جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Time Series » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »
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Background & Aims
Cardiovascular diseases are among the most important causes of death worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the trend of changes in the death rate due to cardiovascular diseases, with an emphasis on short- and long-term effective variables.
Materials & MethodsIn this descriptive-analytical (time series) study, all deaths due to cardiovascular diseases registered in the health registration system of death cases by the Health Vice-Chancellor of Urmia University of Medical Sciences from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed. A total of 27,146 cases of death due to cardiovascular causes were recorded and included in our study. SPSS, Minitab, and SAS software were utilized for data analysis.
ResultsThe rate of death due to cardiovascular causes in this study was 30.51% during the investigated period. The univariate time series model (ARMA 1, 2) was deemed the most suitable fit model for cardiovascular death data. Also, age and education were identified as effective factors in the rate of cardiovascular deaths.
ConclusionThe trend of cardiovascular deaths has not been rising. It has increased with age and lower education levels over time. This rate has been further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Cardiovascular, Death Rate, Time Series} -
Introduction
In low- and middle-income countries, a large proportion of road users include pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists, and nearly half of road traffic fatalities occur among motorcyclists. This study aimed to examine the pattern of motorcyclists' death due to accidents in East Azerbaijan, Iran between 2006 and 2021 and present a forecast.
MethodsWe used death data due to motorcycle accidents of Legal Medicine Department between 2006 and 2021. For time series analysis, the Box-Jenkins model was used and three stages of identification, estimation, and diagnosis were successively performed and repeated several times to achieve the best prediction model. The Box-cox transformation method was used to stabilize the variance, and the first-order seasonal differential method with a period of 12 was used to control the seasonality. Due to seasonal variations, the Seasonality Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model: SARIMA (p, d, q) (P, D, Q)s was employed and the death trend was predicted for 36 months. The candidate models were compared based on Log-likelihood, AIC, and BIC indices. STATA 17 was used for data analysis.
ResultsAbout 18.6% of all accident deaths are attributed to motorcycle accidents. The death rate for all causes of accidents and motorcycle accidents were 23.13 and 4.30 per 100,000 population, respectively. Seven models were considered as candidates. The SARIMA (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)12 model was selected as the best model due to better fit and used to predict the number and trend of motorcycle accident deaths. Motorcycle accident deaths are predicted to decrease gradually in the next 36 months, from June 2021 to May 2024, affected by seasonal changes.
ConclusionThe trend of death due to motorcycle accidents from 2006 to 2021 in East Azerbaijan was declining, and it is predicted to decrease slightly in the next three years as well. As this reduction may be attributed to many factors, it is recommended to investigate effective factors in future studies.
Keywords: Accident, Traffic Accident, Injury, Motorcycle, Epidemiology, Time Series} -
Background
Investigating the temporal variations and forecasting the trends in drug-related deaths can help prevent health problems and develop intervention programs. The recent policy in Iran is strongly focused on deterring drug use and replacing illicit drugs with legal ones. This study aimed to investigate drug-related deaths in Iran in 2014-2016 and forecast the death toll by 2019.
MethodsIn this longitudinal study, Box-Jenkins time series analysis was used to forecast drug-related deaths. To this end, monthly counts of drug-related deaths were obtained from March 2014 to March 2017. After data processing, to obtain stationary time series and examine the stability assumption with the Dickey-Fuller test, the parameters of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model were determined using autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) graphs. Based on Akaike statistics, ARIMA (0, 1, 1) was selected as the best-fit model. Moreover, the Dickey-Fuller test was used to confirm the stationarity of the time series of transformed observations. The forecasts were made for the next 36 months using the ARIMA (0,1,2) model and the same confidence intervals were applied to all months. The final extracted data were analyzed using R software, Minitab, and SPSS-23.
FindingsAccording to the Iranian Ministry of Health and the Legal Medicine Organization, there were 8883 drug-related deaths in Iran from March 2014 to March 2017. According to the time series findings, this count had an upward trend and did not show any seasonal pattern. It was forecasted that the mean drug-related mortality rate in Iran would be 245.8 cases per month until 2019.
ConclusionThis study showed a rising trend in drug-related mortality rates during the study period, and the modeling process for forecasting suggested this trend would continue until 2019 if proper interventions were not instituted
Keywords: Drug abuse, Forecasting, Poisoning, Time series, Trend} -
مقدمه
بیماری کووید-19، یک بیماری تنفسی است که در اثر سندرم تنفسی حاد کرونا ویروس-2 ایجاد شده است. پیش بینی تعداد موارد جدید و مرگ و میر می تواند گام مفیدی در پیش بینی هزینه ها و امکانات مورد نیاز در آینده باشد. هدف از این مطالعه مدلسازی، مقایسه عملکرد مدل ها و پیش بینی موارد جدید بستری و مرگ ومیر در آینده نزدیک است.
روش پژوهش:
در این مقاله 9 تکنیک پیش بینی بر روی داده های کووید-19 شهرستان بهاباد استان یزد تحت آزمایش قرار گرفت و با استفاده از معیارهای ارزیابی میانگین مربعات خطا (MSE)، جذر میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE)، میانگین قدر مطلق خطا (MAE) و میانگین درصد قدرمطلق خطا (MAPE) مدل ها باهم مقایسه شدند.
یافته هانتایج تحلیل نشان داد، بهترین مدل با توجه به معیارهای ارزیابی مذکور برای پیش بینی موارد تجمعی بستری کووید-19 مدل هموارسازی اسپلاین مکعبی و برای موارد تجمعی فوت مدل رگرسیون KNN می باشد. هم چنین مدل شبکه های عصبی اتورگرسیو و مدل تتا برای موارد بستری و برای موارد فوت مدل شبکه های عصبی اتورگرسیو دارای بدترین عملکرد را در میان دیگر مدل ها دارا می باشد.
نتیجه گیری:
این مطالعه می تواند درک مناسبی از روند شیوع بیماری کووید-19 در این منطقه ارایه کند تا با اتخاذ اقدامات احتیاطی و تدوین سیاست های مناسب بتوان به نحو احسن از این بیماری عبور کرد. هم چنین برخلاف مطالعات دیگر این مطالعه، از 9 تکنیک متفاوت و مقایسه آن ها، استفاده کرده است که به نوبه خود ضریب اطمینان را در تصمیم گیری بالا برده است. هم چنین نکته ای که حایز اهمیت می باشد این است که باید داده ها در زمان واقعی بروز شوند.
کلید واژگان: کووید-19, پاندمیک, سری زمانی, پیش بینی, مدلسازی آماری}IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory disease caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Forecasting the number of new cases and deaths during todays can be a useful step in predicting the costs and facilities needed in the future. This study aims to modeling, comparing the performance of models, and predict new cases and deaths efficiently in the future.
MethodsIn this article nine popular forecasting techniques are tested on the data of Covid-19 in Bahabad city as a case study. Using the evaluation criteria of mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the mean absolute percentage of error (MAPE) of the models are compared.
ResultsThe results of the analysis showed that the best model according to the evaluation criteria for forecasting cumulative cases of hospitalization of Covid-19 is the cubic spline smoothing model, and cumulative cases of death, KNN regression model. Also, autoregressive neural network and theta models for hospitalization cases, and for death cases, autoregressive neural network model has the worst performance among other models.
ConclusionThis study can provide a proper understanding of the spread of covid-19 disease in this region so that by taking precautionary measures and formulating appropriate policies, this epidemic can be effectively overcome. Also, unlike other studies, this study uses 9 different techniques and their comparison, which in turn increases the confidence factor in decision making. Also, an important point is that the data should be updated in real time.
Keywords: Covid-19, Forecasting, pandemic, Statistical modeling, Time series} -
Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, Volume:8 Issue: 3, Sep 2023, PP 2050 -2061Introduction
The present study examines the association between ambient air pollution and harmful consequences at birth in Yazd, Iran during 2017-2020.
Materials and MethodsThis time series study by the autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) or ARMA model was conducted in Yazd, Iran. Birth information including fetal sex, birth weight, birth height, and head circumference as well as preterm birth (PTB) and abortion was collected from mother and birth cohort databases. Data on air pollutants concentrations in the corresponding gestational period were obtained from fixed air monitors of Yazd Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center. The time series model statistical test was performed to find the relation between ambient air pollution and harmful consequences at birth.
Results2131 singleton live births were monitored for 3 years. In ARMA models, the ratio of girl births to total births (Coef: 7.943, 95% CI: 2.797, 13.089), preterm delivery (Coef: 2.915, 95% CI: 0.224, 5.606), and spontaneous abortion (Coef: 44.751, 95% CI: 26.872, 62.629) was associated with NO2 exposure. Distributed mismatch models also suggested associations between the Air Quality Index (AQI) in pregnant women with a sex-premature birth relationship (Coef: 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.001).
ConclusionExposure to air pollution, even at low levels, may increase the risk of sex ratio in singletons, premature birth, and spontaneous abortion. However, the results of the present study could not definitively show the relationship between air quality and other birth problems. More research studies are required to investigate the present findings.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Health Impact Assessment, Pregnancy Outcomes, Time Series, Cohort Studies} -
Background
We aimed to investigate the relationship between air pollution and the Infant mortality rate (IMR) during nearly ten years in Tehran, Iran.
MethodsThis study is a retrospective cohort case using time series analysis. Air pollution monitoring data during the study period (2009-2018) were collected from the information of 23 Air Quality Control Centers in different areas of Tehran. For this purpose, the daily measures of PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, SO2, NO2 were obtained. Data on infant mortality was obtained from the National Statistics Office of Iran and mortality registered in Tehran's main cemetery during the study period. Distributed lag linear and non-linear models were used.
ResultsA total of 23,206 infant deaths were reported during the study period. Following an increase of 10 ug/m3 in PM10 in an early day of exposure, the risk of mortality increased significantly (RR=1.003, 95%CI:1.001-1.005). There is a pick on lag 5-10 that shows a very strong and immediate effect of cold temperature which means that cold temperatures increase the risk of mortality at an early time. At cold temperate, (var=0 and lag 0) risk of infant mortality was significantly higher than reference temperature (19˚C) (RR=1.1295, %CI: 1.01-1.25).
ConclusionThe results show the adverse effects of PM10 exposure on infant mortality in Tehran, Iran. Accordingly, a steady decline in PM10 levels in Tehran may have greater benefits in reducing the Infant mortality rate.
Keywords: Air pollution, Infant mortalityrate, Time series} -
Background
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and also in Iran. Understanding of bladder cancer epidemiology is of great value for policymakers and assists in the prevention and early detection of the disease.
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report national and subnational incidence trends of bladder cancer in Iran between 2003 and 2015.
MethodsThis study investigated the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per annum of bladder cancer from 2003 to 2015 in Iran using the data from the cancer registration system of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. The crude incidence rates were calculated by dividing incident cases by the country and province population, which were provided by the Statistic Center of Iran. Age standardization was performed using the WHO standard population, and ASIRs were compared by age, sex, and province.
ResultsThe ASIR of bladder cancer increased from 8.35 in 2003 to 13.57 in 2015 in men. The ASIR of bladder cancer also showed a mild increase in females, 2.12 in 2003 versus 2.86 in 2015. The province of Yazd had the highest rate of bladder cancer in men, and West Azerbaijan had the highest rate for women (15.13 and 7.79 per 100,000), while Sistan va Baluchestan and Ilam had the lowest ASIRs for men and women (3.01 and 0.96 per 100,000, respectively).
ConclusionsThe increasing trend of bladder cancer incidence in Iran, despite the clear decreasing global trend accompanying to ongoing aging of the population highlights the diseases as a potential health problem in the upcoming years in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary for health organizations to implement effective research and control programs in the country to prevent further increases in disease burden.
Keywords: Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Epidemiology, Incidence, Time Series, Iran} -
BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected infection currently occurring in some regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. This study was an attempt to determine the temporal patterns of VL from January 2000 to December 2019 in the Ardabil Province of north-western Iran using the Markov Switching Models (MSM).MethodsThis descriptive study used monthly data of 602 VL cases during the study period. The data were provided by the Leishmaniasis National Surveillance System (LNSS), the Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO), and Space Agency (SA), and two states were considered for such modelling. Given the Akaike and Bayesian information criterion, the two-state MSM with a five-month lag is an appropriate model.ResultsThe MSM showed that the probability of staying in the non-epidemic state is 67%, (P11), while that of staying in an epidemic state is 93% (P22). The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 31.63%, and the portmanteau test (Q=19.03, P=0.66) for the residuals of the selected model revealed that the data were completely modelled. The total VL cases in the next 24 months forecasted 14 cases.ConclusionThe MSM has a relatively acceptable predictive power and is useful in planning future interventions with more information about different stages of the epidemic it provides to policymakers for early warning of epidemics.Keywords: Black fever, Meteorology, Time series, Forecasting, Iran}
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Introduction
There are different mathematical models describing the propagation of an epidemic. These models can be divided into phenomenological, compartmental, deep learning, and individual-based methods. From other viewpoints, we can classify them into macroscopic or microscopic, stochastic or deterministic, homogeneous or heterogeneous, univariate or multivariate, parsimonious or complex, or forecasting or mechanistic. This paper defines a novel univariate bi-partite time series model able to describe spreading a communicable infection in a population in terms of the relative increment of the cumulative number of confirmed cases. The introduced model can describe different stages of the first wave of the outbreak of a communicable disease from the start to the end.
MethodsThe outcome of the model is relative increment, and it has five positive parameters: the length of the first days of spreading and the relative increment in these days, the potent of the mildly decreasing trend (after the significant decrease), and the adjusting coefficient to adapt this trend to the initial pattern, and the fixed ratio of the mean to the variance.
ResultsWe use it to describe the propagation of various disease outbreaks, including the SARS (2003), the MERS (2018), the Ebola (2014-2016), the HIV/AIDS (1990-2018), the Cholera (2008-2009), and the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, Italy, the UK, the USA, China and four of its provinces; Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, and Hubei (2020). In all mentioned cases, the model has an acceptable performance. In addition, we compare the goodness of this model with the ARIMA models by fitting the propagation of COVID-19 in Iran, Italy, the UK, and the USA.
ConclusionThe introduced model is flexible enough to describe a broad range of epidemics. In comparison with ARIMA time series models, our model is more initiative and less complicated, it has fewer parameters, the estimation of its parameters is more straightforward, and its forecasts are narrower and more accurate. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, this model is a good tool for epidemiologists and biostatisticians to model the first wave of an epidemic.
Keywords: Relative increment, Epidemic, COVID-19, Model, Time series, Spreading} -
Background
Forecasting methods are used in various fields including the health problems. This study aims to use the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method for predicting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Iran.
Materials and MethodsThis is a descriptive, analytical, and comparative study to predict the time series of COVID-19 cases in Iran from May 2020 to May 2021. An ANN model was used for forecasting, which had three Input, output, and intermediate layers. The network training was conducted by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The forecasting accuracy was measured by calculating the mean absolute percentage error.
ResultsThe mean absolute error of the designed ANN model was 6 and its accuracy was 94%.
ConclusionThe ANN has high accuracy in forecasting the number of COVID-19 cases in Iran. The outputs of this model can be used as a basis for decisions in controlling the COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19, forecasting, Artificial neural network, Time series} -
زمینه و اهداف
تصادفات در سال های اخیر یکی از عوامل اصلی مرگ و میر بوده و پیامدهای سنگین اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی آن جوامع بشری را به شدت مورد تهدید قرار داده است. با توجه به این که ایران یکی از کشورهای دارای بیشترین موارد جراحات و مرگ و میر ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی است و این موضوع سبب تخصیص حجم قابل توجهی از اعزام های اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی به تصادفات می شود، در این مطالعه قصد داریم به بررسی و پیش بینی روند تعداد اعزام های حوادث ترافیکی اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی درون شهری مشهد بپردازیم.
روش بررسیپژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه طولی گذشته نگر بوده و شامل تعداد اعزام های حوادث ترافیکی اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی شهر مشهد از ابتدای سال 2009 تا انتهای سال 2018 است. روش آماری به کار رفته در این تحقیق روش های سری زمانی بود و کلیه تجزیه و تحلیل ها توسط نرم افزار آماری R انجام گردید.
یافته هانتایج پژوهش نشان داد 6/74% تعداد مجروحین اعزام ها مربوط به مردان و 4/25% مربوط به زنان است. همچنین میانگین سنی مجروحین 3/16±5/30 سال بوده و 3/70% مجروحین را افراد زیر 35 سال تشکیل داده اند. مدل آریما فصلی (0،1،1)(0،1،3) به عنوان بهترین مدل انتخاب و برای مدت سه سال این تعداد پیش بینی گردید.
نتیجه گیریمدل سری زمانی آریما فصلی (0،1،1)(0،1،3) به عنوان بهترین مدل از بین سایر مدل ها انتخاب گردید و پیش بینی تعداد اعزام های حوادث ترافیکی اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی شهر مشهد برای سه سال آینده روند ثابتی را نشان داد.
کلید واژگان: حوادث ترافیکی, خدمات فوریت های پزشکی, سری زمانی, پیش بینی}EBNESINA, Volume:24 Issue: 2, 2022, PP 50 -59Background and aimsIn recent years, accidents have been a major cause of death and have had serious social, cultural, and economic consequences for human societies. Given that Iran is one of the countries with the highest number of injuries and deaths in traffic accidents, and this issue leads to the allocation of a significant volume of prehospital emergency dispatches to accidents. In this study we reviewed and examined the number of dispatches for pre-hospital emergency services to the traffic accidents in Mashhad city.
MethodsThe present study was a retrospective longitudinal study and included the number of dispatches for prehospital emergency traffic accidents in Mashhad from the beginning of 2009 to the end of 2018. The statistical method used in this research was time series methods, and all analyzes were performed by R statistical software.
ResultsThe results showed that 74.6% of the injured were men and 25.4% were women. The mean age of the injured was 30.5±16.3, and 70.3% of the injured were under 35 years old. The seasonal time series ARIMA model (0,1,3) (0,1,1) was selected as the best model, and this number predicted for three years.
ConclusionThe seasonal ARIMA model (0,1,3) (0,1,1) was the best model among others, and the forecast of the number of dispatches for prehospital emergency accidents in Mashhad showed a constant trend for the next three years.
Keywords: Traffic Accidents, Medical Emergency Services, Time Series, Forecasting} -
Background
Measles is a feverish condition labeled among the most infectious viral illnesses in the globe. Despite the presence of a secure, accessible, affordable and efficient vaccine, measles continues to be a worldwide concern.
MethodsThis epidemiologic study used machine learning and time series methods to assess factors that placed people at a higher risk of measles. The study contained the measles incidence in Markazi Province, the center of Iran, from Apr 1997 to Feb 2020. In addition to machine learning, zero-inflated negative binomial regression for time series was utilized to assess development of measles over time.
ResultsThe incidence of measles was 14.5% over the recent 24 years and a constant trend of almost zero cases were observed from 2002 to 2020. The order of independent variable importance were recent years, age, vaccination, rhinorrhea, male sex, contact with measles patients, cough, conjunctivitis, ethnic, and fever. Only 7 new cases were forecasted for the next two years. Bagging and random forest were the most accurate classification methods.
ConclusionEven if the numbers of new cases were almost zero during recent years, age and contact were responsible for non-occurrence of measles. October and May are prone to have new cases for 2021 and 2022.
Keywords: Measles, Machine learning, Time series, Infection} -
مقدمه
تامین دقیق منابع مالی به منظور مدیریت بهتر هزینه ها یکی از دغدغه های اصلی مدیران سازمان ها است. سازمان بیمه سلامت ایران با عنوان یکی از بزرگ ترین سازمان های بیمه گر پایه از این امر مستثنا نبوده و قطعا برای تامین منابع مالی و اخذ بودجه های لازم در حوزه درمان خود، نیازمند شناسایی و پیش بینی دقیق هزینه های درمان است. استفاده از روش های مبتنی بر یادگیری ماشین به منظور ایجاد مدل پیش بینی هزینه های درمان میتواند کمک بزرگی به تامین دقیق تر منابع مالی نماید.
روش بررسیاین پژوهش با استفاده از داده های هزینه ای موجود در سامانه اسنادپزشکی استان های سازمان طی سال های 1385 تا 1398 و با استفاده از روش های SARIMAX و LSTM، مدل و روشی را برای پیش بینی هزینه های سازمان ارایه داده است. این روش می تواند به پیش بینی دقیق تر هزینه های سازمان کمک نماید.
یافته هامشخص کردن روش با کارایی بهتر بر اساس شاخص MAPE به تنهایی جوابگوی ایجاد مدل مطلوب نبوده؛ لذا با ایجاد یک روش ترکیبی و استفاده از معیار درصد تحقق پیش بینی، مدل مطلوب برای پیش بینی هزینه ها ارایه شده است.
نتیجه گیریبا توجه به ضرورت داشتن روش علمی به منظور پیش بینی دقیقتر هزینه های سازمان، روش و مدل پیشنهاد شده توانست با حداقل خطا نسبت به خطاهای پذیرفته شده در فرآیندهای دستی، هزینه های سازمان را پیش بینی نماید.
کلید واژگان: سازمان بیمه سلامت ایران, هزینه های درمانی, پیش بینی, یادگیری ماشین, سری زمانی}IntroductionAccurate funding in order to better manage costs is one of the main concerns of managers. The Health Insurance Organization of Iran, as one of the largest basic insurance organizations, is no exception to this and certainly needs to identify and accurately predict the costs of treatment in order to provide financial resources and obtain the necessary funds in its field of treatment. Using machine learning methods to create a model for predicting treatment costs can be a great help in accurately financing.
MethodsThis study has provided a model and method for predicting the costs of the organization by using the cost data available in the medical documentation systems of the provinces of the organization during the years 2007 to 2020 and using the SARIMAX and LSTM methods. This method can help to more accurately predict the costs of the organization.
ResultsDetermining the method with better performance based on the MAPE index alone did not meet the desired model; therefore, by creating a combined method and using the criterion of percentage of realization of the forecast, the optimal model for cost forecasting is presented.
ConclusionDue to the need for a scientific method to more accurately predict the costs of the organization, the proposed method and model was able to predict the costs of the organization with minimal errors compared to the errors accepted in manual processes.
Keywords: Iran Health Insurance Organization, Medical Expenditure, Forecast, Machine Learning, Time Series} -
مقدمه
شناسایی عوامل موثر بر جنبه های مالی بیمارستان، گام مهمی برای کنترل استراتژیک آن محسوب می شود. هدف این مطالعه بررسی روند و عوامل موثر بر درآمد بستری و سرپایی در یک مرکز درمان بیماران کووید-19 است.
روش بررسیمطالعه حاضر یک پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نوع تجزیه و تحلیل سری زمانی بود. با مراجعه مستقیم به بخش های اداری بیمارستان، درآمد بیمارستان (به تفکیک بستری و سرپایی) و فاکتورهای اثرگذار بر آن برای سال های 1394 تا 1399 به صورت ماهیانه گردآوری شد. برای سنجش مانایی متغیرهای مورد مطالعه از آزمون آماری Dickey-fuller استفاده شد. برای بررسی اثر متغیرهای مستقل بر درآمد بیمارستان از مدل خودرگرسیونی با وقفه های توزیعی (ARDL) استفاده شد. تمام آنالیزها در نرم افزار EViews 10 انجام شد.
یافته ها:
طی دوره مورد بررسی به طور متوسط 73.65درصد از درآمدهای بیمارستان مربوط به درآمد بستری و مابقی مربوط به درآمدهای سرپایی بود. درآمد کل بیمارستان به قیمت جاری از فروردین 1394 تا شهریورماه 1399 رشد معناداری داشته است (P<0.0001) درحالی که درآمد کل بیمارستان به قیمت جاری (با ثابت نگهداشتن اثر تورم) کاهش معناداری داشته است (P<0.0001). هنگام شروع پذیرش بیماران کرونایی (اسفندماه 98) درآمد بیمارستان کاهش معناداری داشته و بعد از گذشت 3ماه در خرداد ماه 1399 به روند رشد بلندمدت خود بازگشته است. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد درآمد بستری و سرپایی به صورت معنادار تحت تاثیر متغیرهای کمیت ارایه خدمت، کیفیت ارایه خدمت و شاخص های عملکردی بیمارستان قرار گرفته است (P<0.05).
نتیجه گیریشروع پاندمی کووید-19 با شوک کاهشی در درآمد بیمارستان همراه بوده است. افزایش ظرفیت تخت های مراقبت ویژه، افزایش تعرفه های خدمات هتلینگ، تغییرسیاست های بیمه ای و حمایت سازمان های بالادستی می تواند استراتژی مناسبی برای کنترل پیامدهای اقتصادی پاندمی کرونا در بیمارستان ها باشد.
کلید واژگان: درآمد بستری, درآمد سرپایی, کووید- 19, سری زمانی, بیمارستان, ایران}IntroductionIdentifying factors affecting the financial aspects of hospital is an important step for its strategic control. Therefore, this study aimed to assessment the trend and determinants of inpatient and outpatient revenue in a COVID-19 patient s’ treatment center.
MethodsThe present study was a descriptive-analytical research by applying time series analysis. Raw data on the hospital income (by inpatient and outpatient) and the potential factors were gathered monthly by referring to the administrative departments of the hospital, during 2015-2020. Dickey-fuller unit root test was used to measure stationary trend of the variables. The auto-regression distributed lagged model (ARDL) was used to study the effect of independent variables on hospital income. All analyzes were performed in Eviews software.
ResultsDuring the study period, on average 73.65% of hospital revenues were related to inpatient income and the rest were outpatient income. The total revenue trend of the hospital at the current price has increased significantly from April 2015 to august 2020
(P<0.0001), while this at the fixed price has decreased significantly (P<0.0001). At the beginning of the admission of a Covid-19 patient (February 2020), the hospital income has decreased significantly and after three months in May 2020, it has returned to its long-term trend. The results showed that inpatient and outpatient income was significantly affected by the variables of quantity of service, quality of care and hospital performance indicators (P<0.05).ConclusionHospital revenue was significantly declined at the commence of Covid-19 pandemic. Increasing the capacity of intensive care beds, raising hotel service tariffs, changing insurance policies and supporting upstream organizations can be effective strategies to control the economic consequences of the Covid-19 epidemic on hospitals.
Keywords: Inpatient Income, Outpatient Income, COVID-19, Time Series, Hospital, Iran} -
مقدمه
استان خوزستان یکی از بزرگ ترین استان های صنعتی ایران با آلاینده های زیاد در هوا می باشد. یکی از آلاینده های اصلی هوا، دی اکسید نیتروژن (Nitrogen dioxide یا NO2) است که بررسی آن در سطح استان برای مدیران و برنامه ریزان، می تواند بسیار حایز اهمیت باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی مکانی- زمانی آلاینده NO2 در استان خوزستان با استفاده از ماهواره سنتینل 5 [سنجنده TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)] انجام شد.
روش ها:
ابتدا مقدار غلظت آلودگی NO2 تروپوسفری در هر ماه برآورد گردید. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از نرم افزار ArcMap، میانگین ماهانه از غلظت این آلاینده برای استان خوزستان به دست آمد. از طرف دیگر، موقعیت 100 صنعت مهم آلاینده هوا در استان خوزستان با استفاده از نقشه های Google Earth تهیه شد. در نهایت، شهرها و صنایع استان خوزستان به ترتیب میزان غلظت آلودگی NO2 تروپوسفری اولویت بندی گردید.
یافته ها:
مقادیر بیشینه غلظت NO2 به ترتیب در شهرهای باوی، اهواز، آبادان و ماهشهر مشاهده گردید. تراکم این گاز در شهرهای ایذه، لالی و باغ ملک کمترین مقادیر را به خود اختصاص داد. در ماه های سرد سال، غلظت این آلاینده در شهرهای خرمشهر و بندر ماهشهر بیشتر از ماه های گرم سال بود. همچنین، نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل آلودگی این آلاینده در صنایع نشان داد که بیشترین غلظت آن در صنایع پتروشیمی فارابی مشاهده گردید و در اولویت های بعدی، می توان به صنایع فولاد خوزستان و پتروشیمی غدیر و رازی اشاره نمود.
نتیجه گیری:
با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش، چنین می توان استنباط نمود که مناطق با غلظت بالای NO2 در استان خوزستان، مربوط به شهرهایی با تراکم جمعیت زیاد و فعالیت های صنعتی است.
کلید واژگان: آلودگی هوا, ذرات معلق, سری های زمانی, سنتینل 5, ایران}BackgroundKhuzestan province is one of the largest industrial provinces in Iran, with high air pollution. One of the main air pollutants is nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere, which is linked to several epidemiological and environmental effects. Thus, spatial and temporal monitoring of NO2 is crucial for land managers. So, the aim of this study was the spatiotemporal evaluation of NO2 in Khuzestan Province, Iran, using Sentinel 5 (TROPOMI).
MethodsInitially, the amount of tropospheric NO2 concentration was estimated in each month. In the next step, using ArcMap software, the monthly average of tropospheric NO2 was extracted from 12 months. Moreover, the location of 100 important air pollutant industries in the Khuzestan Province was extracted using Google Earth image. Thus, using the monthly average NO2 concentrations and the location of the cities and industries, the monthly average pollution of this pollutant was extracted for the cities and industries. Finally, the cities and industries of air pollution in Khuzestan Province were prioritized based on of tropospheric NO2 concentration.
FindingsThe maximum concentrations of this gas was in Bavi, Ahvaz, Abadan, and Mahshahr cities; and respectively, this gas had the lowest values of NO2 in Izeh, Lali, and Baghmalek cities. Moreover, in the cold months of the year, Khorramshahr and Mahshahr had higher concentrations of NO2 in comparison to the warm months of the year. The results of the spatial analysis revealed that the highest concentration of NO2 was in the Farabi Petrochemical Company, Khuzestan Steel Company, Ghadir, and Razi Petrochemicals, respectively.
ConclusionAccording to the findings of this study, it can be deduced the influence of local emission sources of NO2 in Khuzestan Province is related to population density, high traffic of motor vehicles, and industrial activities.
Keywords: Air pollutions, Particulate matters, Time series, Sentinel 5, Iran} -
مقدمه و اهداف
بررسی دقیق مرگ ومیر کودکان در جامعه از جمله مهم ترین راهکارها برای ارتقای سلامت کودکان است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی توزیع سنی، روند و پیش بینی مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر5 سال استان خراسان رضوی کشور انجام شده است.
روش کارجامعه مورد بررسی شامل اطلاعات مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر5 سال استان خراسان رضوی طی سال های 96-1391 است که از سامانه ثبت علل و طبقه بندی مرگ و میرمعاونت بهداشتی دانشگاه مشهد و 5 دانشگاه و دانشکده استخراج شده است. سبب های فوت بر اساس کدهای بین المللیICD10 بازنویسی شد. در نهایت پس از پالایش داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارANACoD، داده ها در نرم افزارهای Minitab نسخه 15 و Stata نسخه 16 قرار داده شدند و با استفاده از روش های آمارتوصیفی و روش های مدل بندی سری زمانی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.
یافته ها:
بیش ترین میزان مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر5 سال مربوط به سال 1393 و کم ترین میزان مربوط به سال 1396 بود. با استفاده از روش تفاضل گیری داده ها را ایستا نموده و در نهایت مدل ARIMA (1,1,2) به عنوان مدل مناسب شناسایی و برازش داده شد.
نتیجه گیری:
میزان مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر5 سال در 4 سال مورد بررسی در استان خراسان رضوی کاهش خوبی داشته است و براساس پیش بینی مدل این کاهش در سال های بعد هم ادامه دارد، اما هم چنان با میزان مرگ ومیر در کشورهای توسعه یافته و برخی از کشورهای در حال توسعه فاصله زیادی وجود دارد. از این رو می توان با افزایش سطح خدمات بهداشتی، سطح آگاهی خانواده ها و بهبود مراقبت های دوران بارداری و زایمان مادران در راستای کاهش شاخص میزان مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر 5 سال تلاش نمود.
کلید واژگان: مرگ ومیرکودکان زیر 5سال, سری زمانی, آریما, خراسان رضوی}Background and ObjectivesInvestigation of child mortality is one of the most important strategies for improving childrenchr('39')s health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age distribution, trends, and projections of mortality in children under 5 years old in Khorasan Razavi province.
MethodsThe study population included under-5 mortality data from Khorasan Razavi Province during 2012-2017 extracted from the Causes and Mortality Classification System of Vice-Chancellery of Health, Mashhad University as well as five universities and faculties. Cause of mortality was classified according to the ICD10 codes. Data were controlled using the ANACod software. Descriptive statistics methods and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling were applied to explore the mortality trend during the time of study using the Minitab.15 and STATA16.
ResultsAccording to the results, the highest mortality rate for children under five was in 2014 and the lowest in 2017. Using the differencing method, the data were stabilized. Finally, the ARIMA model (1,1,2) was identified as a suitable model using the MINITAB software.
ConclusionThe mortality rate of children under five has declined sharply in the last four years in Khorasan Razavi Province. It is predicted that this reduction will continue according to fitted model. However, we are still far from mortality rates in developed and some developing countries; therefore, efforts should be made to reduce the under-five mortality rate by increasing the level of health services, the awareness level of families, and improving maternal and childbirth care.
Keywords: Under five mortality, Time series, ARIMA, Khorasan Razavi province} -
مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 107، امرداد و شهریور 1399)، صص 72 -86زمینه و هدف
سرطان های دستگاه گوارش به دلیل شیوع بالا و کشندگی زیاد از اهمیت خاصی در بسیاری از جوامع از جمله ایران برخوردار هستند. سرطان های معده، کولورکتال و مری به ترتیب از نظر بروز رتبه دوم، سوم و هشتم را در ایران برخوردار هستند. لذا با توجه به اهمیت موضوع در این مطالعه به مدل بندی فراوانی موارد جدید این سرطان ها و پیش بینی آن ها در آینده در استان کردستان پرداخته شد.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه مقطعی تعداد موارد بروز یافته سرطان های معده، مری و کولورکتال در دوره آوریل 2000 تا مارچ 2017 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. برای مدل بندی داده های سری های زمانی سرطان های ذکر شده از مدل autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) و seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) با رویکرد Box-Jenkins استفاده شده است. پس از تعیین مدل مناسب تعداد موارد جدید این سرطان ها تا مارچ 2020 پیش بینی شده است. تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار R-3.4.2 انجام شد.
یافته هادر دوره زمانی مورد مطالعه تعداد 6439 مورد سرطان دستگاه گوارش ثبت شده است که از بین آن ها سه سرطان مورد بررسی در این مطالعه یعنی معده، مری و کولورکتال به ترتیب با 2548، 1722 و 989 مورد بیشترین فراوانی را دارا بودند. بهترین مدل های برازش داده شده به سرطان های معده، کولورکتال و مری به ترتیب عبارت بودند از SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1) 4، SARIMA (3, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1) 4 و ARIMA (0, 1, 1). پیش بینی می شود که روند بروز این سرطان ها تا مارچ 2020 دارای روندی صعودی با شیب ملایم باشند.
نتیجه گیریبروز قابل ملاحظه سرطان های معده، کلورکتال و مری و همچنین روند رو به رشد آن ها در زمان پیش بینی شده می تواند زنگ خطری جدی باشد؛ بنابراین، اجرای برنامه های غربالگری به ویژه در گروه های پرخطر، تشخیص زود هنگام بیماری، آگاه سازی عمومی و کنترل عوامل خطر بیماری جهت جلوگیری از ادامه این روند ضروری است.
کلید واژگان: سرطان معده, سرطان کلورکتال, سرطان مری, سری های زمانی, کردستان}Background and AimThe cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, because of their high prevalence and fatality, are of great importance in most countries like Iran. In terms of prevalence, stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers in Iran are ranked first, second and eighth, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to model the incidence of the frequency of new cases of these cancers and their prediction in Kurdistan province, Iran.
Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, the incidence of stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were analyzed from April 2000 to March 2017. In order to model time series data of the cancers, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) with Box-Jenkins approach were applied. After determining the suitable models, the frequencies of new cases for the cancers were predicted until March 2020. Data analysis was performed using R-3.4.2 statistical software package.
ResultsA total of 6439 gastrointestinal cancers were recorded during the study period, among which stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers had the highest frequencies with 2548, 1722 and 989 new cases, respectively. The best fited model for stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1)4، SARIMA (3, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1)4 and ARIMA (0, 1, 1), respectively. It is predicted that the incidence pattern of these cancers have an upward trend with moderate slope by March 2020.
ConclusionThe high incidence of stomach, colorectal and esophagus cancer, as well as their increasing trend in the predicted time can be a serious alarm. Therefore, in order to prevent and reduce the frequency of these cancers, it is vital to design and implement the effective programs such as screening, especially in high risk groups, early diagnosis of the cancers, increasing public awareness and controlling the risk factors to prevent and reduce of these increasing trends.
Keywords: Stomach Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Esophagus Cancer, Time Series, Kurdistan} -
Background
Over 150,000 confirmed cases, around 140 countries, and about 6,000 death occurred owing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China, Italy, Iran, and South Korea. Iran reported its first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Qom City on 19 February 2020 and has the third-highest number of COVID-19 deaths after China and Italy and the highest in Western Asia.
MethodsWe applied a two-part model of time series to predict the spread of COVID-19 in Iran through addressing the daily relative increments. All of the calculations, simulations, and results in our paper were carried out by using MatLab R2015b software. The average, upper bound, and lower bound were calculated through 100 simulations of the fitted models.
ResultsAccording to the prediction, it is expected that by 15 April 2020, the relative increment (RI) falls to the interval 1.5% to 3.6% (average equal to 2.5%). During the last three days, the RI belonged to the interval of 12% to 15%. It is expected that the reported cumulative number of confirmed cases reaches 71,000 by 15 April, 2020. Moreover, 80% confidence interval was calculated as 35K and 133K.
ConclusionsThe screening of suspected people, using their electronic health files, helps isolate the patients in their earlier stage, which in turn helps decrease the period of transmissibility of the patients. Considering all issues, the best way is to apply the model with no modification to model the probable increasing or decreasing acceleration of spreading.
Keywords: Iran, Prediction, Model, Time Series, Spreading, COVID-19, 2020, Cumulative Number, Daily Relative Increment} -
سابقه و هدف
یکی از معیارهای مورد سنجش جهت میزان شاخص های توسعه یک کشور میزان سلامت در حوادث و بلایا می باشد. هرساله تعداد زیادی از افراد در کشور ایران به دلایل مختلف دچار غرق شدگی می شوند که هدف این تحقیق تخمین روند غرق شدگی در کشور ایران می باشد.
روش بررسیاین تحقیق مطالعه طولی از نوع سری زمانی است، که با استفاده از آمار غرق شدگان در کشور که از سازمان پزشکی قانونی بین سال 1384 تا 1396کسب شده، به پیش بینی برای آینده با استفاده از روش سری زمانی آریما پرداخته است. مدل های باکس جنکینز که برای تخمین روند غرق شدگان استفاده شده شامل فرآیند خودرگرسیون، فرآیند میانگین متحرک، فرآیند خودرگرسیون میانگین متحرک، و فرآیند خودرگرسون میانگین متحرک انباشته، می باشد. جهت تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار ITSM استفاده گردیده است.
یافته هادر طی سال های 1384 تا 1396 مجموعا تعداد 14127 نفر در کشور بر اثر غرق شدگی جان خود را از دست داده اند که میانگین سالانه تعداد غرق شدگان متوفی برابر با 1086 نفر در سال می باشد. بررسی آخرین سال مطالعه غرق شدگان در این تحقیق یعنی سال 1396 نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد غرق شدگان متوفی مربوط به استان خوزستان با 161 نفر و کمترین آن مربوط به استان خراسان جنوبی با یک نفر متوفی است. تخمین روند غرق شدگان، روند کاهشی تعداد غرق شدگان در کشور در سال های آینده را پیش بینی کرد.
نتیجه گیریروند تعداد متوفیان بر اثر غرق شدن در کشور نزولی است که نشان دهنده موثر بودن اقدامات صورت گرفته جهت کاهش حوادث حوزه غرق شدگی است، بنابراین با ادامه و بهبود برنامه های کاهش تلفات غرق شدن ، می توان روند نزولی بودن را با شیب بیشتری کاهش داد.
کلید واژگان: سری زمانی, حوادث, بلایا}Background and ObgectivesOne of the criteria for measuring the development indicators of a country is the rate of health in accidents and disasters. Every year a large number of people in Iran suffer from drowning for various reasons.
Materials and MethodsThis study is a longitudinal time series study, using forensic statistics from the country forensic medicine from 2005 to 2016, predicting the future using the Arima time series method. Box Jenkins models used to estimate the drowning process include the Auto Regression (AR) process of moving average (MA) the moving average auto regression process (ARMA) and the cumulative moving average autoregressive process (ARIMA). ITSM software was used for data analysis.
ResultsDuring 2005-2016, a total of 14127 people died in drowning in the country, which is an average of 1086 deaths per year. . Survey of the last year of drowning study in this study (2017) shows that the highest number of deceased was related to Khuzestan province with 161 people and the lowest was related to South Khorasan province with one deceased. Estimates of the drowning trend show that the number of drowning in the country will continue to decline in the coming years.
ConclusionThe trend of the number of deaths from drowning in the descending country is indicative of the effectiveness of measures to reduce drowning accidents, so by continuing and improving drowning mortality programs, the downward trend can be reduced. Lowered.
Keywords: Time series, Events, Disasters} -
BackgroundRoad traffic accident is one of the most important causes of disability and death in the young population. A significant number of people injured in road traffic accidents die after they arrive at the hospital.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the trend of mortality in road traffic accidents and forecast it for the coming years using time series modeling.MethodsThis study investigated the trend of road traffic accidents and their victims in Najafabad, Iran, between 2011 and 2017. The ARIMA time series model was fitted on the obtained data and the best model was selected based on the least mean square error. Moreover, the model’s goodness of fit was investigated by residuals ACF and PACF plots as well as Ljung-Box chi-square statistics.ResultsThe trend analysis and ARIMA models were investigated, and the results showed a descending trend of fatalities due to traffic accident during 2011-2017. Afterwards, some models were fitted and ARIMA was selected (0, 1, 1), because it had the lowest mean square error value. By fitting the best model, the trend of traffic accident mortality was forecasted for five years (2018 to 2022). Finally, the forecasted values showed that future traffic accident mortalities had a decreasing trend.ConclusionThe trend of mortality due to road traffic injuries declined, indicating a decreasing trend in deaths for the upcoming years. Therefore, the interventions that have been applied in recent years may be considered as useful.Keywords: Road accident, time series, Trend, seasonality}
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