جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سندروم متابولیک » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Using the best exercise protocol along with taking herbal supplements is one of the methods of managing weight loss and related disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of polarized exercise with Carvil supplement on lipid profile and metabolic syndrome of obese women.

24 obese women were randomly placed in 3 groups (exercise), (supplement) and (exercise with supplement). The participants of the (exercise with supplement) and (supplement) groups received Carvil three times a day and 2 hours before doing the exercises. Polarized exercises were performed for 4 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Physiological and anthropometric indicators as well as biochemical values ​​were evaluated before the start of training and after the last training session. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 27 software at the significance level (P<0.05).

The results showed that weight, body mass index, and fat mass index were significantly reduced in two groups (exercise with supplements) and (exercise). There was a significant decrease in LDL in the (supplemented with exercise) group, but it was not statistically significant in the other groups due to the observed decreasing trend. A decrease in triglyceride, blood sugar, cholesterol, HDL and insulin levels was observed in all groups, although this decrease was not significant. There was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure in the group (supplemented with exercise) and diastolic blood pressure in the group (supplemented) (P<0.05).

Polarized exercise with Carvil supplement can be effective in improving lipid profile and metabolic syndrome in obese women. However, determining the mechanism and nature of the effect of these exercises along with supplement consumption on lipid profile and metabolic syndrome requires more studies.

Inhibition of myostatin as a myokine is involved in reducing fat accumulation through increasing muscle mass. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise course on myostatin levels and metabolic risk factors in middle - aged men with metabolic syndrome.

Thisresearch was an experimental study with a pre - test and post - test design. 20 men with metabolic syndrome and average age of 53.6 ± 3.13 years voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into two control (n= 10) and aerobic exercise (n= 10) groups. The assimilation of the subjects of the two groups was done based on the inclusion criteria and random selection of the subjects in the groups. The exercise program included 12 weeks of aerobic exercise with a sequence of 3 sessions per week and each session included 45 minutes of exercise with an intensity of 60-70% of reserve heart rate. During the intervention period, the control group only did their daily activities without exercising. All research variables such as myostatin levels, metabolic factors and body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption were measured in two stages before the training intervention and 48 hours after the last training session. Statistical analysis of the data was done by independent and dependent t-tests.

There was a significant difference between the two training and control groups in all research variables          (P ≥ 0.05). Myostatin values (P= 0.001),  HDL (P= 0.001), VO2max (P= 0.001) significantly increased and the values of body weight (P= 0.001), BMI (P= 0.001), waist size (P= 0.001), mean blood pressure (P= 0.001), total cholesterol (P= 0.001), triglyceride (P= 0.002), LDL (P= 0.001), blood sugar (P= 0.001) ) and insulin resistance index (P= 0.001) in the exercise group decreased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test.

It seems that a 12-week aerobic exercise program with an intensity of 60-70% of reserve heart rate could be suggested as a non-drug method to reduce myostatin and control metabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome.

A few studies have assessed associations between the number of eating occasions (EOs) and energy intake from meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate EOs and energy intake from meals and snacks and their relationships with metabolic syndrome in 20–60 year-old employees of Bandar Mahshahr Petrochemical Company, Bandar Mahshahr, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 293 petrochemical workers were selected using census method. Food record were collected for three days [fixed workers:two days of working days (Days 1 and 2) and one day of rest (Day 3); and shift workers:one day of working (Day 1), one night shift working (Day 2) and one rest day (day 3). Demographic and socioeconomic information and chronotype were collected using valid questionnaires. In this study, eating occasion was defined as energy intake of 50 kcal or more per hour of the day. Differences and associations between the number of EOs  and the portion of energy from the main meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome were investigated using Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression analysis, respectively.

The mean and standard deviation of the number of eating occasions of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and the meals frequency of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers (p < 0.01). The mean and standard deviation of total energy intake at Day 2 (night working) of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and energy intake of meals at Day 3 of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers and energy intake from snacks at Days 2 and 3 and average of 3 days of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01). After adjusting for the effects of confounders, shift workers with a higher proportion of energy intake from meals (main meals and snacks) were more likely to suffer from metabolic syndrome and its complications. Furthermore, one unit increase in the number of EOs, meals and snacks was associated with increasing the chance of hypertriglyceridemia and high waist circumference. In fixed workers, possibility of metabolic syndrome and high waist circumference was increased with the increases in the number of EOs  and snack and energy intake of meals and snacks. Moreover, the likelihood of hyperglycemia was rised with an increase in the portion of energy intake from snacks. Chances of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C was increased with increasing in the number of snacks and energy intake of snacks (p < 0.05). 

This study revealed the importance of paying attention to nutrition in shift workers through training and nutritional interventions and diagnosing the risk factors linked to working conditions in decreasing risks of metabolic syndrome and its complications.

Perpetin and adropin are cytokines involved in metabolic processes that are related to overweight and aging. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of TRX exercises on serum levels of perpetin, adropine and metabolic factors associated with metabolic syndrome in overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight elderly men with a mean age of) 64.33±1.39( years were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to TRX and control groups. The experimental group trained in a TRX training program for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes. The intensity of the exercises was controlled by the Borg Pressure Perception Scale (RPE). Before and after the last training session, the serum levels of peptin, adropin and insulin resistance were measured.

TRX exercises caused a significant decrease in serum perpetin level (P=0.001) and insulin resistance index (P=0.01) and a significant increase in adropine (P=0.01) in the post-test group. Also, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the amount of perpetin (P=0.001) and insulin resistance index (P=0.01) in the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease and the level of adropine increased significantly (P=0.001). Fat percentage (P=0.019) in the experimental group had a significant decrease (P<0.05).

Resistance training with body weight seems to be effective in improving diabetes-related macaroons by reducing perpetin and fat percentage and increasing serum adropine in overweight elderly.

The prevalence of obesity is recognized as a health problem worldwide. Metabolic syndrome as the most important obesity factor is considered as one of the health problems in all societies. Supportive and complementary interventions are considered improvements in the status of individuals with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of sodium alginate supplementation and high intensity interval training on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in metabolic syndrome women.

Thirty women with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned into 4 groups: intermittent exercise (High Intensity Interval Training)+supplement (n=9), intermittent exercise (HIIT) )n=8), complementary (n=7) and control group (n=6). Subjects in HIIT and HIIT + supplementation groups performed three sessions of intermittent exercise each week for eight weeks with an intensity of 85% to 95% of the maximum heart rate. Sodium alginate supplementation was taken three times a week and 30 minutes before meals in the amount of 1.5 g of sodium alginate dissolved in 100 mg of water. Blood sampling were taken from all 4 groups 48 hours before and after the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and t-test were used for data analysis (P≤0.05).

The results showed that in the exercise+supplement group lipid profile (P=0.005) and aspartate aminotransferase (P=0.012)(17.8%), fat percentage (P=0.001)(9.7%), BMI (P=0.000) and alanine aminotransferase (P=0.035)(12.7%) compared to the other group were significantly reduced, indicating the effect of intermittent exercise and supplementation on improving the symptoms of metabolic syndrome in women participating in this study.

According to the results of this study, it seems that high intensity intermittent exercise with sodium alginate supplementation can be effective in prevention of some obesity related diseases and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome is described as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, fasting blood sugar, and high blood pressure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer.

This case-control study was performed on 222 women with cancer and non-cancer (breast cancer) (111 participants in each group) referred to Tohid and Besat Hospital in Sanandaj in 2014.

The results showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in people with and without breast cancer was 85 (76.6%) and 60 (54.1%), respectively, which was statistically significant.

The results showed that the criteria for defining metabolic syndrome increase cancer risk, especially breast cancer in women, and measures should be taken to reduce these risks in high-risk groups.

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the common diseases caused by excessive deposition of fat in the liver.Various factors such as metabolic syndrome, and unhealthy lifestyle lead to NAFLD.This study was conducted to determine the relationship between healthy lifestyle and triglyceride glucose index (TyG) in patients with metabolic syndrome.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 patients with metabolic syndrome.  Health-promoting lifestyle profile II(HPLP-II) questionnaire was completed and fasting blood glucose and triglyceride were measured. HPLP-II score and Tyg index  were determined.

The mean of HPLP-II  and TyG index scores were 143.45±39.75 and 4.8±0.22, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between the healthy lifestyle score and TyG index (R= -0.18و p=0.08).

According to the results of the present study, there was an inverse relationship between the healthy lifestyle score and TyG index, although it was not statistically significant.

 The first and most common cause of death in the world is due to cardiovascular diseases, and hyperlipidemia is one of the important and a critical controllable risk factors for these diseases. The connection between fat metabolism and a wide range of diseases, side effects of chemical drugs, and the increasing attention to the use of natural remedies reveal the necessity of further attention to the viewpoints of other schools of medicine, including complementary medicine. This review study aims to interpret hyperlipidemia from the perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).

 This is review study conducted based on a library method using the keywords related to hyperlipidemia to collect data through searching in online databases and ITM books. The data were analyzed based on the content analysis method.

 Hyperlipidemia is mainly diagnosed by laboratory findings and often have no clear clinical symptoms. According to ITM, for diagnosing hyperlipidemia, attention should be paid to the role of liver, heart, and stomach along with the health principles and quadruple digestion.

 Hyperlipidemia is a condition that can be either pathological or physiological. According to ITM, it occurs due to the imbalance of humors inside the arteries and leads to higher blood concentration and. In some cases, it can be due to a disease and in some cases, it can be caused by the body’s compensatory response. Paying attention to the views of ITM can be effective in preventing disease and improving therapeutic interventions.

The sedentary lifestyle in individuals with metabolic syndrome is a main threatening risk for their health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with 65% of maximal oxygen consumption on heart rate variability and vascular nitric oxide levels in middle-aged males with metabolic syndrome.

In total, 30 middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into control and aerobic training groups. At the pretest and posttest, the values ​​of metabolic risk indices, heart rate variability, and nitric oxide were measured in both groups. The aerobic training group performed aerobic exercise for eight weeks at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. The data were analyzed using the independent and paired t-tests.

According to the results, after comparing the values obtained from the posttest and pretest, there was a significant difference between the training and control groups regarding the fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, metabolic Z score, Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (rMSSD), very-low-frequency (VLF), High frequency (HF), and vascular nitric oxide levels. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly different in the aerobic training group, compared to those of the control group and LF as well as LF/HF at the pretest (P=0.01). However, despite slight changes in high lipoprotein and blood pressure levels, there was no significant difference in the aerobic training group, compared to the control group and pre-test.

Regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be used as an appropriate exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular function for males with metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious public health concern worldwide. Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of MetS has increased in all countries around the world. Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of MetS among the  military personnel working in a military center in 1397.

This cross-sectional study was done on 245 male military personnel, aged 22 to 62 years. Weight was measured using Tefal scale, Height and waist circumference were measured using a non-elastic tape measure. BMI was calculated from weight in kg divided by height in m2. Participantschr('39') blood pressure was measured using a digital blood pressure monitor. Biochemical Indices (fasting blood sugar and lipid profile) were extracted from the participantschr('39') files. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe quantitative data. Frequency and percentage were used for qualitative variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean age of the participants was 35.63 ± 6.63 years. Sixty percent of people were between the ages of 30 and 40, and 92 percent were married. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 35.5% (87). Other findings showed that the prevalence of hypertension, high blood glucose, obesity and high cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the research sample were 21.6%, 26.9%, 14.3%,13.5% ,51% and 70.6%, respectively. 

The results of the present study showed that metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in military personnel. The results of the present study could serve as a basis for designing intervention studies and preventive programs to improve lifestyles in the military.

Decreases in metabolism of estrogen and plasma levels of estrogen are associated with increased metabolic syndrome and cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of a 12-week aerobic interval training with and without fennel consumption on metabolic syndrome indices and estrogen metabolites in obese and menopausal women.

In this semi-experimental study, 26 obese and menopausal females aged 50–60 years were randomly assigned to two major groups of training-placebo and training-supplement. Training was carried out at 45–65% heart rate reserve, three days per week for 12 weeks. Training-supplement group included 100 mg of the fennel supplementation. Samples were collected 48 h before and after the last sessions of exercise training. Metabolites of estrogen, including 2-hydroxyestrone and 16-α-hydroxyestrone, were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and SPSS Software v.18.

Body weight and body mass index (BMI) decreased in training-supplementation group in obese menopausal women, compared to training-placebo group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in blood pressure, HDL and WHR. Furthermore, plasma levels of 16-α-hydroxyestrone significantly decreased while the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-α-hydroxyestrone significantly increased with significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.05).

Combination of aerobic interval training with fennel consumption may decrease body weight, BMI and 16-α-hydroxyestrone and increase 2-hydroxyestrone in obese menopausal women.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated metabolic risk factors. The most widely-recognized set of these risk factors are: increase in waist circumference (abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, growth in serum glucose and reduction in high density lipoproteins. There have been various definitions for the diagnosis of MetS, but those which introduced by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) are more widely implemented because they do not require measurement of insulin resistant. Based on the definition offered by ATP III, if a person has three of the aforementioned factors, he/she has MetS. MetS directly increased cardiovascular disease and diabetes.  The cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity are the major health challenges in the 21st century. Therefore, attention to this disease must be much greater than in the past due to its prevalence in the current century.  Studies show that various factors affect MetS, the most important ones are age and body weight. Studies have also shown that lack of physical activities, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food habits and smoking increase occurrence of MetS. Gender, race, Body Mass Index (BMI) and prolonged sitting at work are among other factors affecting MetS. Various studies have reported different prevalence rates of this syndrome. The global prevalence of MetS varies from 10 to 50 percent. According to IDF, one-fourth of adults in the world are suffering from MetS and among them, the risk of death and chances of a stroke and heart attack are two and three times higher, respectively. The estimated rate for Iran is 34.4 percent, whereas (according to the ACEP criteria) 20 percent of the general population in the United States suffer from MetS. MetS is considered as an important health challenge because of its costs on healthcare systems and furthermore due to its high socioeconomic costs. Studies show that the average annual costs per person in the US is estimated at $ 4,000 for treating this syndrome. Workers are an important component of any organization, and workplace directly affects worker’s physical, mental and social condition; there for workplace is a very critical environmental and social factor affecting worker’s health. Up to now few studies with small sample size have been carried out on the prevalence of MetS in industrial workplace in Iran. Since identification of the risk factors related to MetS can play an important Role in the worker’s health and consequently increase industrial productivity, it is necessary to carry out a thorough and comprehensive study on a large sample population of the Iranian workers in order identify and control this syndrome and its related risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its effective demographic factors among workers in one of the petrochemical industries. 

The following cross sectional study was conducted among 692 male workers of a petrochemical company in south-west Iran. All participants had at least one-year work experience without any history of congenital disease, heart failure, kidney problem or hypertension. Stratified random sampling method was used to select participants. The procedure and aims of the study were explained to the participants and they were assured that their personal information will be kept confidential. Also all participants signed an informed written consent form prior to their participation. A data was collected by a two-part questionnaire in this study. The first part was focused on demographic information (age, marital status, education, and smoking status) and included questions on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the second part collected anthropometric information (height, weight, and waist circumference), blood pressure, and the parameters obtained through performing blood tests and BMI values (BMI obtained through dividing body weight in kilograms by height in meters squared). Based on criteria defined by World Health Organization, the BMI values were classified into four groups: less than 18.5 (underweight), 18.5-24.9 (normal range), 25-29.9 (overweight), and higher than 30 (obese). Since few participants had BMI values lower than 18.5, the BMI values of underweight participants and the BMI values in the normal range were categorized into one group. The participantchr('39')s blood pressure was measured by a standard mercury manometer. Each participant’s blood pressure was measured twice in a sitting position on the right arm, with a 5-minute rest between the twomeasurements, also each participant was asked to sit down for at least five minutes and then theirblood pressure was measured. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the participants, then their anthropomorphic information and their blood pressure were measured by a researcher. After that they were asked to visit the laboratory to have their blood samples taken (after fasting for 12-14 hours). Three markers from the blood sample tests were recorded: fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and HDL-C. After blood samples were taken, tests to measure fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides levels were carried out using the enzymatic colorimetric method, employing Pars Azmoon standard kits. HDL cholesterol tests were performed employing the antibody-enzyme method and using Pars Azmoon standard kits. Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) method was used to diagnose MetS in the study population. MetS was diagnosed based on abdominal obesity, increased blood pressure, increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol level, and increased fasting blood sugar. Based on the ATP III method the copresence of at least three of the following indicators is considered diagnostic for MetS: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women, triglycerides level ≥ 150 mg/dl, HDL level ≤40mg/dl in men and ≤50 mg/dl in women, systolic blood pressure ≥130.85 mm Hg, diastolic pressure ≥85 mm Hg and fasting blood sugar ≥ 100mg/dl. Using SPSS version 24, descriptive statistics were analyzed. Mean, percentage, range and standard deviation were calculated. In order to determine correlation between MetS and its factors with shift work odds ratio (ORs) for the MetS, 95% confidence level (95% CL), chi-square test, Spearman correlation test and logistic regression analysis were performed. To assess the effect of shift work on NCEP ATP III factors and demographic factors, independent samples t test and Cramerchr('39')s V were implemented. The level of statistical significance for p-value was set at <0.05..

The findings show that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 15.1%, elevated waist circumference 27.3%, high-density lipoprotein deficiency 71.6%, elevated triglycerides 49.5%, hypertension 34.1%, elevated cholesterol 37.8 % and elevated fasting plasma glucose 13.4%.The correlation tests for demographic factors and metabolic syndrome indicate relationships between metabolic syndrome and each of the factors: age, hypertension, body mass index, shift work and high-density lipoprotein deficiency. So that metabolic syndrome had a moderate relationship with hypertension, body mass index and shift work (s=0.316, s= 0.371, and s=0.452 respectively) and while, the extent of this relation for age and high-density lipoprotein deficiency were small (s= 0.18 and, s= 0.15), other demographic factors, namely, marriage status, being a smoker, and education level found to be unrelated with metabolic syndrome (P>0.05).A significant difference between mean values of body mass index, high-density lipoprotein, shift work, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure and plasma glucose was identified among people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and healthy individuals (p<0.001).The probability of metabolic syndrome occurrence found to be affected by blood pressure with OR=3.12 (C.I. 95% = 4.1 – 2.37), body mass index with OR=1.301 (C.I. 95% =1.38 – 1.22), age with OR=1.09 (C.I. 95% =1.088 – 1.031), high-density lipoprotein deficiency with OR=1.015 (C.I. 95% =1.01 – 1.019), fasting plasma glucose with OR=2.78 (C.I. 95% =1.786 – 4.343), waist circumference with OR=9.830 (C.I. 95% =6.105 – 15.829), shift work with OR=7.309 (C.I. 95% =4.249 – 12.290), and triglyceride with OR=1.009 (C.I. 95% = 1.006-1.011), which results in increases in Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval).

Due to high metabolic syndrome prevalence and abnormal levels of waist circumference, triglyceride, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, and fasting plasma glucose, as well as, the significant relationship between syndrome prevalence and age, body mass index, and shift work, raising awareness to change work conditions in order to live a healthy lifestyle and controlling demographic factors related with metabolic syndrome might reduce the consequences of metabolic syndrome and promote the overall health of people.

Betatrophin and irisin are a liver and muscle tissue produced proteins that regulate the triglyceride metabolism as well as glucose homeostasis. This study was designed to evaluate the level of betatrophin and irisin in obese rats before and after aerobic training.

Twenty four, 8-week-old male Wistar rats (249.8±11.2g) were selected and purchased for the research. After obesity induction by high-fat diet, the animals were randomly divided into two groups: exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). Also a match group with normal weight was selected for baseline comparisons. The animals trained 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Body weight, lipid and glycemic profiles, and betatrophin and irisin levels were assessed after 10 weeks of training.  The data were compared using analysis of variance (P<0.05).

Results showed that weight mass (P<0.01), plasma total cholesterol (P<0.02), triglyceride (P<0.05) and fasting glucose (P<0.04) were reduced in obese rats following the exercise training. Plasma betatrophin was significantly reduced in exercise compared to sedentary groups (P<0.02). Conversely, irisin concentration was significantly elevated with exercise (P<0.03).

The data demonstrated that moderate intensity aerobic training prevented obesity-induced cardiovascular disorders simultaneously with improvements in betatrophin and irisin levels in obese rats.

Introduction:

Galectin3 has been recognized as a new biomarker for cardiovascular disorders, However the effects of aerobic training on theses markers have not been identified. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on serum levels of Galectin3 and inflammatory markers in elderly women with metabolic syndrome. Subjects and

24 elderly women with metabolic syndrome (age: 65.37±4.08, weight: 88.98±6.56, BMI: 34.14±1.47) were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic training (n=12) and control group (n=12). The aerobic training protocol was administered for 12 weeks, three sessions per week with intensity of 65-50% of maximum heart rate. Serum samples were collected in pre-test and post-test for ELISA using Galectin3, TNF-α and CRP. Results. Aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in serum Galectin3 compared to control group (P˂0.05). Also, aerobic training was associated with a significant decrease in inflammatory markers (CRP and TNF-α) (P˂0.05). 

Conclusion:

The findings of the present study showed that aerobic training is associated with a decrease in serum Galectin3 in elderly women with metabolic syndrome, which may be due to the improvement of chronic inflammation.

Aerobic training plays an important role in the improvement of cardiovascular-metabolic disorders associated with aging and metabolic syndrome; however, the role of this type of training on growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a new biomarker for predicting cardiac disorders is not understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on serum levels of GDF-15 and insulin resistance index in elderly women with metabolic syndrome.

24 elderly women with metabolic syndrome (age: 65.37±4.08, weight: 88.98±6.56 kg, BMI: 34.14±1.47) were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic training (n=12) and control group (n=12). The aerobic training protocol was administered for 12 weeks, three sessions per week at an intensity of 65-50% of maximum heart rate. Serum samples were collected in pre-test and post-test for ELISA using insulin, glucose and GDF-15.

Results of data analysis showed that aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in serum GDF-15 compared to control group (P˂0.05). Also, aerobic training was associated with a significant decrease in serum glucose and insulin resistance (P˂0.05), while it had no effect on serum insulin (P˃0.05).

It seems that aerobic training has an effective role in reducing serum GDF-15, which may be due to the improvement of metabolic parameters and consequently a reduction in the need for GDF-15 compensation.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently prevalent in adults. The main clinical symptoms of MetS include central obesity, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein levels, and hypertension. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of MetS. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between two gene polymorphisms, including TNF-a -308 G>A (rs 1800629) and IL-6 -174 G>C (rs1800795) with MetS and its components.

This case-control study included 250 participants who were assigned into the case group with MetS (n=125) and control group (n=125). The mean ages of males in the case and control groups were 54.5 and 39.44 years, respectively. Moreover, the mean ages of females in the case and control groups were 53.05 and 33.69 years, respectively. In addition, the number of male and female in the case group was 40 (32%) and 85 (68%), respectively. Additionally, 43 (34.4%) and 82 (65.6%) males and females participated in the control group, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding gender (P=0.842). In this study, DNA was extracted from the blood, and Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was employed to detect two gene polymorphisms, including TNF-a -308 G>A and IL-6 -174 G>C among participants.

The results obtained from this study showed a significant association between TNF-a-308 G>A and MetS (P<0.05). However, there was no significant association between IL-6 174 G>C and MetS. Additionally, no association was observed between MetS components and the aforementioned polymorphisms.

According to the results, an association was observed between TNF-a-308 G>A gene polymorohism and MetS.

Metabolic syndrome is the result of a general imbalance of metabolic processes in the body which increases mortality due to cardiovascular disease. The syndrome has recently attracted the attention of health care researchers to its impact on quality of life. Rational differences and occupational diversity affect the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the disease among Gachsaran oil industry employees. The present paper was a descriptive cross-sectional study. During the years 2016-20173, 360 employees were randomly selected using a questionnaire, Alpikado pressure gauge, and Scala scale. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure triglyceride, glucose, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. Diagnosis was performed using NCEP ATP III criteria, with prevalence of less than 10, 10-25 and above 25% as low, moderate and high prevalence respectively. The collected data were analyzed using Chi-Square and logistic regression. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the whole sample was 30.3, 31.2 and 7.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 74.1%, thyroid triglyceride 46.6%, high systolic blood pressure 39, HDL cholesterol Low 33, fasting blood glucose was 13.3 and high diastolic pressure was 13%. A reduction in serum HDL cholesterol and one increase in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and triglyceride were associated with a 15, 14, 7, 4 and 1 percent increase the odds of contracting a disease , respectively. The prevalence of high metabolic syndrome was higher; in addition, the prevalence was higher in men than in women. This indicated the impact of gender differences and occupational situations on the prevalence of this metabolic disorder. Therefore, the necessity of paying more attention to specific occupations in periodic studies is recommended.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Recent studies have shown that NAFLD occurs in both sexes, at any age, and in any economic situation. In Iran, the prevalence of NAFLD has been reported between 2.09% and 2.9%. The most common cause of the disease is insulin resistance, along with obesity and cardiovascular disease. The true incidence and prevalence of NAFLD can be difficult to determine due to the variability in the definition of the disease. Clinical symptoms of fatty liver disease are often unreliable and non-specific, and diagnostic methods include biochemical markers of radiological imaging accompanied by liver biopsy. The most commonly used treatments are diet, exercise, and pharmacological and surgical treatment of the liver. In this article, after the introduction of the disease and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, complications, laboratory findings, differential diagnoses, treatment, and follow-up are described. Diagnostic methods of this disease include laboratory tests, biomarkers, imaging studies such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and fibroscopy, and biopsy sampling. Interactions such as lifestyle changes, weight loss, insulin resistance management, lipid lowering factors, decrease weight, drugs, surgery, and liver transplantation are effective treatments. Management of NAFLD and early and correct diagnosis and treatment of this disease can reduce the mortality and morbidity of the disease.

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that enhance the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin and obestatin are gut hormones with similar origin that have pivotal roles in food intake and energy metabolism. The aim of present study was to investigate the association between serum ghrelin/obestatin ratio and the components of MetS in women.

This study was conducted on the total of 86 women, including 43 female patients with MetS and 43 healthy women as the control group. The participants were selected through convenience sampling method among women with similar body mass index and the age range of 30-50 years. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting serum obestatin, ghrelin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were measured. Moreover, this study investigated the association between serum levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio and MetS components.

Serum levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio was significantly lower in MetS group than control(P=0.036). Moreover, ghrelin/obestatin ratio was positively associated with serum HDL-C levels (β=0.273, P=0.016). However, this ratio was not associated with other measured variables, including waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure, FBS, TG, TC, LDL -C, insulin and HOMA-IR (P>0.05).

Discussion & Considering lower levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio in women with MetS and also positive association of ghrelin/obestatin ratio and serum levels of HDL, as an important component of MetS diagnosis. Accordingly, it seems the increase in ratio can lessen the progression of MetS complications, such as cardio-vascular disease by HDL increment in women.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in children. With increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, NAFLD is increasingly seen in children. The prevalence varies according to the population studied (race and ethnicity) and the definition of NAFLD used in the study. In Iran, the prevalence of NAFLD in obese children ranges from 50% to 55% and in the general population of children is about 17%. Most patients with NAFLD are asymptomatic. However, abdominal pain may be present in the right and upper extremity, and hepatomegaly or non-specific symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, weakness, fatigue or attention disorder may also be seen. Diagnostic methods of NAFLD include laboratory tests, biomarkers, biopsy, and imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT, MRI. There is no definitive treatment for non-alcoholic liver disease. Modification of some risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are often recommended, but weight loss is more beneficial. Early diagnosis of NAFLD in children and its management can reduce further complications. Therefore, in this study, we reviewed the articles published on NAFLD in children (until 2017) using electronic databases, including PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We reviewed the signs of NAFLD, its epidemiology, etiology, complications, laboratory findings, different diagnostic methods, treatments, and follow up procedures