جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رشد » در نشریات گروه « دامپزشکی »

Due to the increase in the price of inputs and the necessity of nutrition management; the effect of food restriction on performance, growth and immune response was investigated in 960 Arian breed broiler chickens (480 male & 480 female). Therefore, two periods of food restriction were considered separately in two treatment groups (at the second week and the sixth week) using four diluted rations (0, 20, 30 and 40%) in three replications in a completely randomized design. After analyzing the data, the average traits were compared with Duncan's multiple range test, the effect of food restriction on the immune response to ND, AI, IB and IBD vaccines was also investigated with serology on the 20th and 42nd days of rearing, According to the results , the broilers in the first group with 20% dilution diet reached the weight of the control group (p < 0.05) at the age of 42 days, also the corrected food conversion coefficient was improved and had compensatory growth; In the second group, the chicks could not reach the control group at the age of 42 days (p < 0.05) and the improvement percentage index (weight gain) was not favorable, and more time was needed to reach the appropriate improvement index, and the same time the ability to compensate for the delay in growth and improvement. The response of the immune system to vaccination against ND, AI, IB and IBD in both treatment groups with low food restriction (20%), improved and significantly differen from the control group (p < 0.05), the titers of the first group treatments it was better than the second group  and it was lower in male than female chickens.

Using organic acids in drinking water and whole grain feeding are effective strategies in broiler nutrition. Therefore, A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to study the effects of acidified drinking water (ADW) as 0 or 350 mL acidifier/1,000 L with three different wheat forms, including ground wheat (GW), whole wheat (WW), or pelleted whole wheat (PWW) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of broiler chickens fed pelleted corn-soybean meal-based diets. Three hundred male broiler chickens at 1-d-old were randomly distributed into six treatments of five replicate pens each. WW improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) during all experimental phases (P < 0.05). The coefficients of ileal protein digestibility in chickens receiving acidified water and diets containing whole wheat grain after pelleting increased significantly (P < 0.05). They used whole wheat grain before the pellet decreased blood triglycerides (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that using acidic water and whole wheat grain after pelleting increased growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and some carcass characteristics in broiler chickens.

In order to evaluate the cholesterol lowering effects of psyllium seeds and also to evaluate the effects of this medicinal plant on growth efficiency, blood parameters, carcass traits and quail egg quality, 160 21-day-old chicks were studied in cages using a 2×2 factorial design with two dietary levels of psyllium seeds (0 and 3%) and two dietary levels of cholesterol (0 and 1%) in a randomized complete block design with 16 experimental units including 4 treatments and 4 replications and 10 birds (male and female) in each replication for 40 days, which were divided into two 20-day periods (as first and second breeding periods). Experimental treatments included a diet without psyllium seed and cholesterol, a diet containing cholesterol, a diet containing psyllium seeds and a diet containing psyllium seed and cholesterol. Serum, egg yolk and muscles (thigh and breast) cholesterol were evaluated in the treatments along with growth efficiency, blood parameters and egg and carcass quality. The results showed that oral administration of cholesterol had no effects on increasing serum lipids and cholesterol (P>0.05). In quails fed diets containing psyllium seeds compared to diets without psyllium seeds, breast and thigh muscles and egg yolk cholesterol, lymphocytes, relative weight of visceral organs, cecum, testis, thigh and liver were decreased and white blood cells, neutrophils, relative weights of carcass, duodenum, breast and pancreas were increased (P<0.01). The use of psyllium seeds throughout the entire study period increased feed intake and weight gain. The feed conversion ratio improved in the first period of rearing due to the use of psyllium seeds in the birds' diets. It was found that while cholesterol is  used solely in the diet, it increases the level of cholesterol in the muscles of the breast and thighs and egg yolk compared to the control group, but while cholesterol is used in combination with psyllium seed in diet, no increase in the cholesterol of those organs will be observed. Therefore, the use of psyllium seeds in diets with high cholesterol levels can play a beneficial role in preventing the increase of muscle and yolk cholesterol.

To evaluate the influence of VHS disease on rainbow trout biometric traits, this research was conducted. Two hundred eighty-one rainbow trout (88±3.38 g initial weight ) were collected, and after 18 days of adaptation period were randomly divided into five groups. All experimental groups were fed by commercial ration. The first group was selected as a control group (no injection), but the second to fifth groups were injected with 0.03 ml physiological serum, 0.06 ml physiological serum , 0.03 ml VHSV, and 0.06 ml VHSV with the concentration of 4.5x104 pfu.ml - respectively. To diagnose the disease, RT-PCR test was used. The research period was 35 days, and records of body weight, and fish length (standard length, fork length and, total length) were collected on days 28, and 35 of rearing. Mean comparisons of these traits between different groups were conducted using the Tukey test (HSD) and R software. In the results of body weight in the first week after challenge (day 28) significant differences were observed between the control group with VHSV injected groups (p < 0.001) and also between physiological serum with VHSV injected groups (p < 0.05). In the second week after challenge (day 35), there were significant differences (p < 0.001) for body weight between VHSV injected groups with control and physiological injected groups (p < 0.001). In the second week after the challenge for traits related to fish length (standard length, fork length, and total length), there were significant differences between all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Based on the observed results, VHS disease will reduce fish growth, and it will cause economic losses.

Balance in the amount of minerals in the aquatic animal’s diet is very important. Phosphorus is one of the most important minerals in fish and aquatic animal’s nutrition. Phosphorus is important not only for the proper growth and fish health, but also for excessive phosphorus excretion that may cause water pollution and algal bloom.

In this study the effects of adding monoammonium phosphate in the diet of fish (Cyprinus carpio Koi) and its comparison with monocalcium phosphate were investigated.

650 koi fish weighing 17 g were distributed in 15 tanks (5 treatments - each in three replicates) and mono-ammonium phosphate-fed diets at three levels (0.75, 1.5 and 3% of the diet), monocalcium phosphate in one level (3% of the diet) and a control group (no phosphorus supplementation) were fed for 8 weeks.

Growth indices and feed conversion ratio in fish fed 3% monoammonium phosphate showed the best results. The control group showed the lowest weight gain and the highest feed conversion ratio. Blood phosphorus was also significantly correlated with increasing monoammonium phosphate. The highest level of calcium in the blood was observed in the group fed monocalcium phosphate (3%).

Considering the improvement of growth and nutrition indices, adding 1.5 to 3% monoammonium phosphate in the diet of koi fish was suggested.

Providing the health of calves play a major role in their growth and the profitability of the flock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the occurrence of different diseases in newborn calves with weight gain and increasing their height and also the relationship between neonatal diseases and mortality rates with some factors due to the calf and its environment. This study was performed on 1595 male and female calves in 8 dairy farms of the Mashhad suburb. After taking some information about the general characteristics of farms, items consist of the rate of involvement with various diseases, mortality rate and the time of its occurrence during the 80-day study period were recorded. The biometric parameters consist of weight and height at birth, 40 and 80 days after birth were also measured. The relationship between diseases with growth indicators (weight and height) were evaluated by generalized linear model test and between independent variables including gender, the season of birth, type of parturition (eutocia or dystocia), type of birth (one or twin), parity of cow and birth weight of the calves with involvement in diarrhea, pulmonary infection and other diseases and the chance of death was analyzed by the logistic regression test. Diarrhea, arthritis, bloat, Navel and eye infections caused a significant decrease in weight gaining of calves, whereas only diarrhea had a significant effect on height. The mortality rate was 3.89 percent, which occurred from 1 to 78 days old. The most important causes of calf mortality at lower ages were physical injuries, genetic defects, meningitis, diarrhea and septicemia, and at upper ages were pulmonary involvement, diarrhea and arthritis. The chance of involvement with diarrhea and pulmonary infection in twins was significantly greater than singles, the odds of this infection in calves born with dystocia, in the warm season and high birth weight were greater than the corresponding groups. The mortality in twins, male calves and those born in the warm season were higher than the corresponding groups.

The use of natural immune stimulants is one of the most effective methods for strengthening immunity and preventing diseases in fish.

Due to the abundance of red algae (Laurencia caspica) in the Caspian Sea, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this algae on growth performance and blood indices of rainbow trout.

The present study was performed on 750 randomly selected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in 5 experimental treatments including an algal extract-free diet (control), and diets supplemented with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of algal hydroalcoholic extract. During the experimental period, fish were sampled to measure growth performance and blood indices every two week for 8 weeks.

Growth indices were not affected by the algal extract at the end of eight weeks of feeding. There were no significant differences in fish survival at different treatments. Total counts of red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin concentration and neutrophil and monocyte percentages were affected by algal extract with significant increases compared to the control group (p < /em><0.05). Results of serum biochemistry showed that significantly increased total protein, albumin and globulin and also significantly reduced ALT, AST and ALP compared to the control in rainbow trout.

Based on the results of this study oral use of red algae (L. caspica) as an immune stimulant in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) was recommended.

In this study, effects of ethanolic green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on some biochemical and antioxiant parameters in gold fish (Carassius auratus) were evaluated. The fish (average mean weight 9.1 ± 0.5 grams) were randomly distributed at density of 90 fish in nine tanks )with three tanks for each group(. In treatment groups, fish fed ethanolic green tea extract at 50 and 100 mg kg-1 for a period of two months where as in control group, basal diet without any additive was used. Results showed that total protein increased in both treatment groups. Serum metabolic enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) did not change between different groups. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation product decreased in both treatment groups. Similarly, antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased following the administration of green tea in both groups compared to the control group. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of ethanolic green tea extract was 50 mg kg-1 with potential to positively influence some biochemical parameters and antioxidant status in gold fish.

In the present study, the effects of releasing weight on reared silver carp's growth and survival, as well as, its hematological indices were assessed. For this purpose, first eight 3-hectares ponds were divided into four treatments based on fishes' releasing weight equal to 2, 3, 4 and 5 g, then sampling from these animals was periodically done and the hematological indices were measured. At the end of the trial, the average weight of fishes (g) and total production of each pool (kg) was calculated. The results of the measurement of blood parameters indicated that the hematocrit percent was significantly increased following the releasing weight enhancement (P<0.05), but any statistical relationship was seen between the stocking weight and other blood indices (P>0.05). Furthermore, the growth and survival findings signified, whereas after releasing the weight of fishes, their final weight and growth rate were enhanced, the special growth rate was reduced statistically (P<0.05). Hence, based on present results, it will be achieved proper growth whenever silver carps are stocked 12000 individuals with 5 g weight.

Increasing population and food provision is one of the most important problems in the world, thus aquaculture plays an important role in the production of food and human needs. This study was to investigate the effect of Celmanax prebiotic on growth performance, hematological and biochemical factors of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this study, 780 juvenile rainbow trout with an average weight of 18 ± 2 g were randomly divided into four groups with three replications. 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent of Celmanax were added into diets and the fishes were fed with 5% of body weight for 8 weeks 3 times. At the end of experiment, investigation of the growth indices, blood sampling and serum preparation for hematological and biochemical tests were performed. The results showed that fishes fed with diets containing 4% Celmanax prebiotic had better growth indices (final length, final weight, weight gain, percentage of weight gain and specific growth rate) compared to control (P≤0.05). Comparison between experimental treatments demonstrated that immune indices significantly increased with increase of prebiotic levels in the diet (P≤0.05). So that, the highest level of hemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell and neutrophil were related to fishes fed with 6% of Celmanax prebiotic diet. Also, the highest levels of immunoglobulin, albumin, glucose and lsozyme and the lowest levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and cholesterol were observed in fishes fed with 6% of Celmanax prebiotic diet, which showed a significant difference with control (P≤0.05). Increasing levels of Celmanax prebiotic in the diet caused an improvement in the growth and immunity system of rainbow trout.

Heat stress is accounting one of the most important factors of decreasing production and yield of poultry especially broiler chickens in hot areas. Using compounds having antioxidant properties were advised for reducing of the destructive effect of heat stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a source of phelanoeid compounds that has antioxidant property. Therefore, in this study, the effect of chicory on growth in chicken under heat stress was studied. For this, after preparation of hydroalcoholic extract, 270 chicks were divided into 6 groups in two distinct houses and chickens were reared until 22 days old in normal condition. From 22 to 42 days old, chickens in group 1, 2 and 3 (in house 1) were reared in normal condition and chickens in group 4, 5 and 6 (in house 2) were reared in 35 ˚C for 8 hours daily. Chickens in group 1 and 4 received vitamin C (100 mg/lit) and chickens in group 2 and 5 received chicory extract (100 mg/lit) from 22-42 days old. The chickens in group 3 and 6 reared as control. In the final of growing period, the cumulative weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined. The results showed although heat stress had a negative effect on growth indices but chicory extract as well as vitamin C (as standard control), can improve weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in chickens under heat stress.

Enzymes are organic catalysts that trigger and/or accelerate chemical reactions. This research was done to compare the separate and combined levels of commercial multienzymes on feeding efficiency and carcass chemical composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Total number of 96 common carp fingerlings weighing 13.06±2.56g were distributed in six treatments including control (without multienzyme), 1 g/kg Combo, 1.5 g/kg Combo, 1 g/kg Natuzyme Plus, 1.5 g/kg Natuzyme Plus and mixture of 1g/kg Combo+1 g/kg Natuzyme Plus in two replicates for 8 weeks. Growth indices such as the final weight, percentage of body weight increase, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and average daily growth in treatment 1g/kg Natuzyme Plus showed significant differences compared to other experimental treatments (P<0.05). Also, all experimental treatments had better condition in comparison with the control. The highest condition factor was seen in fish fed 1.5 g/kg Natuzyme Plus which showed significant difference with 1.5 g/kg Combo (P<0.05). Common carp fingerlings fed mixture of Combo+Natuzyme Plus recorded a slight increase in protein content of carcass compared to other dietary treatments. Fish fed multienzymes had less (P>0.05) lipid content of carcass in comparison with the control. There was no significant difference in ash and moisture contents of carcass (P>0.05). According to results, it can be stated that Natuzyme Plus at the level of 1.5 g/kg can be effective in improvement of growth performance and feed efficiency in farmed common carp fingerlings.

Probiotics and prebiotics are the most important bioactive compounds for aquatic health. In this study, the effects of prebiotic (immunowall) and probiotic (primalac) were assessed on growth performance, survival, body composition, and blood biochemical parameters in the Caspian Sea common carp Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Juveniles (n = 100 per tank, 21 tanks) were distributed in four inclusion levels (each in three treatments) of 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15% of immunowall and primalac inclusions for a period of 56 days. Growth, body composition, and hematological parameters have been evaluated in different inclusion levels at the end of culture period. The increment of body weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio in fish fed with diets containing 0.15% prebiotic and 0.1% probiotic improved considerably compared to other treatments. The survival rate of the juveniles was not significant between treatments, and the group fed with the pre- and probiotics revealed higher survivals. Protein content in the group fed with the pre- and probiotic showed significantly higher contents compared to the control group, and lipid content showed increasing trend in different inclusions. The red blood cells contents showed no differences between treatments; but the white blood cells contents revealed higher performances in the fish-fed probiotics compared to prebiotic and control groups. These results recommend the addition of 0.1 % immunowall and 0.15 % primalac in the diets of the juveniles in terms of growth, feeding, and hematological indicators in the Caspian carp.

Mucin, a filamentous glycoprotein, is responsible for lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelia from damages caused by the digesta, digestive secretions, and microorganisms. Goblet cells have potential to secrete granules which is distributed in the intestinal epithelium. The secretory granules contain glycoproteins, including mucins, which are classified into two types, neutral and acidic. The latter can be further differentiated into sulphomucins or sialomucins. There is increased attention to the bovine mucosal immunity because it can aid in preventing colonization and eventually infection of mucosal epithelia. Moreover, mucus is also a selective barrier for absorption across the small intestine. Additionally, as the mucus constitutes the interface between the epithelium and the lumen, mucin could be used as a marker of interaction between the epithelium and dietary components. Measuring the flow of intestinal mucin is a challenge for better understanding the interactions between nutrient digestibility and the gastrointestinal mucosa. The ileal flow of mucin in pigs has been estimated indirectly by using hexosamines as markersThirty-two calves (16 males and 16 females) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and fed with starter diets based on corn or barley as the grain source. Starter feeding began on the third day of life, and high quality alfalfa hay and fresh cow milk were fed according to the farm schedule. The calves were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter until weaning. Nutrient digestibility was determined at 2, 6, and 8 weeks of age. Mucin was crudely separated from fecal samples, and correlation of mucin concentration with digestibility parameters and growth characteristics determined. Mucin excretion rate was negatively correlated with the nutrient digestibility; at 8 weeks of ages it has also negatively correlated with feed intake (r=-0.37, P=0.0406). Further research is required to determine the detailed metabolism of mucin in the gastrointestinal tract of calves and its effect on animal performance.

Recently, the use of medicinal plantsas growth promoters, appetizers, immunological boosters and antimicrobial substances has increased in poultry industry. In this regard, the effect of Zataria multifloraand Mentha pulegium on growth characteristics, carcass quality and gut microbial count of broiler chickens were investigated. This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with 120 broiler chickens of Ross strain in 4 different feed treatment groups and 3 replicates consisting of 10 chickens each. The treatment groups consisted of T1 (Control) fed with basic diet (without plants), T2 fed with basic diet containing 200 mg/kg of dried Mentha pulegium, T3 fed with diet containing 200 mg/kg of dried Zataria multiflora and T4 fed with diet containing a mixture of 200 mg/kg dried Zataria multiflora and 200 mg/kg dried Mentha pulegium for 6 weeks. All chickens were weighed weekly and at the end of the experimental period, growth characteristics including carcass weight, thigh weight and breast weight and intestinal microbial total count were measured in each group. The results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test in SPSS 19. The results showed that the mean weight, the weight of thighs and breasts between treatment groups were not statistically significant but the intestinal bacterial count was decreased by these supplements (p<0.05). The maximum microbial load was observed in the control group (T1). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of these supplements in chicken feed reduces intestinal microbial counttherefore organic and safe meat production can be expected.

Replacement of natural materials with synthetic drugs in order to increase production and safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of feed supplemented with ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract on the growth, biochemical and hemato-immunological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish with an average body weight 14.1±0.2 g were fed diet for 8 weeks with 0.5% and 1% ginger extract and with unsupplemented commercial diet as the control. Blood samples were collected from caudal vein from apparently healthy fish at the end of trial. Growth (weight gain, specific growth ratio and condition factor), hematological (RBC,WBC, Hb, Hct, monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil), Biochemical (glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, AST, ALT, LDH and ALP) and immunological (lysozym activity, ACH50,IgM, and SOD) parameters were determined. The results showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in growth, hematological, biochemical and metabolic enzymes between fish fed control and ginger extract supplementation. The lowest level of cortisol was observed in 0.5% ginger extract (p<0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in 0.5% ginger extract fed fish (p<0.05). The results suggest that by using 0.5% ginger extract there will be an improvement in growth and immune function of rainbow trout

Pre-pubertal nutrition managements are considered essential for animal health, optimizing production and reproductive performance in livestock.
In this study, the effects of dietary low and high energy and protein provisions on body growth, blood metabolites and inherent safety index were investigated in pre-pubertal Kurdish female lambs.
We fed 40 healthy Kurdish female lambs (30±8.6 days old and weighing 10.2±3.4 kg) were randomly divided into one of two experimental diets in pre-weaning period: high energy and protein (HEP, 2.50 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM) and 148 g CP/kg DM) or low energy and protein (LEP, 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM and 87 g CP/kg DM). At the time of weaning, one half of lambs from each group was randomly separated and assigned to HEP or LEP. So there were four treatment groups in post-weaning period: H-H (HEP pre- and post-weaning); H-L (HEP pre-weaning and LEP post-weaning); L-H (LEP pre-weaning and HEP post-weaning) and L-L (LEP pre and post-weaning, control group). Treatment effects on dry matter intake, milk intake, serum metabolite profiles, inherent safety index and growth were examined.
Pre-pubertal plane were significantly affected above mention parameters at post- weaning period (P It has been observed that diet energy and protein and body energy reserves are much important regulators of growth and health indicators in Kurdish female lambs.