جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شیوع » در نشریات گروه « دامپزشکی »

Birds have a vast respiratory system, and numerous infectious factors can affect them because of this wide range. Industrial poultry is not exempt from this issue, and significant diseases cause the involvement of this system in birds. Viral agents mainly cause more destruction than other agents, and their high prevalence and contagion have made them considered one of the most critical threatening factors in this industry. Among all viral agents, Influenza and Newcastle viruses are crucial factors of industrial poultry farms in Iran and the world due to their lethality and high prevalence. To prevent these outbreaks, widespread vaccination is used in all types of poultry, but these diseases are still observed due to mutations in the genomic content and failure in immunization. In this study, eight provinces of the country were investigated. We took samples from 90 broiler poultry farms between September 2019 and the end of January 2019 and studied them with RT-PCR test. Our results showed that Khorasan Razavi (50%) and Kerman (30%) had the highest Newcastle disease and influenza prevalence, respectively, in all eight provinces. Constant monitoring of cases and reviewing vaccination programs of affected flocks every year are necessary for strategically controlling respiratory syndrome in broilers. It should be mentioned that it is essential to carry out epidemiological information on the influential factors in spreading this syndrome and the failure of vaccination strategies.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea is considered as one of the difficulties in industrial livestock whole world. If it went out of control, can causes significant economic losses. The eradication of the disease requires serological and molecular studies due to the presence of animals with persist infection. This study’s purpose is prevalence assessment of this disease in Golestan province. In order to do this, serum samples were taken from 200 cows (which) selected from industrial and traditional farms in 6 cities of the Golestan province randomly and they were tested for the presence of antibodies against BVDV by standard ELISA kits. The results showed that the prevalence of BVD antibodies in obtained serums is 22/92 percent. The most prevalence is related to the Bandar-e-Turkman county and the least prevalence is related to the Aliabad county. The prevalence of the disease in industrial farming system was more than traditional one (p<0.1) and there was a significant relationship between increasing age and number of claves with increasing antibody titer. Thus, the high serum prevalence of infection in farms in Golestan province refers to spread of pollution and economical importance of controlling the disease. Emphasis on changing the approach to livestock industrialization can help controlling the disease beside other preventive measures.

The incidence of persistent post-mating endometritis (PPME) following natural mating or artificial insemination (AI) is always underestimated in mares that do not have abnormal clinical signs in reproductive tracts in routine examinations before mating in high-population horse breeding centers. In this study, 503 Arabian mares whose reproductive system status was confirmed before natural mating or artificial insemination in breeding soundness examination, were examined with ultrasonography at 24, 48, and 72 hours after ovulation, in terms of PPME following natural mating or AI, and the presence of uterine fluid accumulation with a diameter of 5 mm or more is recorded as PPME. The correlation between PPME and other variables such as age, type of mating, number of mattings in an estrous cycle, pre-ovulatory follicle (POF) size, volume and concentration of semen used in AI was investigated at different time intervals after ovulation. The results of this study showed that, the incidence rate of PPME following natural mating or AI in 48 and 72 hours after ovulation is 32 and 22%, respectively, in a normal population of Arab mares. Based on this rate, reproductive examinations are recommended 24 and 48 hours after ovulation in the group of sensitive Arab mares.

Despite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the main source of the bacterium and the habits of its transmission to human populations have not been determined yet. The present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk samples. A total of 180 raw bovine, ovine and caprine milk samples were randomly collected from Fars province. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in raw milk samples were was studied using the microbial culture. Genomic DNA was extracted from Helicobacter pylori isolates and the frequency of VacA, CagA, IceA and OipA genotypes was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. In total, 53 out of 180 (29.44%) raw milk samples were contaminated with Helicobacter pylori. The prevalence of contamination in raw milk samples of bovine, ovine and caprine was 20, 38.33 and 30%, respectively. VacA s1a (69.71%), m1a (67.92%), s2 (62.26%) and m2 (58.49%) and cagA (50.94%) were the most abundant detected genotypes. The rarest detected genotypes were VacA s1c (7.54%), s1b (16.98%), m1b (18.86%) and iceA2 (7.54%), respectively. S1am1a (39.62%), s2m1a (32.07%), s1am2 (28.30%) and s2m2 (26.41%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Raw milk, especially raw sheep milk, was considered as a carrier for transmission of virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori. The similarity in the genotyping pattern of the isolates probably indicates the similarity in the source of infection of the samples with Helicobacter pylori.

Cryptococcosis is usually a subacute or chronic infection in nature and Cryptococcus neoformans is the cause of this infection.This yeast is found in bird droppings and can be transmitted through dust and inhalation. People with immunodeficiency disorders are at high risk for this infection. In this study, samples were collected from nasal mucosa of domestic cats. The suspension was prepared samples cultured in S, Sc and BHI media and incubated at and °C. After hours, we assessed sample by using Chinese Cotton Blue stain solution. Afterwards, samples were identified by using sugar fermentation tests, urea hydrolysis and germ tube formation. We examined suspected colonies of Cryptococcus neoformans by PCR. The results shown a variety of filamentous fungi such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis, Mucor, Rhizopus and yeasts such as Rhodotorula, Candida albicans, Candida Sp, Pachia were isolated and Cryptococcus neoformans were not isolated. Molecular tests of suspected samples of Cryptococcus were negative, The reason of this results could be personal hygiene in the case of domestic cats, keeping them indoor and not have contact with other animals and outdoor environments.

Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved if a correct procedure is followed. The diagnosis and treatment of dystocia requires a good understanding of normal parturition and sensitivity to the welfare of both dam and offspring. Difficult birth will occur when the expulsive forces are insufficient, when the birth canal is of inadequate size and shape, or when the presenting diameter of the fetus is unable to pass through the normal birth canal because it is too large or its disposition prevents it from doing so. The incidence of dystocia in heifers has been calculated to be anywhere from three to ten times that of multiparous cows, whether in beef or dairy cattle. Risk factors for dystocia are fetal-dam disparity, abnormal fetal position, vulval, vaginal, or cervical stenosis and uterine torsion. Preventing dystocia, particularly in first-calf heifers, is a very important component of a successful reproductive program on any dairy or beef operation and there are numerous factors have been involved in the incidence of dystocia. Even when plans are in place to limit dystocia risk to an acceptable level (<15% for heifers, <5% for cows), there are still cases of dystocia in beef and dairy herds. One of the most important fundamentals for optimum dystocia management is for the owner to know when to intervene or call for assistance.

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is one of the highly communicable venereal diseases of horses, caused by the bacterium Taylorella equigenitalis. That is responsible for great economic damage to the horse breeding club. In addition to T. equigenitalis as a most important causes of infertility, other bacteria can also cause infertility.The aim of this study was to isolate and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria from the genital tract of Turkmen mares by emphasizing the isolation of T. equigenitalis in Kalaleh. In this study, 52 samples were randomly taken from the clitoria fossa and sinuses of mares. After performing standard biochemical and microbiological tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to CLSI instructions. Two methods of culture and PCR were used to identify T. equigenitalis. T. equigenitalis was not isolated from any of the samples by culture and PCR methods. A total of 91 bacterial strains were isolated, which were: 22% Staphylococcus aureus, 21% Escherichia coli, 14.5% Klebsiella, 12% Vibrio, 11% Shigella, 9% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9% Corynebacterium and 2.5%, respectively. Enterococcus. Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance to vancomycin (50.8%) and penicillin (60%), respectively. All isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics neomycin, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole and amikacin (100%). In this study S. aureus and E. coli had the highest frequency among isolates and T. equigenitalis was not considered as a cause of infertility in Turkmen horses in Kalaleh.

Neosporosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, which is characterized by abortion in cattle and neuromuscular paralysis of various organs, particularly the hind limbs of dogs. The diagnosis of neosporosis is often made by serological molecular tests.

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of N. caninum oocysts in the feces of dogs.

A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from indoor and outdoor dogs during 2018-2019 around Tabriz. Information about age, location, and history of antiparasitic treatment of the dogs were recorded in a questionnaire. Primarily, fecal samples were examined microscopically for Neospora ocysts. After breaking the collected oocysts through freeze-thaw and sonication, DNA contents of the oocysts were extracted and analyzed via PCR.

In a light microscopic study, oocysts were observed in 45 (45 %) of the fecal samples. In the PCR study, 21 of the 45 cases tested positive for Neospora infection (21 %). All the positive cases of infection were observed in molecular examination in dogs older than one year. The positive cases were observed in 2 % of the domestic dogs, 8 % of the stray dogs, 6 % of the kennel dogs, and 5 % of the rural dogs. Furthermore, 19 % of the infected dogs had no history of antiparasitic treatment; only 2% had a history of antiparasitic treatment. The results of statistical analysis showed that the rate of infection in dogs around Tabriz with Neospora caninum was significantly (P<0.05) related to the animal's living environment and history of antiparasitic treatment. However, this rate was found to have no significant relationships with the age of the animals.

Due to the high rate of infection with Neospora caninum in dogs in Tabriz, it is necessary to apply preventive methods in traditional and industrial farms around this city and use rapid diagnosis methods in them.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, isolate of mastitis-causing bacteria and characterize antimicrobial resistance pattern at selected dairy farms around Gorgan, Golestan province. Among 60 lactating cows, 16 (26.6%) cows were positive bovine for subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test. Bacterial culture and Agar disc diffusion was used for isolation and antibiotic susceptibility test. The most prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (36 cases, 45% (and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (18 cases, 22.5 %,( followed by Eschershia coli (14 cases, 17.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa and Streptococci (4 each, 5%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 92.5% and 82.5% of total isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. In addition, the E. coli isolates showed 92.8% sensitivity to neomycin. However, the highest resistance was observed against penicillin (90%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (87.5%) and erythromycin (82.5%). Based on the results, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin may be considered the drugs of choice for mastitis treatment whereas penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin were found to be poor in their efficacy to the isolates. In this study, 62.5% of the isolates (50 isolates) were multiple-drug resistance. Based on the results, it seems that gentamicin and ciprofloxacin are more appropriate drugs for the treatment of mastitis. However, to minimize the risk of resistant bacteria, it is necessary to perform antibiogram testing prior to antibiotic prescription and evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern periodically in each geographical area.

The aim of this study is determination the prevalence and geographical distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by national annual surveillance program. In this study, data was conducted in two phases of winter and spring, sampling was carried out from all centers of breeding, hatching and rearing of trout in Iran. The data were entered into Excel software and analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that the prevalence of VHS in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 96% in Khorasan Razavi (4.54%), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces (3.5%) and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari (2.04%). In the spring of 2018, the prevalence of VHS were about 16.66 % in the Ardebil , 15.38% in the Zanjan and 2.56% in the Mazandaran . In the whole country the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 0.86% and in the the spring of 2018 was 97.1%. About IHN , the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 96% in the centers of reproduction and hatching in the provinces of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari (4.081%) and Mazandaran (2.56%). Also, the prevalence of IHN in the the spring of 2018 were about (7. 4%) in the Qazvin and (2.56%) in the Mazandaran . In the whole country the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018, was 0.86% and in the the spring of 2018, was 0.95%. Considering the prevalence of diseases and the economic importance of these diseases, it is important to consider the methods of prevention and promotion of the biological safety conditions of the centers in order to provide healthy fish for the reduction of damage.

Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases both economically and from a public health viewpoint.

To investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of AI-H9N2 in live bird markets, bird gardens, parks and zoos.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2016.  In each unit, 40 blood samples from different bird species and 60 cloacal samples from waterfowl (ducks and geese) were taken. All sera samples were tested by HI for detection of antibodies against H9N2 virus. The birds with sera titer =>4 (log2) and units with at least one positive bird were considered as positive. Swab samples were tested by RT-PCR method using two pairs of primers to detect M and H9 gene of H9N2 virus.

2638 sera samples from birds in 127 units in 22 provinces and 3001 swab samples from duck and goose were taken. 73 units out of 127 (57.48 %; 95 % confidence interval, 66.2 % - 48.4 %) and 720 birds from a total of 2638 birds (27.29 %: 95 % confidence interval, 29.6 % - 25.6 %) were sero-positive. Among the bird species, the highest seroprevalence was 47.6 % and 45.3 % in turkey and chicken, respectively and the lowest seroprevalence was 13.8 % and 16.3 % for ducks and geese, respectively. 39 pooled samples from 18 units (14.75 %) were positive.

The results of this study showed high prevalence and circulation of avian influenza H9N2 viruses among poultry in these markets. Organizing the markets by improving the health and biosecurity of the markets, and it is necessary to educate the people and continuously surveillance the birds that offered in the markets to control the disease.

Avian influenza disease is one of the most significant contagious diseases that can infect many birds, either in commercial farms or in indigenous birds. There have been many reports on the highly pathogenic H5 subtype of avian influenza outbreaks from Iran's industrial poultry farms in recent years. Anseriformes, as the main reservoir of the virus, play a critical role in the epidemiology of the disease. This study was conducted to detect antibodies against the H5 subtype of avian influenza viruses in the yolk of native ducks. Seventy duck eggs were collected from different cities of Gilan province (Rasht, Anzali, SoomeSara, Fuman, Astaneh Ashrafie, Langroud und Chaboksar) from April to September of 2020. The aquatic phase of eggs was separate and subjected to the OIE approved HI standard test using H5 specific antigen. 11.43% of tested samples showed antibodies against the H5 subtype of influenza virus. This study demonstrates the circulation of the H5 subtype viruses among the native duck population of the north of Iran.

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an endemic disease in most parts of the world, and major damage of the disease, including reduces milk production, reproductive problems such as abortion, weight loss, growth loss and decreasing of immune system. High prevalence and rapid transmission among animals are characteristics of this disease that the importance of control of disease has increased. Conditions of farms, geographical location of regions and other risk factors, including the presence of other viral and bacterial diseases and management of reproduction and milk production influence on the prevalence of BVD in the cows. Many studies have reported the prevalence of this disease in different parts of Iran. The highest prevalence of this disease has been reported in Mashhad, Alborz and Kerman city, respectively. The average prevalence of BVD in Iran is 47.37% according to studies reported until the end of 1399 year. Results of studies indicate that the prevalence of this disease is higher throughout the Iran. Therefore importance of control and prevention of this disease is high in Iran.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide spread, which is very important from two aspects, health concerns in human societies and economic losses due to abortion, stillbirth, birth of weak calves,  Milk-drop syndrome and mastitis and death. The prevalence of an infection at the herd or animal level is a key issue that determines whether the infection should be considered important and which measures and policies should be made and applied.

The aim of this search is a meta-analysis study of  the prevalence of leptospirosis and serovars of leptospira interrogans in Iran.

The search was carried out by relevant literature search from 1997 to 2017 and by keywords: Iran, leptospira, cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camel, and their combination in data banks of Magiran, SID, Iranmedex, PubMed and Google scholar. In this study, 39 articles were finally accepted. For statistical analysis, prevalence rates were entered in the Comprehensive Meta Analysis (CMA) software.

The prevalence of leptospirosis in apparently healthy ruminants was 21.5% (95% CI: 17.8-25.8) and Grippotyphosa, Pomona and Canicola were the most prevalent.

According to the high prevalence of pomona in our results, using this serovar in produced vaccines inside the country, applying preventive methods to control infection in herd dogs and gaining a share of the health system budget can have a good effect on for leptospira control program.

Ectoparasite infestation of poultry is one of the sources of infestation for industrial poultry, thereby constituting economic losses.The study was aimed to determine prevalence and species diversity of ectoparasites infestation of poultry in Ardabil province, Iran. A total of 1241 native chickens from 17 villages were randomly investigated. The feathers and skin were investigated using the scraping method. The fissures and crevices inside walls were searched for soft ticks. Body surface and feathers were also searched for mites and lice. Flies were trapped in nests. The overall prevalence was 5.88% with the highest infestation in fall (2.09%) and the central part (2.27%) of the region. There was no significant difference between prevalence and both geographic and seasonal distribution. Lice (3.18%), soft ticks (1.63%) and flies (1.07%) had the highest prevalence in south (0.89%), center (0.32%) and north (0.33%), respectively. The species diversity of ectoparasites with the highest prevalence was for Monopon galinae (1.72%) followed by Argas pesrsicus (1.63%) and Musca domestica (1.07%). All infested chickens had also mixed infestation with two (12.51%) and three (9.77%) species of ectoparasites. Results of this study uncovered the low prevalence of ectoparasites; however, it may be an important source of infestation for industrial poultry in the region.

Integrons are mobile genetic factors that are able to carry resistance gene in some bacteria like Escherichia coli. Drug resistance study in pathogenic bacteria is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of integron class 1 and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers with colibacillosis infection. A total of 100 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were isolated from the lesions of the birds suspected to colibacillosis by sampling aseptically from internal organs. All isolates of Escherichia coli were confirmed by biochemical tests. To evaluate antimicrobial resistance, the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar was used in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines by using of seven antibacterial paper discs. The DNA of these isolates was extracted by a boiling method and was screened for the presence of class 1 integron gene by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance test showed resistance to nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (96%), ciprofloxacin (91%), norfloxacin (88%), lincospectin (53%), cefuroxime (50%) and gentamicin (17%). Furthermore, 97% of the isolates contained integron class 1. According to the results of this study, there is high prevalence of integron gene in Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis lesions. Besides, high prevalence of drug resistance was observed among the isolated pathogenic Escherichia coli.

The contamination of foodstuffs with different bacteria such as Listeria spp, is important from the viewpoint of public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the presence and occurrence of Listeria species in cattle meats from abattoirs and butcher shops located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province. Two hundred and fifty-five of meat samples were collected. The total prevalence of Listeria spp. was equal to 12.94%.  The highest (16.4%) and the lowest (8%) prevalence of Listeria spp. was found in samples from Farrokhshar abattoir and Shahrekord butcher shops, respectively. Among the six species of Listeria, Listeria innocua was the most prevalent (7.4%) species; while Listeria seeligeri and Listeria ivanovii were the least prevalent (0.4%) species. The highest percentage of prevalence (6.7%) of Listeria monocytogenes was detected in meat samples from the Hafshejan butcher shops. In the current study, none of the samples was contaminated by Listeria welshimeri. Of the ten isolates of Listeria monocytogenes, the most prevalent (40%) serotypes were 1/2a and 4b. In addition, the prevalence of serotype 1/2b was 20%. The results indicated that, due to the presence of Listeria contamination, improvement of sanitation principles in abattoirs and butcher shops is a guarantee of public health safety.