مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 95 (فروردین 1403)

Exaggeration, in the sense of exaggerating phenomena in such a way that reason does not accept its possibility, is one of the important ways of human expression. Exaggeration has a wide presence in poetry and gives it beauty and power, but when poetry should contain accuracy and convey truth in addition to beauty and impact, exaggeration can turn into its bane. One of the fields of Gholu"s extensive presence in Persian poetry is ritual poetry, but Gholu was not free of harm in this fertile type of Persian poetry. Although the exaggeration in Persian ritual poetry is rooted in the love and interest of their composers for prophets and imams (pbuh), sometimes the love and interest far from awareness leads to exaggerations that contradict the high dignity of those cherished beings and the correctness of the common beliefs of believers. It damages The purpose of this article is to investigate the nature of hyperbole and explain its methods and branches in Persian ritual poetry, relying on hyperbole in the attributes of Imam Ali (AS).

The research method in this article is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods. First, the description of the nature of gluttony, its types and methods, and the explanation of the views of Islam, the Prophet (PBUH), the Imams of Athar (AS) and scholars on gluttony are discussed. Then the methods of exaggeration in Persian poetry are analyzed. The subject area of the investigation is the attributes of Imam Ali (AS) in diwans, battles and collections of Persian poetry.

The findings of this research show the wide presence of hypocrisy in Persian ritual poetry and especially in the attributes of Imam Ali (AS).

The presence of ghalo in Persian ritual poetry is in various ways such as god-likeness, deification, abahahari, khorardash and other ways, which are sometimes in mild degrees and sometimes reach extreme degrees. These exaggerations are sometimes atheistic, but sometimes they contain only degrees of deviation. Also, the excesses sometimes cause bowing and honoring, but sometimes they not only do not contain any goodness, but also violate the Sankh.

This essay seeks to examine and explain the pattern of analysis of mythological symbols in selected mystical texts based on the theoretical basis of the semiotic analysis of the American semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce (1914) and also to prove that Peirce"s intellectual structure and system has the ability to analyze symbolism through myth. Based on this, we try to analyze the interaction of myth and mysticism in the linguistic field from the perspective of semiotics. We should study Manteghoteyre Attar Neyshabori, Ghazliat e Hafez and Nafahat Alons Jami.

This research will be done by the method of library studies and the method of sand analysis, using Peirce"s semiotic theories and relying on the selected important mystical texts Manteghoteyre Attar Neyshabori, Ghazliat e Hafez and Nafahat Alons Jami.

Mythological themes and themes are ancient and long-standing manifestations that have the power of manifestation and expression in other religions, including mysticism, with the passage of time without losing their original origin. Arbaeh elements are among these mythological elements that have been expressed as a two-way whole in connection with the sky and the earth while preserving their mythological meaning in the mystical poetry of Attar, Hafez and Jami.

The four elements of water, wind, earth, and fire are among these mythological symbols which, from the semiotic point of view of Peirce, have been metamorphosed in the form of new codes in mysticism, and have preserved their self-efficacy and nature by passing from myth to mysticism.

To change the way of expression and develop the meanings and themes of their poems, poets use many and diverse methods, and a group of these methods are called "arts of expression". There are other methods for effective expression and ways of developing meanings that are not specifically and specifically discussed in the topic of literary arts, but they are just like the arts and sometimes more effective in creating effective poetry. These methods are referred to as "meaning cultivation ways". The ways of cultivating meanings and innovation in the way of expression make the literary work come out of monotony and make it accepted by tasteful and interested readers, for this reason, no matter how diverse the speech is, it will be lively and dynamic for the attractive audience. The main goal of this research is to find the ways of developing the content in the poems of the constitutional era.

Study method In this article, which is written in a library method, the methods of developing meanings in the poems of the constitutional era are examined and analyzed.

Among the ways of developing meanings, in the poems of the constitutional period, anecdotes and narratives, descriptions, similes, similes, and satire are used more.

The poets of this period pay a lot of attention to details and nature in their descriptions, and they have used the art of space creation to mention the maximum details and to accurately describe. Constitutional poets turn to allegory and humor to communicate their reform ideas and revolutionary messages and use it as one of the ways of developing meanings.

Ganjineh Raz is a book written by Owais ibn Ghiyath al-Din Rostamdari, the oldest manuscript of which was recorded by an inscriber halfway through the eleventh century A.H. This manuscript was probably contemporaneous with the author, who is not found in any bibliographical biographies (Tazkires). In this book, Rostamdari presents an exposition of sixteen scattered verses by Nizami which are taken from Makhzan-ol-Asrâr, Khosrow o Shirin, Haft Peykar and Sharafnameh. These verses of Khamsa are claimed by a follower of Jami to have been deemed meaningless by this poet. Rostamdari continues to present another exposition of seventy nine other verses of Khamsa which he believes to be of more complexity than these sixteen verses, and since Rostamdari is of Shiite faith, he brings the book to an end, out of blessedness and sacredness, by presenting yet another exposition of three odes by Nasir Khusraw, which include praise and glorification upon the great Imams and personages of Shiite faith.

This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way. Authors have carried out using the library and documentary tools. They have been carried out using the library research method, rely on three manuscripts of this book. in addition to recording the differences between the manuscripts and published versions and embark on a comparison of Rostamdari’s exposition of these sixteen verses with those of others.

Rostamdari’s explanations about verses 5, 6, 13 14 are illustrative and explain meanings clearly. In other verses, although his effort is appreciable, but he failed to understand the poet’s intention. Other editors have sometimes succeeded in description of meanings and sometimes they failed.

Rostamdari’s success in disambiguation of the verses is only relative and the explanations provided by contemporaries are sometimes unhelpful. the expositions have in some instances led to resolution and disambiguation and in some other instances the ambiguity remains unsolved.

Calling and re-creating the characters of the past is one of the important issues that has attracted the attention of contemporary writers and has had a wide reflection in their works. Contemporary Persian literature has entered into a serious conversation with classical Iranian literature and has taken full advantage of its advantages such as dynamism and liveliness, emotional richness, depth of meaning, and linguistic harmony and proportion, and some of its attributes - especially poetry after the 8th century. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze and investigate the role and position of historical figures and the quality and method of re-creation by mentioning the examples of character appeal among the poems of Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani.

According to the subject, the research method is descriptive-analytical and it was done in the way of data collection in library form and using note-taking, and it is considered as a theoretical research.

According to the findings of this research, some historical figures in the poetry of Ahmed Shamlou, Akhavan Sales, and Shafiei Kadkani are of special importance, such as: Masih, Khezr, Ayoub, Nooh, Soleiman, Jamshid, Rostam, Kay Kavos, Ibrahim, Zardosht, Arash Kamangir, Siavash, Mansour Hallaj, Mazdak, and Esfandiar. As can be seen, these characters can be divided into four religious groups (prophets), mythological (kings and heroes), historical (kings and leaders), and mystical (saints).

Meanwhile, Ahmad Shamlou has done the most calling and re-creation of religious figures (prophets). Shamlu has a special interest in the personality of Christ (PBUH) and uses him as a symbol of immortality and fertility. Akhavan, however, has focused most of its attention and interest on the personalities of ancient Iran. The first mythological hero of Akhavan poetry is the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. Shafiei Kadkani also called or recreated mystical, epic and religious characters together. Many times in his poems, he is looking for Mansour Hallaj to once again give meaning to the concepts of bravery and martyrdom. Also, his new look at prophets like Noah is remarkable.

Layered stylistics is one of the new ways of evaluating and examining literary works, with the help of which literary texts, both poetry and fiction, can be analyzed and analyzed more delicately and accurately. Based on the knowledge of traditional and classical stylistics, this method of stylistics examines and analyzes texts in the five layers of phonetic, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical and ideological. Among the five layers mentioned, the ideological layer examines the work in terms of feelings, beliefs, thought and ideology that it carries in three levels of vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric. Contemporary female storytellers between the 1960s and 1990s, using a kind of protest literature, reflect the problems and social problems of women and the existing shortcomings, which can be well seen in the ideological levels of these stories. The purpose of the upcoming review is to analyze and analyze the ideological level of contemporary stories of female writers in the 80s to 90s

This research will be done in the library method and the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the present research is a selection of contemporary stories by female writers in the 60s to 90s, including Fariba Vafi, Zoya Pirzad, Shahrenoush Parsipour, and Muniro Ravipour.

The findings of the research indicate that among the women writers of the 80s and 90s, according to the selected works of Fariba Vafi, Zoya Pirzad, Shahranush Parsipour and Muniro Roufanipour, language is in the service of inducing ideology to the audience.

According to the stylistic examination of the ideological layer in the works of the mentioned authors, ideology is reflected in all three lexical, syntactic and rhetorical layers. In the lexical layer, the use of words that show the effort to raise the status of women or their sorrow over the pitiful situation of women in society, in the syntactic layer, the use and structure of short and consecutive sentences that show the anxiety and distress of the female character in the story, and in the rhetorical layer, images which is allegorical, ironic, etc., reflecting the opinions, beliefs and ideas of women writers, about the status and conditions of women in the society, can be seen.

Constructivism is one of the important theories of the 20th century that was used in different fields; From anthropology, mythology and psychoanalysis to literary studies. In the literary researches carried out in the late fourteenth century of Iran, we gradually see its use on some of the ancient Persian texts.

This research is based on the library study method following the analysis of scientific-research articles published on this topic in the seventies and eighties and the pathology of the application of the theory of constructivism on ancient texts in them.

The review of the scientific-research articles written in the mentioned time frame shows that the most important damage occurred is the lack of application of theory in many of the mentioned researches; In such a way that most of these articles - even if they have a correct understanding of the foundations and goals of the theory - can be presented in the same way by removing the title and propositions of the constructivist theory. Therefore, the theory has a redundant function in them and has been used only for the apparent validation of the research. Among the other obvious problems, we can mention things like "misunderstanding the basics of the theory", "giving originality to the theory and selecting the text in order to prove it" and "failure to obtain new results".

The use of new theories in the knowledge of ancient texts can create new capacities in the knowledge of texts, but neglecting the aforementioned damages has led to the mass production of articles that are mostly promotional and due to the lack of presenting new achievements, it also affects subsequent research. They haven"t had much.

Characterization and its methods are very important and key topics in modern fiction literature, which, despite its novelty in the field of theoretical debates, has a long-standing presence in Persian verse and prose literature, and can be traced to various extents in ancient fiction works. It is an explanation. One of these interesting and exemplary literary works in terms of characterization is “candle and butterfly” a masnavi by Ahli e Shirazi. Ahli e Shirazi, the master poet of the 9th and early 10th centuries of Hijri, has replaced the human heroes in a love story with animals and elements of nature in this fictional masnawi with a stunning innovation and in a believable way. Ahli has made his story similar to the scene of a play where the characters taken from nature enter one by one and the poet introduces their characters and then leaves them to play their roles. Domestic artistry in this work is not only based on the method of simple and straightforward diagnosis, but it is a broad comparison between human life and the non-human world, which in addition to giving life to the characters themselves, for human belongings such as houses, tents, beds, servants, diseases, death, sigh, etc. also find believable matches in the non-human world.

In this article, a combination of descriptive and analytical methods is used. First, the description of the category of personality and its types and ways of characterizing are discussed, and then the character of the protagonists in the story of Ahli e Shirazi"s “candle and butterfly” and their ways of characterizing are analyzed.

The findings of this article indicate that although the topic of characterization and its methods is new, the master Iranian poets and writers have been aware of it in various ways, unconsciously or based on their progressive ideas, and have used them in their successful stories.

Despite its brevity, “candle and butterfly” is the scene of the presence of various personalities. Some of these characters are static, and some of them undergo diversity and change and are an example of dynamic characters. Also, their presence in the scene of the story is accompanied by appropriate arrangements and justifications that provide their humanity and the believability of their personalities and actions in a successful way.

Qari Abdullah is one of the talented contemporary Persian poets in the realm of Afghanistan. His ghazals have not been examined from a stylistic perspective thus far. The main objective of this research is to analyze the stylistic features of fifty selected ghazals from his collection, exploring their linguistic, literary, and intellectual aspects. The aim is to acquaint readers with the prominent characteristics, poetic structure, and literary persona of this poet.

The present research is a theoretical study that was carried out using the library research method and analytical-descriptive method. The scope and community of study was Qari Abdullah"s collection, which was published by Irfan Publications.

Qari has given a special musicality to his poetry by using pleasant weights, melodious rhymes and lines, repetitions, puns and puns. The use of abstract words, new words, and the use of nominal groups, and little attention to the use of Arabic words and attention to simple sentences and substitutions in the parts of the sentence are important highlights of his speech. At the literary level, the high frequency of additional similes, explicit metaphors, and the abundant use of arrays of proportion, contrast, and exaggeration are interesting. At the intellectual level, one can observe the poet"s tendency towards love, description of nature, mystical and patriotic topics and the reflection of social issues.

The examination of Qari Abdullah"s ghazals in the collection revealed his proficient handling of linguistic, literary, and intellectual elements. Most of his ghazals are composed in the Hazaj and Ramal meters, often being compound verses. The poet"s emphasis on verbal devices such as repetition and refrain is substantial. The usage of Arabic and foreign words is less frequent, while abstract words have a higher frequency in his compositions. The prevalence of simple sentences and declarative language is another characteristic of his ghazals and in terms of image, different types of imaginary images (simile, metaphor, diagnosis and irony of image creation) are mentioned in Qari"s poetry. The most basic topics And the themes in the poet"s sonnets are love, description of nature and mystical topics.

The history of Persian literature has undergone tremendous changes and experienced many ups and downs following political and social developments. In this winding path, the Mashrote era has had a significant impact in various fields, especially in Persian literature. On the other hand, one of the main origins of humor in Persian literature is the Mashrote period. Since humorous literature with the help of carnival is considered a kind of innovation in the Mashrote period, the autopsy of this type of literature and the examination of its characteristics from different aspects and dimensions are of special importance. The effort made in this research is to analyze and examine the elements of carnival humor in the works of Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, Mirzadeh Eshghi and Nasim Shomal.

In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the carnival atmosphere governing Mashrote works according to Bakhtin"s carnival theory, and a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the purpose of the research.

It should be said that in most of the components of carnival humor in the works of these poets, there are examples and applicable materials that show that Mashrote humor can be explained and reconciled with Bakhtin"s theory of carnival humor.

Polyphonic discourse, relativity and juxtaposition of opposite concepts, disobedience to the ruling power, non-religiousness, having a Bohlol personality, Grotesque, and carnival laughter or the laughter of death are the components that are used in humor in the works of these three Mashrote writers. Meanwhile, "Bohlulvar"s character" is the biggest component in the carnival humor of Dehkhoda"s works. Mirzadeh Eshghi has also used "disobedience to the ruling power" more than other components. Nasim Shomal, however, has preferred "polyphonic discourse" over other components.

One of the reliable ways to recognize the opinions, opinions, thoughts and social and political conditions is to know the written works of the past. Revisiting and paying attention to the old version and uncovering the face of these valuable texts can introduce us to a great extent with the various aspects of the thoughts of the authors and their creators and the conditions in which these artists lived. On the other hand, identifying manuscripts and correcting and introducing a work can provide readers and scholars with valuable information about the intellectual and cultural background of a nation in measuring its authenticity. One of the valuable and neglected manuscripts in the history of Iranian literature is the collection of ghazals by Molhasin Khoi, who is devoted to the seeker.The main purpose of this research is to investigate the stylistic features of Mulla Hossein Khoei"s lyrical poetry and to determine the stylistic features of his poems in three linguistic, intellectual and literary levels

In writing this article, the library method and the descriptive-analytical method were used. The version used in Maryam Ghraimi"s doctoral dissertation has been corrected in a comparative manner based on the single version available in the central library of Tabriz

By examining the lyrical works of Mallah Hossein Khoei, it can be pointed out these poetic components and characteristics in his style, that the poet"s style shows the characteristics of the poems of the return period, simplicity, fluency, avoiding obscenity and complexity and sometimes imitating the prominent poets of the past styles such as Hafez, Saeb, Saadi and Is

Salik"s stylistic feature at the phonetic level is the use of most of the widely used prosodic idioms, applying some kind of poetic authority in a tasteful and tasteful way, words and combinations, the use of current lines in an impressive way, at the literary level, the use of arrays of metaphors, similes, irony as Fluent, simple, and quick to understand, along with other creative verbal and spiritual industries, and on the intellectual level, it is abstinence, asceticism, piety, and negation of tolerance

The relationship between literature and social phenomena and events is one of the fields of study in recent years, which has received much attention in literary approaches and cultural studies. To the extent that the sociological criticism of literature has been considered according to theories such as Lukács"s theory, according to the main assumption that social changes and transformations occur in literary works. Sociology of literature and its transformation into a literary approach and theory With the application of George Lukacs" ideas, it took on a scientific and critical form. The theory of "reflection of reality" is the most literary sociological theory of this Hungarian thinker and thinker in literary criticism, which is well demonstrated in the realist style which is a reflection of the nature and totality of society.; Rather, it is a dynamic, deep and true reflection of reality that depicts the author"s mental structure, which is itself a reflection of the society, in its heart. Therefore, the purpose of the upcoming review is to analyze and sociologically analyze the works of one of the prominent and renowned writers of the realist style of Persian literature, namely Gholamhossein Saedi, based on the theory of Lukacs.

This research will discuss and analyze a selection of Gholamhasan Saedi"s stories using the descriptive-analytical method using Lukacs"s theory.

The findings of the research show that Gholamhasan Saedi"s works reflect social issues well.

Saedi has depicted the problems that are plaguing the people of the society in the struggle of modernity developments and the passage of traditional manifestations in most of his stories. Isolation, distress, superstitions, anxiety, loss, lack of concentration are among the common problems in Saedi"s stories. He not only strongly reacts to these conflicts and contradictions, but also attacks the backwardness in the society which is rooted in traditions and false beliefs.

comparative mythology deals with the comparative-systematic investigation of the themes and mythological narratives of different cultures and peoples, especially cultures and peoples that have a common origin, to the ancient myths of this culture. Reconstruct the nations and tribes in a way and in this way achieve their common linguistic, religious and social constructions. One of the significant figures in the field of comparative mythology is Georges Dumzil. His most important achievement in the adaptation of mythology is his functionalist theory, which deals with the three social functions of sovereignty, warfare and abundance in Indo-European myths. The present study tries to answer this question by relying on the theory of three actions: "The similarities of the epic style components in the Iranian verse epics "Khavarannameh and Shahshahnameh" based on the theory of three actions. What are the songs of George Domzil? In recent years, various researches have been conducted in the form of analysis of epic texts, both prose and verse, according to the theory of comparative mythology of the activist Georges Domzil, and most of these researches were based on only one work or a part of it. They are The innovation of this research is in its statistical community and the method of analysis, which for the first time has used all kinds of epic texts (historical, religious) as the basis of the work in order to find out the similarities and differences in the ways of using the components of the epic style in this system. according to the theoretical foundations of the research.

The research was done with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. Considering the main goal of this research, which is the study and analysis of two epic systems in Persian based on the theory of three actions, one system as a religious system "Khavrannameh", and one system as a historical system - Pahlavi "Shahshahnameh" is the basis of analysis.

According to the findings of the research, it seems that in each of the types of "historical-heroic, religious" epic poems, one of the triple actions considered by Georges Domzil has a greater appearance. The main factor in this field is the "worldview governing the work", "content" and "content" of these systems. In both systems, "dreaming and prophesying" is the factor that shapes the flow of the narrative; But it has a different function in each of the systems. In the religious system of "Khavarannameh" which describes the bravery of the Shia leader, the act of fighting/soldier is more prominent. According to the content of this work, elements such as Farrah Yazidi and Ruin-tani have been represented in a different way; In the sense that Khusfi has given these components a holy and divine aspect and the miracle and supernatural power of the hero of the work prevails over other epic aspects of this system. In this system, the action of rulership and the action of abundance/fertility have a very limited expression. According to the content of the work, the actions of rulership and war and bravery are more prevalent in the Shahshahnameh of Saba. As the hero of the narrative, Abbas Mirza fights against foreigners/non-Iranians and is a symbol of the authority and greatness of Iranians.

The results of the research show that according to the religious content of the Khavarannameh system, this work is very different from the Shahshahnameh historical-pahlavi system in terms of the components of the epic style in the activist theory of Georges Dumzil.

Philosophical thinking is a category that helps children to become social human beings and at the same time, people of thinking and analysis, and removes the existing cognitive barriers to a great extent. In fact, by familiarizing children with the components of philosophical thinking, the amount of knowledge and scope of their personal and social understanding grows. Literary texts, especially works written for children, have a tremendous impact in explaining concepts related to philosophical thinking. In the field of Persian literature, many works have been created that have used the components related to this category to explain various human-building and developmental content. In the meantime, Nasrollah Monshi in Kelila and Demneh has taken advantage of these tricks. In the present research, the main and most frequent methods of Nasrollah Monshi in the chapter on milk and cow from the book Kelila and Demneh, which led to philosophical thinking, have been explored in order to answer the question of what were the methods of philosophical thinking in the mentioned chapter of Kelila and Demneh?

This research was done based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

The author has tried to understand various components of philosophical thinking such as: "decision making; Problem solving; analyze; comparison and measurement; questioning; discovery skills; "Argument" and develop these characteristics in the audience, especially children.

The mentioned book has the necessary capacities to represent various individual and group issues for general and special audiences (children) and it is possible to use the intellectual layers hidden in it to indirectly teach philosophical thinking to children.

Death and life have always been two prominent and significant concepts in the view of thinkers, and many contemporary poets of Persian language and literature have looked at the issue of life and death from different perspectives. Among these, the point of view of three prominent female poets after Nima (Simin Behbahani, Forough Farrokhzad and Tahereh Safarzadeh) is of special importance. The main goal of the upcoming research is to explain the views of these poets on the concept of life and death and the impact and evaluation of the qualitative content of their thoughts and feelings in evaluating this issue.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, based on library studies and document analysis. The statistical community of the research includes a selection of the poems of all three poets, in which the categories of life and death are considered.

The research findings indicate that the individual, social, belief and ontological components and propositions are in complete relation with the viewpoint of each of the poets regarding the issue of life and death.

The research results indicate that the concept of life for Forough Farrokhzad with all its charms and beauties is sometimes absurd and meaningless. After being disappointed in love, being away from his child, being dissatisfied with the patriarchal and discriminatory society, Forough must somehow suffer from life and review its boring images every day. Simin is also pessimistic about life and this pessimism is the destruction of individual and social hopes and ideals in the poet"s mind. Safarzadeh is opposed to life and its sufferings, but he considers life and death with religious viewpoints, and this is the reason why he considers death as a kind of holy transcendence and life as a source of happiness.