educational intervention

A significant increase in the elderly population with chronic diseases, including diabetes, has been accompanied by numerous challenges worldwide. Stress is recognized as one of the influential factors in the occurrence and exacerbation of diabetes complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of stress-coping skills training on the levels of anxiety and quality of life (QOL) in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes in Shiraz City, Iran, in 2018.

The present study was conducted using a semi-experimental educational intervention design on 100 elderly individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention and control. After conducting pre-tests and blood glucose tests, stress-coping skills training sessions were held over 6 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, including  primary and secondary assessment of diabetes, training on how to deal with the stress caused by the disease in order to reduce the symptoms of the patients, assigning homework with the aim of calming the body, getting familiar with cognitive concepts, a test of dealing with negative thoughts, concentration of thought, and various other materials. Three months after the last session, post-tests and blood tests were conducted for both groups. The control group received their regular treatment program until the end of the study. The assessment tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL). The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square test.

The intervention and control groups did not have a significant difference in demographic characteristics, and also before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of QOL, anxiety, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels between the two groups. The findings of the study indicate that after the intervention, the QOL of the intervention group and its dimensions significantly increased, and anxiety significantly decreased (P < 0.001). However, a significant change in the level of HbA1C was not observed in the intervention group (P > 0.001).

The results of this study indicate that stress-coping skills training has a positive impact on reducing anxiety and improving the QOL in elderly individuals with diabetes and can be considered an effective educational method in this area. However, these skills did not have a significant effect on the level of HbA1C, and further investigation is needed in long-term studies and different age and gender groups.

 The communication and mutual understanding between healthcare service providers and patients are serious concerns in the health system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the impact of reading stories on increasing the level of general empathy and patient empathy in nursing students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

The statistical population of this quasi-experimental study consisted of 82 nursing students, who were divided into two groups of 41 subjects each, an experimental group and a control group, using the simple random method. Story reading was carried out in six sessions, each lasting two hours, conducted online over six weeks in a semester. The students completed the Davis General Empathy Questionnaire and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy before and after the sessions.

In this study, general empathy and patient sympathy were evaluated in three time periods: before the intervention, immediately afterthe intervention, and seven days after the end of the intervention. Jefferson sympathy scores increased from 44.71 before the intervention to 61.37 immediately after the intervention and then decreased to 57.98 seven days later, indicating a positive effect of the intervention. Davis empathy scores also increased from 51.93 before the intervention to 76.53 immediately after the intervention and then decreased to 60.13 seven days later. To compare empathy levels, the analysis of variance test with repeated measures was used. However, before performing the sphericity hypothesis test, Mauchly's test was conducted. Since it was not significant (P < 0.001), the Greenhouse-Geisser test was used, and a significant difference was reported in the three measurement periods (P < 0.001).

Story reading is effective in improving nursing students' sense of general empathy and sympathy toward patients. It is recommended that this method be implemented in universities to enhance empathy training.

 This study was conducted aiming to assess the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model on the nutritional behaviors of the elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

This semi-experimental research was conducted on 156 elderly participants (intervention and control groups) with fatty liver referred to comprehensive health service centers covered by the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The data was collected by a valid questionnaire. The educational intervention based on the health belief model was presented during 5 sessions only for the intervention group. One month after the intervention, the data was analyzed using descriptive and statistical tests.

The mean age of the participants in the intervention group was 64.47±3.68 years and it was 65.32±5.3 years in the control group. The majority of the elderly in both groups were women, married, housewives, and having secondary educational level. By comparing the mean scores of the two groups before and after the intervention, only significant statistical differences were observed for attitude (p=0.011), perceived barriers (p=0.034) and cues to action (p=0.002).

The design and implementation of an educational program based on the health belief model could influence attitude, perceived barriers and cues to action that might possibly improve the nutritional behavior of the elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Improving sexual health literacy has many benefits, including better understanding and evaluation of sexual health risks. This study aimed to assess the effects of an educational intervention using mobile-based health technology (mHealth) on the sexual health literacy of couples of Iranian Couples.

In this randomized field trial, 131 couples receiving services from Comprehensive Health Services centers in Gonabad in 2023 were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in an educational intervention focused on sexual health, which consisted of four 20 minute sessions over four weeks. This intervention involved sending audio, video, and text materials through authorized social media platforms like Ita and Rubika to their mobile phones. In contrast, the control group received standard training provided at the health centers. The research utilized a demographic registration form and a sexual health literacy questionnaire (SHELA) as tools for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression model, with a significance level set at less than 0.05.

The GEE test results indicated that following the intervention the average sexual health literacy scores and their subscales over time significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.05)

Educational intervention using mobile-based health technology can increase couples' ‎sexual health literacy. It is suggested that this technology be used in couples' training in ‎couples for reasons such as cultural conditions, embarrassment, and stigma of talking about ‎sexual issues.

Physical inactivity and overweight not only affect the growth of adolescents but also their future health. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories specifically developed for health-related behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on the HBM on physical activity and overweight among high school boys.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2021 in Taybad. A total of 160 high school boys were divided into test and control groups. Demographic, HBM, and physical activity questionnaires were completed at three stages: before, during, and two months after the intervention. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by 5 experts with a score of 0.79, and its reliability was determined with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. Four educational sessions were held for the intervention group. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.26 and covariance analysis.

The results showed that after the intervention, the scores of awareness, perceived sensitivity, and perceived severity in the test group were significantly higher than in the control group. Additionally, perceived barriers were lower, and the scores of cues to action, self-efficacy, and behavior were higher in the test group. Physical activity scores and mean BMI also significantly improved in the test group (P≤0.05)

  This study demonstrated that an educational intervention based on the HBM can effectively increase physical activity and reduce overweight among high school boys. By increasing awareness, perceived sensitivity and severity, self-efficacy, and reducing barriers, students were able to adopt healthier behaviors. These findings suggest that using HBM in educational programs can be an effective method for promoting student health and preventing issues related to physical inactivity and overweight.

Nowadays, diabetes mellitus is considered one of the most common diseases affecting the quality of life in the elderly. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of self-care training program on health-related quality of life among elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

In this clinical trial, 99 elderly women with T2DM were selected using random cluster sampling and randomly divided into test and control groups in Tehran from 2022 to 2023. The test group received seven sessions of 30-60 minutes of self-care training specific for patients suffering from T2DM, while the control group received the same training in four intensive sessions after the post-test. Data collection tools included a two-part questionnaire on demographic information and quality of life (LEIPAD). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

In this study, 69.7% (69) of the participants were in the age group of 60-69 years. After the intervention, a significant difference was observed in the quality of life scores between the two groups (p<0.001). Within-group analysis also showed a significant difference in the quality of life scores before and after the intervention, with a positive change in the test group and a negative change in the control group (p=0.001).

Self-care education can improve the quality of life of elderly women with T2DM. Therefore, implementing such educational interventions is a suitable option for enhancing the quality of life of elderly women with T2DM.

Objective (s):

 Considering the role of self-care in reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases and in order to properly increase the importance of health to society, paying attention to the self-care is a priority. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of an educational intervention in the context of social messengers on the awareness of the health workers regarding the self-care program.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 705 employees (doctors, nurses, midwives, health care workers) of health centers in Ilam province, Iran during 2020 and 2021. To collect data, a self-designed questionnaire containing 330 questions related to the 22 educational packages of the national self-care program provided by the Ministry of Health was used. The questionnaire was completed before an educational intervention and 9-months follow-up. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 24 software and through paired t-test and chi-square test.

The results indicated a significant increase in the awareness of health workers in the field of self-care program during a period of nine months after the educational intervention using the virtual educational method. A statistically significant relationship was observed between increasing the level of awareness of health workers with variables such as age (0.01), education level (0.05), gender (0.01) and organizational position (0.01).

Considering the important and fundamental role of health workers in improving the level of health literacy of the society and on the other hand the growing trend of access to social messengers, it is suggested with a cascade approach and based on social accountability, suitable educational programs to improve the awareness of health workers and subsequently health ambassadors at the household level should be prioritized.

The rising incidence of sexual risk behaviors among adolescents has prompted the international community to prioritize the reduction of AIDS in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Consequently, this study, considering the importance of theory-based education, evaluated theory-based educational interventions aimed at preventing high-risk sexual behaviors in adolescents.

We searched all the English articles from 2000 to 2022 on the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, APA Psycnet, and Cochrane Library databases. Two independent researchers reviewed all the articles. Joanna Briggs Institute's checklist for quasi-experimental studies was used to evaluate the quality of included studies.

Out of 7704 articles screened, 29 eligible articles were included in this study. The Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory, Protective Motivation Theory, Planned Behavior Theory and Information Motivational Behavioral Skills Model were the main conceptual models. Educational interventions that utilized the Health Belief Model, Planned Behavior Theory, and Protective Motivation Theory, achieved the highest intervention score. The results showed that theory-based training could be effective in behaviors such as using condoms, avoiding sexual intercourse, delaying the initiation of sexual intercourse, and having multiple sexual partners.

The results show that theory-based education can be effective in reducing high-risk sexual behaviors. The results can assist researchers in evaluating various aspects of past interventions and in designing an effective educational program. Additionally, in response to social changes, new educational methods could be selected.

The present study was designed and implemented to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model on the use of personal protective equipment among process industry employees.

The study involved an experimental intervention with 100 employees from various roles in a process industry. These employees were split into two groups of 50: intervention and control. Initially, data was gathered using a custom questionnaire based on the dimensions of the health belief model. The intervention group underwent a 12-session educational program over 3 months. The post-test phase took place 3 months after the educational intervention. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and independent t-test in SPSS software version 25.

The participants in the intervention and control groups had an average age of 46 with a standard deviation of 3 and 38 with a standard deviation of 2, respectively. The results indicated that following the educational intervention, the average scores for awareness, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and threats of employees were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.001), with respective scores of 15/45 (3/03), 22/21(2/30), 16/61(3/12).

Implementing the educational intervention based on the health belief model increased employees' awareness and favorable attitudes regarding using personal protective equipment.
Keywords: health belief model, personal protective equipment, human vibration, educational
Intervention

Needle stick is one of the problems faced by the employees of healthcare centers, especially nurses. Considering the importance of this issue, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on the preventive behaviors of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and AIDS infections among nurses in the ICU departments of Imam Hassan hospital in Bojnord city.

The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in an interventional way in 2022 on 76 employees of the ICU department of the the Imam Hassan hospital who were allocated in two experimental and control groups. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. SPSS statistical software version 20 was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that sharp object penetration training had a significant effect on the components of the health belief model, including perceived sensitivity, perceived intensity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, symptoms for action and behavior, and exposure behaviors.

By holding training courses, the necessary information on the prevention of injuries caused by sharp objects should be transferred to the health and treatment staff.

Stress is one of the major problems in life and occupation is one of the most important factors that cause it. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on virtual social networks on occupational stress among employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

The present semi-experimental study was conducted among 122 employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, who were randomly assigned to intervention (n=59) and control (n=63) groups, in 2022. The data collection tool was questionnaires of job stress and knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding stress, which were completed before and two months after the educational intervention. The training program was implemented virtually for the intervention group within a month with the methods of educational videos, audio files, images, and text messages. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using independent t-test, paired t-test and ANCOVA.

There was no significant difference in the average score of knowledge, attitude, and performance between the two intervention and control groups before the intervention, but two months after the educational intervention, by adjusting the effect of pre-test scores, the average score of knowledge, attitude and practice in the intervention group increased significantly. (P<0.001). The average occupational stress score in the intervention group decreased from 118.26 to 117.20, which was significant compared to the control group (P<0.001).

Considering the effectiveness of educational intervention based on virtual social networks on increasing knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding stress as well as management of occupational stress, it is recommended to design and implement educational interventions using modern technologies and virtual spaces to improve mental health in the workplaces.

Ischemic heart diseases are the most important cause of death worldwide, which affect the quality of life of affected patients. In Iran, ischemic heart diseases are the first cause of death in people aged over 35 years. The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of lifestyle education on the quality of life of patients with ischemic heart diseases.

This semi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test and post-test design and with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all patients with ischemic heart disease hospitalized in the CCU of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) Rafsanjan Hospital in 2019. The sample size of 30 people in each group was determined. A three-part questionnaire (demographic information, France and Powers quality of life questionnaire and Minnesota questionnaire) was used to collect information. First, both experimental and control groups completed the mentioned questionnaires as a pre-test, then the experimental group was educated with five 45-minute sessions, and after two weeks, a post-test was taken from both groups again using the same questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21. Independent T, paired T, and Chi-square statistical tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient and covariance analysis were used.

The mean age of the samples was 59.73±12.81 years and the average duration of coronary disease was 1953.38±2598.50 days. The results showed that the increase in scores related to the general state of quality of life after education was significant and indicated the improvement of the condition of the experimental group compared to the control group.

The findings of the present study showed that interventional efforts are important and necessary in order to improve the quality of life in patients with ischemic heart disease. In order to improve the quality of life and ultimately control heart disease, it is recommended to use the educational program designed and used in this study as a model.

Objective:

 Lifestyle is an important component in health education and promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that currently 60% of deaths worldwide and 80% of deaths in developing countries are due to unhealthy lifestyle. The present study aims to determine the effect of an educational intervention on improving the healthy lifestyle behaviors of people referred to the health centers in Yazd, Iran.

Methods:

 This is a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2017 on 140 men and women aged 18-40 years referred to four health centers in Yazd city, who were selected by a multi-stage random sampling method. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the educational program at three sessions, while the control group received no intervention. The data collection tool was a researcher-made lifestyle questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability.  The questionnaire was completed before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention by both groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive statistics and analytical tests.

Results:

 Immediately after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in knowledge, attitude, and enabling factors (P<0.05), but the score of health-promoting behaviors was not significantly different (P=0.063). Three months after the intervention, there was a significant difference in the scores of knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, and health-promoting behavior between the two groups (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

 The educational intervention is effective in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors of people in Yazd, Iran.

Drug abuse usually starts in adolescence; it is influenced by factors such as gender, age, psychological factors affecting sensation seeking and social communication. The COM-B model includes a full range of behavioral concepts and is suitable for intervention regarding substance abuse. This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of education on the prevention of substance abuse among students.

An experimental study with a randomized controlled trial type was carried out. Using cluster method, two clusters were randomly selected from trhe schools on the outskirts of the city; one school was determined as intervention, and the other as control with a sample size of 50 people in each group. With Zuckerman's sensation seeking questionnaire, students were examined, and those with a positive score were evaluated with the COM-B substance abuse tendency questionnaire. Educational interventions were implemented for the intervention group. After completion of the intervention and three later, this questionnaire was completed by both groups.

In the intervention group, the scores of physical capacity (p=0/001), mental capacity (p=0/001), reflective motivation (p<0/05), automatic motivation (p<0/05), and preventive behavior against substance abuse increased after the intervention (p<0/05), but no significant difference was observed in the opportunity score in the studied times. In the control group, there was no significant difference in the scores of any of the variables during the study.

The implementation of educational programs based on COM-B model is effective in reducing the tendency of students to abuse drugs.

Postpartum is one of the most important and dangerous periods in the life of a mother and a newborn. The health behaviors of mothers are influenced by their attitudes. There is a possibility of improving the health behaviors of mothers through education, increasing public awareness and modifying attitudes. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of educational intervention on attitudes and behaviors. Maternal hygiene during the postpartum period was carried out in Qom province.

This study is a semi-experimental educational intervention that was conducted on 110 mothers during the postpartum period. The available mothers were selected from the health centers of Qom province and then they were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The duration of the intervention was four months and the trainings were conducted in four sessions, through uploading in the virtual space and one face-to-face session and follow-up of its feedback, until 42 days after delivery.

After the educational intervention, there was a significant difference in the components of women's postpartum health attitudes and behaviors, including general health behaviors, maternal behaviors, nutritional behaviors, infant-related behaviors, health attitudes, and standard postpartum health behaviors in the group. The test was observed compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results of the present study showed that multimedia educational intervention with individual counseling and continuous communication with mothers based on scientific theories and qualitative study has a positive effect on mothers' health attitudes and behaviors in the postpartum period