جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مرفین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

P53 protein is one of the factors regulating apoptosis and Nrf2 is the main regulator of antioxidant proteins. This study aimed to evaluate P53 and Nrf2 protein levels in kidney tissue after 8 weeks of endurance training in diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 Wistar rats were used, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. After inducing diabetes and creating dependence on morphine by oral method, the training groups performed an endurance training protocol for 8 weeks. The groups included: diabetes (D), morphine diabetes (D.M), diabetes+ endurance training (D.ET), and morphine diabetes+ endurance training (D.M.ET). On the last day of the study, all rats were killed and their kidneys were removed. The protein levels of the indicators of this study were measured by ELISA kits.

The results of this study showed that the P53 protein level in the D.ET training group (P=0.000) compared to the D group and the D.M.ET training group (P=0.002) compared to the D.M. group, has a significant decrease. It was also observed that the Nrf2 protein level increased significantly in the D.ET (P=0.020) and D.M.ET (P=0.009) training groups compared to the D group.

Endurance training by increasing Nrf2 probably strengthens the antioxidant system and reduces oxidative stress. By reducing p53, it reduces the apoptosis of kidney tissue in diabetic and diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In recent years, the field of identifying and quickly determining the number of narcotics, including morphine, has grown significantly. This research aimed to provide a cheap, simple, and fast method for the quantitative identification of morphine in street samples and biological samples.

This experimental research was conducted in the laboratory of the Narcotics Department of the University of Police Sciences in the spring and summer of 2021. In this study, powder samples and urine samples containing morphine were tested to measure the amount of morphine by scanning the densitometry of TLC plates. Silica thin layer chromatography plates 60G F254 (Merck) and mobile phase including acetonitrile, methanol, and ammonia (1:2:17) for performing TLC tests, chloroform, and -2 propanol with a ratio of 9:1 for extraction, Camag TLC Scanner 3 device with software WinCATS 1.4.2.8121 was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis .

This method showed a distinct and separated band for morphine at RF equal to 16.2 mm. The calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.9887 showed a favorable linear relationship between the area under the peak of morphine and the concentration of spots in the range of 1-6 µg/spot. This method showed an acceptable detection limit, precision, and accuracy for measuring morphine in street and urine samples.

Scanning densitometry thin layer chromatography is a rapid and inexpensive screening method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of morphine in the street and urine samples.

The effect of exercise training on kidney tissue in the condition of diabetes with morphine withdrawal syndrome is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on the levels of P53 and Nrf2 proteins in kidney tissue in diabetic male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

This experimental study utilized a sample of 32 Wistar rats. Following the induction of diabetes, the Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight based on their weight: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes with resistance training, and morphine diabetes with resistance training. The oral technique was employed for a duration of 21 days to establish a reliance on morphine.. The resistance training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks. At the end, all mice were anesthetized, killed and their tissue was extracted. The variable protein levels of this study were measured by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with the help of SPSS version 16 software at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

Resistance training caused a significant decrease in P53 in the groups of diabetes + resistance training (P=0.006) compared to diabetes and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.012) compared to morphine diabetes group. Similarly, a significant decrease in Nrf2 was observed in the morphine diabetes + resistance training group (P=0.013) compared to the morphine diabetes group.

Resistance training probably reduced kidney tissue damage in diabetic and diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome by reducing P53 protein, which indicates the protective effect of resistance training on kidney tissue in pathological conditions.

Morphine passes through the placenta and selectively accumulates in the nervous tissues of the fetus. In the present study, the effect of exposure to morphine during embryonic period on cognitive functions such as attention and impulsive behaviors in male offspring has been investigated.

Female rats received morphine subcutaneously twice a day in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg during pregnancy (days 11 to 18). In the behavioral study, the 5-CSRTT (5-choice serial reaction time task) was used.

In the training phase of the behavioral test, the prenatal morphine group needed more days to learn the test than the saline group. In the baseline condition, the animals exposed to morphine in the embryonic period showed more impulsive and obsessive responses compared to the saline group.

Behavioral results show a direct effect of exposure to morphine during embryonic period on delayed learning and impulsive behaviors in adulthood.

Experience of separation from mother can cause lasting changes in brain structure. Meanwhile, exposure to opioids in adolescence can affect cognitive abilities. In this study, effects of maternal deprivation stress and exposure to morphine in adolescence on anxiety-like behaviors and working memory were evaluated in adult rats.

Male and female Wistar rats including control, maternal deprivation stress (Str), receiving morphine (Morphine) in adolescent, and Morphine with Stress (Mor + Str) group were selected. In the Str group, the offspring was separated from their mothers 3 hours/day for 14 days. Morphine group received increasing doses of morphine from 2.5 to 25 mg/kg for 10 days (31-40 postnatal day). Open field test, elevated plus maze and Y maze were used to investigate locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviors and working memory of animals, respectively.

There was no significant difference in locomotor activity between morphine and control groups. Morphine group in both sexes spent more time in center of the open field compared to control group, and unlike the Mor + Str group, had stable anti-anxiety behavioral effects until adulthood. Working memory was impaired in both Morphine and Mor + Str groups in both sexes compared to control group.

Maternal deprivation and substance abuse have lasting effects on occurrence of anxiety-like behaviors during the developmental period of adolescence. Maturation of the nervous system can be affected by these adverse environmental factors and underwent permanent behavioral changes and cognitive disorders.

Serotonergic system has a role in morphine dependence and withdrawal symptoms via its receptors. On the other hand, the effect of 5-HT2A receptor on withdrawal symptoms has not been evaluated completely. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 5-HT2A receptor stimulation on morphine withdrawal symptoms in male mice.

This experimental study included twenty eight male NMRI mice (20-25g). Morphine dependency was induced in a five- day schedule by 6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56 and 66 mg/kg doses respectively. On the fifth day, 2 hours after a single dose of morphine, naloxone was injected (3 mg/kg) and the scores (from 0 to 3) of withdrawal symptoms including number of jumps, teeth chattering, writing, head shakes, limbs shakes, and percentage of body weight loss were recorded for 30min.The treatment group received different doses of TCB-2 (03, and 2.5mg/kg; Intraperitoneally).

Withdrawal symptoms in the morphine-dependent mice were significantly more frequent than those in the control mice. Different doses of TCB-2 significantly increased some of the morphine withdrawal symptoms in the experimental groups.

The present study indicated that stimulation of 5-HT2A receptor via its agonist exacerbated the morphine withdrawal symptoms. Further studies are recommended to better understand the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in morphine dependence and withdrawal.

Chronic use of opioids leads to analgesic tolerance. Protein kinase C (PKC), adenylyl cyclase (AC), nitric oxide (NO) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) are involved in morphine tolerance. Lithium activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway that inhibits GSK-3β and reduces morphine-induced tolerance. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of lithium on morphine dependence symptoms and tolerance of its analgesic effects in Swiss mice by GSK-3β signaling.

This experimental study was performed on 56 Swiss male albino mice that were randomly allocated into 8 groups (each containing 7 mice). The intraperitoneal injection of morphine at different concentrations (50, 50 and 75 mg/kg) and different hours (08:00, 11:00 and 16:00, respectively) was performed for 4 days, and a single dose 50 mg/kg was administered on the 5th day. The effects of three doses of lithium (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) given orally, 45 min before morphine injections on morphine-induced analgesic tolerance were evaluated. To evaluate analgesia latency on day 1, 3 and 5, tail flick and hot plate tests were done. The brain of each animal was removed to measure nitrite levels, and histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for p-glycogen synthase (p-GSSer640) were performed on the last day of the study.

Co-administration of lithium significantly increased the latency of analgesia in comparison with the morphine group on the 3rd and 5th day (P<0.05). Lithium reduced the morphine-induced increase of nitrite levels and also reduced brain damage. In addition, immunohistochemistry assay of p-GSSer640 indicated a significant reduction of the morphine-induced phosphorylation of GS at S640 by GSK in the lithium-treated mice.

Lithium administration can reduce morphine tolerance in adult male Swiss mice.

The harmful effects of morphine on the liver after withdrawal syndrome are unclear. In this experiment, we investigated the effects of exercise on oxidative stress, liver inflammation, liver enzymes, and liver histology after morphine withdrawal in rats.

In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (n=30) were randomly divided into five groups: ‎‎control, withdrawal syndrome (addicted), withdrawal syndrome+‎endurance training, withdrawal syndrome+‎resistance training, withdrawal syndrome+concurrent training. The experimental groups received morphine for 28 days, and after withdrawal, training interventions were done for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and liver was removed. Antioxidant activity ‎was measured and histopathological evaluation of ‎liver was done. Also, the TNF-α levels were determined.‎

Compared with control rats, the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activities of glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly decreased in morphine withdrawal group (P<0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, total oxidant capacity (TOS), and TNFα significantly increased in this group (P<0.05). However, training interventions reduced the concentration of MDA, TOS activity, and TNF-α and increased TAC, SOD, and glutathione. Histological analysis indicated major changes in addict group, while training alleviated these changes.

Morphine is used as analgesic in patients, but this study showed that it has harmful effects on liver function and histology.

Intranasal delivery through the epithelium of nose is an interesting and useful idea because it has a fast onset of effect with any metabolism in liver and digestive system, also it is user-friendly, noninvasive and without pain. In this study, we aimed to prepare and evaluate an in-situ gel forming of chitosan-based morphine formulation as an intranasal administration in vitro.

In this project, the in-situ gel forming of morphine-loaded chitosan formulation was firstly prepared and finally its physicochemical properties was determined in order to achieve the technology of a gel-forming formulation for morphine nasal delivery.

The final prepared formulation was in the form of sol in room temperature; while, it was transmitted to the gel form at 37 °C and subsequently returned to the sol form after decreasing temperature. The obtained results of burst release test showed a sustained release of morphine from the polymeric matrix of chitosan. Additionally, the formulation showed that it could be sprayed in nostril with no toxicity.

The biodegradable and biocompatible intranasal form of morphine could be gelled in the shortest possible time before leaving the nose at a temperature of 34 °C. Also, based on the release pattern of morphine, morphine could slowly induce its analgesic effects.

Morphine can induce PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) probably by changing glutamate level at the hypothalamic nuclei. This study used low doses of ketamine to survey the interaction of ketamine with morphine-induced PCOS. 48 female Wistar rats were selected as virgins in the weight range of 220-250 g, and categorized randomly into eight groups. The first group received morphine (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The second to fourth groups received ketamine (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg). In groups 5 to 7, the ketamine (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg) was pre-injected to morphine (5 mg/kg) over a period of 20 min. Control group received only saline (1 ml/kg). After 48 h, the blood and serum specimens were provided to record hormone levels, and the animals’ ovaries and uteri were biometrically examined and stained by H & E. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) under α=0.05. The morphine as well as single ketamine induced the PCOS. However, taking ketamine prior to morphine caused a meaningful reduction in the number of cysts in the ovary. There was also a relative increase in uterine diameter in the group receiving morphine, which was stopped due to ketamine pre-treatment. These effects showed correlation with decreased levels of FSH, and change in estrogen, and prolactin amounts. The interference effect of ketamine with morphine is completely dependent on changes in gonadotropin level.

 Opioid and benzodiazepine family drugs are concurrently used in various patients. Considering the respiratory depressant effects of both classes, in this study, we investigated the effect of coadministration of morphine and several widely used benzodiazepines in the clinic on the rate of respiratory depression in rats.

Methods & Materials: 

Seventy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups; morphine, midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, morphine-midazolam, morphine-diazepam, morphine-lorazepam, and morphine-alprazolam. Respiration signal was recorded using whole-body plethysmography 15 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of the drugs. The respiratory pattern was examined using several parameters; the mean value of inter-breath interval and the respiratory rate, as well as the coefficient of variation and sample entropy analysis of inter-breath interval.

Ethical Considerations: 

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.327).

 Analyzing respiratory data revealed that injecting the anxiolytic dose of alprazolam, and the combination of morphine-alprazolam and morphine-midazolam, altered the respiratory pattern. Such changes were associated with a decrease in the number of breaths and an increase in the inter-breath interval in the explored test animals, compared with the controls. The obtained data also indicated that morphine-midazolam injection increased the variability of the breathing pattern; such an alternation was associated with increased irregularity and decreased coefficient of variation of the inter-breath interval.

 The present research results suggested that the short-term injection of morphine-midazolam changes the respiratory pattern more severely than morphine combined with other benzodiazepines.

Knee arthroscopy is used to diagnose and treat intra-articular lesions. Controlling acute pain after arthroscopy requires the use of a method with the least side effects and the most efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effect after intra-articular injection of bupivacaine combination with morphine or methylprednisolone or alone in knee arthroscopy.

In this study clinical-randomized three-blind trial, 99 volunteer patients with knee arthroscopy were randomly divided into three groups: 1. Bupivacaine (0.5%), 2. Morphine (5 mg)+ bupivacaine (0.5%) and 3. Methylprednisolone (40 mg) + bupivacaine (0.5%). At the end of the operation, drugs were injected intra-articular and the amount of postoperative pain was evaluated and recorded based on visual analog scales 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after injection. Also, receiving the injected analgesic within 24 hours, was recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and repeated measures analysis of variance.

In all three groups, the pain intensity decreased significantly over time. The pain intensity of the methylprednisolone + bupivacaine and morphine+bupivacaine group was the similar, at different postoperative periods, but the pain intensity of these groups was significantly lower than the control. Also, consumption of the analgesics was significantly reduced in methylprednisolone+bupivacaine group compared to the two other groups.

The results of this study showed that intra-articular injection of methylprednisolone + bupivacaine and morphine+bupivacaine was more effective than bupivacaine alone in reducing pain and the need for injectable analgesia.

Neuropathic pain is a common complication of diabetes. Today opioid analgesics such as morphine, use for the management of neuropathic pain. Since the respiratory effects of morphine have not been studied in diabetes, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on the effects of morphine on respiration.

32 Male Wister rats were randomly allocated into control group (injection of citrate buffer as streptozotocin solvent), morphine group (injection of citrate buffer as STZ solvent and injection of morphine before respiratory recording) group, hyperglycemia group (STZ injection), and hyperglycemia-morphine group (STZ injection and morphine injection before respiratory recording). Hyperglycemia was induced by injecting streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Respiration was recorded by plethysmography after which respiratory volume, inter-breath interval, and respiratory rate were quantified using MATLAB.

Mean of respiratory rate (in the hyperglycemia was 83±3.9 and control was 101±4 (p<0.05)), coefficient of variation of respiratory rates (in the hyperglycemia was 0.615±0.1 and control was 1.05±0.07 (p<0.05)), mean of respiratory volume (in the hyperglycemia was 1.44±0.19 and was control 1.1±0.11 (p<0.05)), and mean of inter-breath interval (in the hyperglycemia was 1.28±0.01 and control was 0.93±0.03 (p<0.05)). coefficient of variation of respiratory volumes (in the hyperglycemia-morphine was 1.14±0.16 and was morphine was 1.68±0.1 (p<0.05)), mean of respiratory rate (in the hyperglycemia-morphine was 1.24±0.34 and morphine was 0.37±0.04 (p<0.05)), and mean of inter-breath interval (in the hyperglycemia-morphine was 1.09±0.07 and morphine was 0.74±0.05 (p<0.01)).

Our results show that chronic hyperglycemic changed breathing pattern and respiratory response to morphine.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women. Opioid drugs, including morphine are effective inducers of the PCOS. Hyperprolactinemia also increases the likelihood of this complication. The dopamine, the inhibitor of prolactin secretion, has receptors in the ovarian tissue. In this study, metoclopramide was used as a dopamine receptor antagonist (D2) to survey the interaction of dopamine with morphine.

48 female Wistar rats were studied as virgins (and under the diestrus phase) in the weight range of 220-250 g. The first group received morphine (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The second to fourth groups received metoclopramide (1, 2, 4 mg/kg). In groups 5 to 7, the antagonist (1, 2, 4 mg/kg) with morphine (5 mg/kg) was injected over a period of 20 minutes. The control group received only saline (1 ml/kg). Forty-eight hours after drug administration, the animals underwent surgery and the ovaries and uterus were examined. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance.

The ovaries showed a polycystic view in the morphine group. There were no cystic structures in the metoclopramide groups, but the number of ovarian cysts increased in the metoclopramide+morphine recipient groups. There was a relative increase in uterine diameter due to morphine injection which returned in combination with the antagonist.

Metoclopramide may have increased morphine-induced cystogenesis in the ovary by inhibiting dopamine receptors and increasing the prolactin effect.

The deposition of β-amyloid in the brain is a pathologicfeature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Low doses of morphine, can enhance memory. Theaim of present study,was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of morphine on memory in Healthy and Streptozotocin (STZ) Rat Model of AD.

In first experiment animals were divided to: Control and Morphine group which were injected with saline and Morphine (5mg/kg, ip) for 10 days. In the second experiment animals were divided to: control, sham operated and groups treated with STZ and STZ plus saline or morphine (2 mg/kg.). For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, 10 μl/injection site) were administered intolateral ventricles. Morphine or saline, were injected for 10days. All rates were trained in the Morris water maze.

Our results show that chronic injection of Morphine (5mg/kg) impaired spatial learning but improves spatial memory in Healthy rats. our results also show that i.c.v. injection of STZ significantly increased escape latency and Swimming distance to find the hidden platform in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The amnesic effect of STZ was prevented in rats treated with Low doses of Morphine, So The latency time and Swimming distance to find the platform in the STZ+ Morphine (2 mg/kg) group rats were significantly lower than STZ group (P<0.05). conversely, the percentage of time spent and distance swimming in the target quadrant in theprobe test in the STZ+ Morphine group rats were significantly higher than those in the STZ group.

Higher doses of Morphine, impairs, learning in Healthy rats, whereas Low doses of Morphine, improved , learning and memory in the STZ rat model of AD. The results suggest that treatment with Low doses of Morphine is useful for treatment of cognitive impairment in AD.

Morphine is an analgesic drug from the opium family that directly affects central nervous system (CNS) to reduce pain. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that eliminates their respiratory suppressive effects in CNS. The aim of present study was to compare the effect of morphine on testes, and serum level of cholesterol and testosterone in male rats.

In this experimental study, 18 mature male Wistar rats were selected, and randomly divided in 3 equal groups. The groups received normal saline, morphine alone (5 mg/kg), or combination of morphine (5 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously 4 days in week for 7 weeks. After one week, the histological structure of testes was studied microscopically, and serum levels of cholesterol and testosterone were determined and compared between the groups.

In histology, degeneration of some seminipherous tubules and increase of distance between them was seen in morphine group; these changes were not seen in morphine-naloxone and control groups. There was not any significant difference between the groups in terms of serum level of cholesterol and testosterone.

Our study suggests that morphine can result in changes in the structure of the testes but the effect of morphine-naloxone on rats was only changes in body weight.

 Narcotics prescription has controversial effects on the occurrence of anxiety processes; however, its acute and chronic effects on behavioral differences in social isolation are unclear in the processes of dependence and withdrawal. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic intracerebroventricular morphine sulfate withdrawal on the fear and anxiety behaviors of male rats reared in social isolation. 

 The present experimental study investigated 32 male 21-day-old male weaned Wistar rats that were divided into two groups of saline (control) and morphine receivers (test). They were then divided into acute and chronic subgroups that were reared under social isolation conditions. The rats of the acute daily consumption group received 10 μg/kg of morphine sulfate solution via intracerebroventricular injection for 10 days, but the chronic rats received it for 60 days. After the end of dependence by its withdrawal, the rats were quitted for 5 days, and their anxiety levels were measured using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s posthoc test and Paired Samples t-test.

 The research results indicated that the percentage of time and number of open arm entries in rats reared in social isolation significantly decreased during the dependence phase and 5 days after withdrawal in acute and chronic groups (P<0.001). Furthermore, their anxiety rate increased compared to the control group. The findings also suggested a higher incidence of anxiety among chronic consumer groups than acute consumer groups after abstinence.

 The study findings indicated that the discontinuation of morphine consumption in social isolation could increase the incidence of anxiety behaviors in rats. Therefore, negative emotional states associated with acute and chronic morphine withdrawal could lead to anxiety-like behaviors.Keywords: Anxiety, Morphine, Social isolation, Rats.

Dependence on morphine and its complications are considered as a major health problem in the world; however, efforts to overcome this problem have failed due to the severity of drug dependence. Amygdala core nucleus (CeA) is one of the most important areas affecting the effects of morphine rewards. The GABAergic system in this nucleus; especially the GABAB receptors plays an important role in modulating the morphine's euphoric effects. In this study, the effects of intra-CeA injection of baclofen (GABAB receptor agonist) and CGP35348 (GABAB receptor antagonist) were studied on morphine sensitivity expression by conditioned place preference (CPP). Five days after surgery, different doses of morphine (0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously (S.C) to determine the effective and ineffective dosages of morphine. Importantly, in order to induce sensitivity, the effective dose of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) was injected once daily for 3 days; followed by 5 days’ rest, and on the 9th day, the CPP was started with the ineffective dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg). Doses of 1.5, 6 and 12 μg/rat of baclofen and CGP35348 were injected into the CeA, 10 minutes before the CPP test. Both agonist and antagonist significantly reduced the expression of morphine sensitivity in the female rats. GABA-B receptors within the CeA may interfere with the conditioned place preference expression of morphine sensitive female rats. It is possible that these receptors could be used as drug abuse goals.

Several studies have shown that exercise plays an important role in modifying addictive behaviors. Moreover, it seems that morphine exerts its effects on periaqueductal gray (PAG) region, which contains dopamine neurons, through the release of dopamine in this area. Therefore, in this study, we decided to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on the release of dopamine in the periaqueductal gray region following the use of morphine in rat.
28 male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups of saline, morphine, saline exercise, and morphine exercise. Exercise groups ran on the treadmill apparatus during four weeks. Three doses of morphine (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally in 9 days, and withdrawal symptoms were recorded. After preparing different specimens in 50 μl samples, the concentration of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To compare the mean levels of dopamine and DOPAC, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used.
Findings: The concentrations of dopamine and DOPAC were significantly higher in morphine, morphine exercise, and saline exercise compared to saline group (P The results of this study show that aerobic exercise may have an important role in releasing dopamine and DOPAC into the periaqueductal gray region area, and it can be used for prevention and treatment of morphine addiction.

The exact mechanisms of morphine dependence and withdrawal syndrome remain unclear. Many studies have been performed to find agents with low dependency in order to decrease withdrawal symptoms. On the other hand studies have shown the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of Jasminum sambac. The traditional use of this plant has shown its analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, sedative, and anti-spasmodic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum sambac on morphine withdrawal symptoms in rats.
Material and Adult male Wistar rats with weight range of 225 - 275 g were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups. Each group consisted of 6 rats. In order to induce dependency, additive doses of morphine were injected subcutaneously for 13 days. On the 13th day, after the last dose of morphine, intraperitoneal saline injection (1 ml/kg:) was given to the morphine-saline group. We gave intraperitoneal injections of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum sambac to the three treatment groups respectively. Thirty minutes later, intraperitoneal injections of naloxone (4 mg/kg) was given to the treatment groups and the withdrawal symptoms including: jumping, rearing, genital grooming, abdominal writhing, wet dog shake and weight loss were recorded for 60 minutes.
Results of this study showed that 100 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum sambac significantly reduced the number of jumping and at all doses reduced rearing and genital grooming in the treatment groups compared to those in the morphine-saline group (P We found that hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum sambac was effective in decreasing the symptoms of morphine withdrawal symptoms. This effect is probably attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.