the main points during the session, the participants 'statements repeatedly listened to the recorded notes, and their statements word–of–word wrote on paper and several times studied to understand participants' feelings and experiences.

Analysis of interviews data about the living experience of blind people to determine the characteristics of their driving patterns had 21 major categories. They include: normalization in the course of time, the color of divinity, the relationship with God and Holliman’s, the blessings of God, strong self–concept and self–reliance, self–belief, strong will, sense of usefulness, positive effects, emphasis on self–help, help–seeking and consulting with others, communication with others, communication with the blind, community support, family support, friendship support, welcoming culture, hindering others, negative impacts, education, financial dependence, outcomes and livelihood status obtained. Ultimately identified five core categories :as char:acteristics of the driving patterns of blind people, including overtime adaptation, association with God, social skills, individual support factors and social support.

Characteristics of the driving patterns of blind people were a set of interpersonal and interpersonal features and factors such as environmental factors and, most important, communication with the creator of being. Therefore, it seems that neglecting or ignoring any of these factors and features can deprive an individual of having driving patterns.

This study was designed to compare mental health and psychological well-being of parents of blind, normal and normal autistic students done.    

The present study is based on the purpose of the applied type and based on the nature and method of causal comparison. The statistical population includes all 25 to 45 year-old parents of autistic Mehrjooschool students. Parents of blind students attending Omid school. Exceptional Children and Parents of Normal Elementary School Girls ..Pazhooheshgaranelmo danesh Bandar Abbas Township is 120 people For each group, 40 individuals were selected as sample. Sampling method is available as non random. To collect the data, Mental Helth Goldberg and Hiller's (28-GHQ) and Tabavari  Scale Conner and Davidson (CD-RISC) were used.

The results showed no significant difference between mental health of parents of autistic, blind, and normal students. There is also no significant difference between the parents' psychological resilience of blind and normal students. But there is a significant difference between the psychological aesthetics of parents of autistic students with parents of   ordinary students and parents of blind students. There is a significant difference between the psychological aesthetics of fathers of autistic students and their mothers in Bandar Abbas city.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mental health variable in the three groups, but the resiliency variable was significantly different between the three groups.

one of the most common groups with impairment is visually impaired individuals whose disability and visual impairment severely affected their quality of life. Life quality of visually impaired individuals has been considered and emphasized as one of the rehabilitation goals by experts with special needs. Of the most important objectives of research conducted on quality life is attention to and identification of variables that affecting prediction and explanation of their quality of life. Variables considered in this research include social support and self-handicapping. Based on some references self-handicapping has a negative correlation with the quality of life of visually impaired individuals and social support has positive correlation with their quality of life. Self-handicapping means creating or claiming an obstacle for successful performance, which in the case of a failure, these obstacles are considered as causes of the failure. Social support is a source of assistance and support from individuals, social groups and society, which is defined as a strategy to deal with stressful lives by recalling assistance from social networks. The aim of the present study was to explain the relationship of self-handicapping and social support with quality of life of visually impaired individuals. The study design was a correlational research. Population of the present study consisted of visually impaired individuals aged from 15 to 35 years in cities of Isfahan and Shiraz (center and south of Iran). A number consisting 135 individuals were selected as participants via the convenience sampling technique. Then, they completed questionnaires. Inclusion criteria was confirmed visual impairment, no alertness or mental disorder, not suffering from other chronic diseases, tendency to participate in the study. In addition, exclusion criterion was incomplete questionnaires. Finally, by removing incomplete questionnaires, a number of 128 copies of questionnaires were statistically analyzed. To collect data, the quality of life in visually impaired people questionnaire, self-handicapping scale, and social support questionnaire were employed. To analyze the data, regression coefficient and multiple regression were used. Findings of the study showed that there was a significant positive correlation between social support and life quality of visually impaired individuals and more support increased the quality of life more (p<0.01). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between behavioral self-management and life quality of visually impaired individuals (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between self-actualization and the life quality of these individuals (p<0.05). Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that social support plays a significant role in predicting the life quality of visually impaired individuals. Claimed and behavioral self-handicapping which had no significant roles therefore excluded from the model. It seems that visually impaired individuals’ expectations in the support dimension focus more on emotional needs and positive relationships than on pessimistic behaviors that instill disability. In addition, these individuals avoid entering to chances and opportunities of life through self-handicapping mechanisms. Therefore, become more passive and ultimately experiences lower quality of life over time. According to results, development of rehabilitation services for increasing social support and application of interventions for reducing self-handicapping in visually impaired individuals is highly recommended. In addition, need to intervention programs based on the increase in self-esteem of visually impaired individuals should be considered. Furthermore, with the aim of reinforcing the social support network among those individuals, developed programs should be designed. Additionally, relative particularly family members of visually impaired individuals should have more awareness and sensitivity to social support.

Birth of a child require to new adaptations in a family. When a baby was born with mental, physical or behavior disabilities or combination of them, the psychological pressures is started to members of the family, especially the mother. Religion is one factors that has an effective role in the field of mental health and its effectiveness in the treatment of mental illness. Therefore, in this research, we compared the components of God’s perception and empathy among exceptional children mothers in Urmia city (West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran). 

The type of this research method was comparative based. This research was also a survey research. Because it determined the characteristics of the statistical community for each variables. The statistical population of the study was all mentally retarded, blind and deaf children mothers. They were selected by using available sampling method in spring 2017 (n=150). The instruments for measuring were the questionnaire of 72 questions by Lawrence (1997) and Davis questionnaire (1994). To analyze the statistical data, descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Levin test, Box test, Bartlett sprite test using SPSS software were used at a significant level of 0.05.

Results of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests to check the normal variables, Levine's test for homogeneity of variance, the box test for homogeneity analysis of variance–covariance matrix, Bartlett sprite test to verify the correlation of dependent variables showed that there was no problem in using multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the research showed that there was no significant difference between the variables of presence, challenge, acceptance, benevolence, impact, determinism, tendency perspective and personal disturbances in the three groups of exceptional children mothers. The results of Lambadi Wilkes test showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in at least one of the components of empathy. In other words, there was a significant difference between empathy between the three groups of mental retardation, blind and deaf children mothers. The probability value for empathic concern variables was less than 0.05. The probable value of this test for empathic concern was variables. There was a significant statistical difference in the mean of mothers' responses in the three groups (p=0.01). In addition, the empathic concern was statistically different in both mental and blind mental, mental retardation, and deafness.

Based on follow–up tests, empathic concern statistically differs between two groups of mental retardation and blind, as well as mental retardation and deaf. Regarding the results, it is suggested that the organization should try to organize workshops and engage them in God–given empathy and adventure training in these workshops. It seems that family counselors can help to achieve a higher level of quality of life in exceptional children mothers by identifying negative influences on them. The organizations and institutions responsible for exceptional children's affairs are committed to their plans for the empowerment and perception of God's mothers. 

The process of child birth is pleasant for parents though it might be accompanied by difficulties and hardships. It should be noted that hope and desire to have a healthy normal baby gives parents a feeling of confidence to accept their own baby. But as soon as they are informed of their baby’s disability, all hopes and wishes are gone and problems begin to appear, putting the mental health of parents at risk. The aim of this study is to examine the metal health condition of fathers of exceptional children, namely children with intellectual disability, multiple disabilities, physical- motor disorder, visual of impairment and hearing impairment and fathers of normal children. This study employed a causal- comparative design. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 530 parents of children with exceptional children and 65 fathers of normal children as the participants in the study. The research tool was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Multiple Variable Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to test the research hypotheses. Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparison of groups and variance-covariance matrix equality assumption was studied using Mbox test. There was no significant difference between five groups under study, namely, fathers of children with intellectual disability, multiple disabilities, physical- motor disorder, visual impairment and hearing impairment) with respect to metal health components (physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social performance, and depression). However, there was a significant difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with multiple disabilities regarding physical symptoms component (p<0.001). As to physical anxiety and insomnia components, there was a significant difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with disabilities (p<0.001). There wasn’t a significant statistical difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with visual impairment regarding physical symptoms and anxiety. With respect to social performance component, there was significant difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with intellectual disability, motor-physical disorder, and hearing impairment (P<0.001). This is while there wasn’t a significant statistical difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with multiple disabilities, and visual impairment. With respect to depression component, there was a significant difference between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with intellectual disability, motor-physical disorder, and hearing impairment (P<0.001), while difference was not significant between fathers of normal children and fathers of children with multiple disabilities, and visual impairment in this component. Based on the results obtained for this study, mental health was a feature distinguishing fathers of exceptional children and fathers of normal children. Fathers of exceptional children experience and go through more physical disorders, anxiety, social problems and depression, which threaten their mental health.