آدیس کراسکیان موجمباری

Obesity, as a chronic and prevalent disorder, is directly and indirectly associated with many diseases. It is one of the most important fields of study in health psychology. In recent years, people with obesity have shown signs of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and inefficient interpersonal behavior. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are processes that people use to manage stress. So, thoughts and cognitions are essential in managing, regulating, and controlling emotions after experiencing a stressful event. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are among the important aspects of obesity pathology. Therefore, it is considered one of the important diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in psychological interventions for obesity. Interpersonal psychotherapy indicates cognitive, emotional, and affective distress as a result of negative social evaluation, which makes a person suffer from eating disorder symptoms. As a result, it is recommended that thoughts and emotions and inefficiency in social situations be identified, as well as to increase self–esteem and reduce emotional responses that cause eating behavior. This study assessed the efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy on weight loss and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in obese people.

The present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this research comprised obese people who were referred to nutrition clinics located in a specific area of Tehran City, Iran, from November 2017 to February 2018. This research selected 28 eligible volunteers with a body mass index above 29.9 kg/m2 by purposeful sampling and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were assigned to the experimental group (interpersonal psychotherapy, n=13) and control group (n=15). The inclusion criteria in this research were as follows: living in Tehran and being able to participate in group therapy sessions, being willing to cooperate, being between 20 and 50 years old, not suffering from a chronic physical disease, lacking any psychological disorders, and being obese (BMI>29.9 kg/m2). The exclusion criteria were as follows: unwillingness to continue attending intervention sessions and failure to attend group therapy for more than two sessions. Then, after explaining the goals and conditions of the study to the participants, they were assured that while their information remains confidential, they can withdraw from the plan at any stage of the study if they wish. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Then, they completed the demographic and emotional cognitive regulation questionnaires (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007) at the study's beginning and end. Furthermore, the participant's body mass index was measured at the first meeting and at the treatment's end. The intervention group participated in the interpersonal group therapy for ten sessions. Statistical methods included the Chi–square test and analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that interpersonal psychotherapy could reduce body mass index (p<0.001), reduce negative emotional cognitive regulation strategies (p<0.001), and increase positive emotional cognitive regulation strategies (p<0.001).

Interpersonal psychotherapy is an effective way to lose weight and improve cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, this treatment method is recommended to promote the physical and mental health of obese individuals.

The present study was conducted to determine the comparison of happiness and character strengths based on gender and gender role attitudes. This research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of all students of Tehran city was considered in 2021. The sample size in this study was 600 people (296 women) and (304 men). Sampling was done by cluster random method. Data collection using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Argyle, 1989), The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS; Peterson and Seligman, 2004), and Attitude Toward Gender Role Questionnaire (ATGRQ; Kiani et al., 1387) was done. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between gender and happiness, as well as between gender and happiness subscales (P<0.05); Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between gender and the total score of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Other results showed that there was a significant difference between gender attitudes (traditional/egalitarian) and happiness score (P<0.05); In fact, the happiness score of traditional people was significantly higher than egalitarian people. However, there was no significant difference between the two gender attitudes (traditional/ egalitarian) in the field of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that gender does not affect happiness and character strengths; But the traditional gender attitude can lead to more happiness.

The complex nature of the emotional-behavioral problems of homeless teenagers requires the investigation and application of new educational support programs. This research was conducted by examining the role of attachment orientations and spiritual effects in predicting post-traumatic growth in orphaned girls.

The present study was descriptive cross-sectional and correlational. The statistical population included all the unaccompanied teenage girls covered by the Welfare Organization of Tehran in 2022, out of whom 300 were selected by available sampling method. They completed the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory by Tabachenik and Feidel, the Attachment Style Questionnaire by Hazen and Shaver, and the Resilience Questionnaire by Connor and Davidson. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used for data analysis. In this research, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors of the article did not report any conflict of interest.

The results of the research showed that spiritual influences (r=0.65 and P<0.012), secure attachment (r=0.71 and P<0.011), avoidant attachment (r=0.73 and P<0.023), and ambivalent attachment (r=0.70 and P<0.018) have a significant correlation with post-traumatic growth in adolescent girls. Regression analysis showed that about 53% of the variance in post-traumatic growth is explained through the variables of attachment orientations and spiritual effects (R2=0.53). According to beta values, secure attachment (β=0.247 and P<0.011), spiritual influences (β=0.226 and P<0.014), ambivalent attachment (β=0.173 and P<0.026), and avoidant attachment (β=0.159 and P<0.032) were, respectively, the strongest to weakest factors in explaining post-traumatic growth.

According to the obtained results, modifying attachment orientations and strengthening spirituality can play a significant role in post-traumatic growth in teenage girls.

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential mediating effect of suicidal ideation on the relationship between parenting styles, fundamental psychological needs, and adolescents' perceived burdensomeness with non-suicidal self-injury. The research study utilized a descriptive-correlational approach to examine a sample of 420 high school students (188 male and 232 female) selected through cluster random sampling from a larger population of 224,400 male and female high school students in Tehran during the 2019-2020 academic year. Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S), Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PASCQ), and Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) were among the instruments utilized. Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were implemented in SPSS-23 and Amos-23 statistical software, respectively, to analyze the data. Suicidal ideation mediated a significant indirect effect of parenting styles, fundamental psychological needs, and perceived burdensomeness on non-suicidal self-injury, according to the results of structural equation modeling. An additional 44% of the variance in suicidal ideation could be attributed to perceived burdensomeness, fundamental psychological requirements, and parenting styles. Furthermore, a combination of parental styles, fundamental psychological needs, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation accounted for 35% of the variability observed in non-suicidal self-injury. These results suggest that fostering appropriate parenting styles, the satisfaction of fundamental psychological needs, the reduction of perceived burdensomeness, and the addressing of suicidal ideation in adolescents could effectively mitigate non-suicidal self-injury.

Paying attention to the mental state of psychotherapy trainees plays an essential role in preparing students to enter the field of therapy. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy on emotional self-awareness, empathy and self-compassion in psychotherapy trainees.

It was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental and control groups and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the psychotherapist trainees in Tehran in 2021, who were selected by the available sampling method, 30 people and randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people. Data collection was done with emotional self-awareness questionnaire (Rifi et al., 2008), empathy questionnaire (Mehrabian and Epstein, 1972) and self-compassion questionnaire (Neff, 2003). For each of the experimental groups, an intervention program was held in the form of weekly meetings. In addition to descriptive statistics, data analysis was performed with mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that in the post-test period, between the mean scores of emotional self-awareness (p<0.01), empathy (p<0.01) and self-compassion (p<0.01) of the experimental group in the intervention sessions compared to the control group. Statistically, the difference is significant. The effectiveness of short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy was stable over time in the subjects of the experimental groups.

Based on the results of the research, conducting psychological interventions for the preparation of psychotherapy trainees is very important and can be a basis for raising awareness and correctly applying these interventions in psychotherapy trainees.

Being unsupervised has always had negative psychological and educational effects on adolescents, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of resilience and emotional inhibition in the psychological well-being of unsupervised teenage girls in Tehran.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research was all the adolescent girls of the city of Tehran covered by the welfare organization in 2021-2022, and 300 people were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tools included Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience questionnaires, Roger and Nashover's (1987) emotional inhibition and Riff's (1989) psychological well-being questionnaires. Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the relationship between resilience and psychological improvement (r=0.48) is positive and significant, but the relationship between emotional inhibition and psychological improvement (r=0.69) was negative and significant (P<0.05). And the predictor variables explain a total of 67% of the variance of psychological improvement.

The results of the research show the importance of the role of resilience and emotional inhibition in improving the psychological well-being of adolescent girls.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on emotional self-awareness, empathy and self-compassion in psychotherapy trainees.

It was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental and control groups and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research consisted of all female psychotherapist trainees in Tehran in 2021, who were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people. Data collection was done with Rifi et al.'s emotional self-awareness questionnaire (2008), Mehrabian and Epstein's empathy questionnaire (1972), and Neff's self-compassion questionnaire (2003). For each of the experimental groups, a cognitive therapy intervention program based on Bowen and Marlatt (2011) was held in the form of weekly sessions. In addition to descriptive statistics, data analysis was performed with mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

The results showed that in the post-test period, between the average scores of empathy (P<0.001), emotional awareness (P<0.001), and self-compassion (P<0.001) of the company group There is a statistically significant difference between the participants in the intervention sessions compared to the control group. The effectiveness of the two intervention methods was stable over time in the subjects of the experimental groups.

Based on the results of the research, conducting psychological interventions for the preparation of psychotherapy trainees is very important and can be a basis for raising awareness and correctly applying these interventions in psychotherapy trainees.

The aim of present study was comparison the effectiveness of group therapy based on compassion and group reality therapy on psychological hardiness in mothers with autistic children.

The study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with control group. The research population was mothers with autistic children referred to counseling and psychotherapy centers forautistic children of Tehran city in the second half of 2018 year. The research sample was 45 people who were selected by available sampling method and randomly with lottery assignedinto 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. Each of the experimental groups was trained for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, separately with methods of group therapy based on compassion and group reality therapy and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The data were collected with the scale of psychological hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982) and analyzed with the methods of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS software.

The findings showed that both intervention methods of group therapy based on compassion and group reality therapy in compared to the control group led to increase the psychological hardiness and all its three components including commitment, control and challenge in mothers with autistic children and the results remained in the follow-up phase (P<0.05), but between the intervention methods there was no significant difference in the increase of psychological hardiness and all its three components among them (P>0.05).

The results indicated the effectiveness of both intervention methods of group therapy based on compassion and group reality therapy on increasing psychological hardiness and all its three components and no significant difference between them. Therefore, the use of the mentioned methods along with other effective treatment methods can play an effective role in improving the psychological hardiness.

Families of autistic children are strongly influenced by various factors on the parent-child relationship. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and 3 months’ follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all mothers with autistic children who were at level one, who had referred to 8 counseling and psychotherapy centers for children left behind in Tehran in the second half of 2017. The centers were selected according to accessible referral method. The centers were selected according to available referral method. Among them, 45 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly and by lottery were placed in 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Parent-Child Relationship Scale". The content validity of the instrument was measured by qualitative method and the reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After performing 8 sessions of 90 minutes of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" for the intervention groups, the data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.

"Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and “Group Reality Therapy” were effective in parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children P <0.01).  There was a difference between effectiveness on the intimacy subscale and the overall score of the parent-child relationship P <0.01).

"Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" were effective on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children. It is recommended that therapists use "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy " to strengthen and improve the mother-child relationship with autistic children.

Type D personality, a joint tendency toward negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI), is related to attachment style. The purpose of the correlation current study was to investigate the relationship between parents and child attachment styles by the mediating role of type D personality in individuals in Tehran and Alborz provinces.  

The method of this research was correlation analysis. The statistical population included 288 parents and 288 children over 18 years of age who are living in Tehran and Alborz at the time of the study (2020-2021) and were chosen by convenient sampling. Participants filled in Collins & Read Revises Adult Attachment Scale in three dimensions, close, depend and anxiety underlie the three attachment style, as well as parents filled in DS14 which consisted of 14 items, of which 7 items measures each for negative affectivity and social inhibitions. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for relation analysis between variables and linear regression analysis was used for mediated analysis.

Results show a direct correlation between parents and child attachment style. (P<0.01) also, there were no correlations between secure attachment style and type D personality (P<0.05). As well as there were mediating both dismissive-avoidant and anxious-preoccupied attachment styles between parents and children of type D parents’ personalities.

According to the results, the components of Negative affectivity and social inhibition in the type D personality of parents; such as stress, anxiety, unhappiness, negative thoughts about life, fear of rejection or invalidation of emotions, underlie modeling children’s attachment style in dismissive-avoidant and anxious-preoccupied attachment style based on parents’ attachment style.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on anxiety and quality of life in women with breast cancer.

A quasi-experimental design was used to collect pre-test, post-test and follow-up data (three months after) from treatment and control groups. The sample consisted of 30 women with breast cancer in Tehran who had a high score in anxiety after screening. They were selected based on purposive sampling and randomly placed in experimental and control groups of size 15. The experimental group received 12 sessions (50 minutes) of emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg, 2010). The control group did not receive an intervention. Data were collected using Beck Anxiety Inventory and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast Cancer (FACT-B) in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow up, and analyzed using mixed variance analysis.

Results showed significant within and between subject differences (P<0.01) on measures of anxiety and quality of life. Emotion-focused therapy significantly reduced anxiety and increased quality of life in the treatment group relative to the control group. Moreover, post-test and follow-up levels of anxiety and quality of life differed significantly from pre-test levels, but not from each other.

Emotion-focused therapy targeting emotional processing and expression improved [d1] regulation of clients' emotions and can be used as an appropriate intervention method to reduce anxiety and increase quality of life in women with breast cancer.

Women's health is the basis of family and community health. Previous studies showed that one of the factors that leads to the promotion of women's general health is the level of different cognitive and emotional skills. The aim of this study was to compare the acceptance and commitment based therapy and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory and their integration on depressed girls' general health.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all girls referred to psychological centers in Sabzevar in 2019 that of these clients 60 people were randomly selected and divided into 3 experimental groups and 1 control group. Participants in the first intervention group underwent 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, the second one underwent 10 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation of working memory and the third group underwent 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy and 10 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation of working memory.

The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference (p=0/001) between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive rehabilitation of working memory and the combination of these two methods.

The results of the present study showed that the combination of two methods was more effective than acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive rehabilitation by itself.

In recent years in Iran, several studies have examined the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy  in the field of conflict resolving  and enriching the couple's .relationship.The purpose of this study is to integrate the results of previous research and compare the effectiveness of these interventions on marital quality components.

For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a statistical technique to determine, collect, combine and summarize research findings related to the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy on the components of marital quality of couples.The statistical population of the study includes researches conducted in Iran in the field of mentioned psychotherapies . The statistical sample includes research conducted in this field inside Iran. For this purpose, 19 studies were selected.After reviewing 17 researches that were methodologically acceptable, they were analyzed.The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist and CMA software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed the magnitude of the combined effect of the treatments(P <0.01) was equal to r = 0.629, which is equivalent to zr = 0.739 and g = 1.557, and according to Cohen's interpretation table means the size of the effect is large or high. Also, the results did not show a significant difference between the effect size of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy.                                                                   

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy are effective in improving the marital quality components of couples.

Multiple sclerosis is one of the most important debilitating neurological diseases in which the myelin part of the central nervous system is destroyed and causes mental health disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy of emotional schemas on the level of hope of patients with multiple sclerosis.

The present research method was quasi-experimental, and the research design was pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with multiple sclerosis referred to clinics and neurology wards of Shiraz hospitals. Forty patients with multiple sclerosis were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Omid Schneider questionnaire was completed by both groups before the intervention of emotional schemas on the experimental group, after the intervention and 3 months after the intervention. Analysis of covariance and variance with repeated measures were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that group therapy of emotional schemas had a significant effect on hope in patients with multiple sclerosis and increased their hope and this effect lasted after 3 months (p <0.01).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that group therapy of emotional schemas can be an effective psychological intervention to increase hope in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of group emotional schema therapy on self-efficacy and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The research method is semi-experimental, and the research design is pre-test, post-test, follow-up with expanded control group. The statistical population included all patients with rheumatoid arthritis referring to rheumatology clinics and rheumatology departments of Shiraz hospitals. 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned into 3 experimental, placebo and control groups. Sherer General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and McGill Pain Questionnaire were completed by all three groups of participants, before the intervention of emotional Schemas group therapy on the experimental group, after intervention and 3 months later. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), tukey post hoc test, Chi-square test and repeated measures analysis of variance, were used.

The results showed that emotional schemas group therapy had a significant effect on increasing self-efficacy and reducing pain (sensory, emotional, cognitive, miscellaneous and general components) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and their effects remained after 3 months follow up (p <0.05).

 According to findings it can be concluded that emotional schemas group therapy can be used as a useful intervention to increase self-efficacy and decrease pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In recent years in Iran, several studies have examined the effectiveness of acceptance commitment therapy and integrated behavior couple therapy in the field of conflict resolution and fertility of the marital relationship. The aim of this study was to integrate the results of these studies and compare the impact of these interventions on the components of marital quality. For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a statistical technique to determine, collect, combine and summarize research findings related to the effectiveness of acceptance commitment therapy and integrated behavioral couple therapy on the components of marital quality of couples. . The statistical population of the study includes studies conducted in Iran in the field of medicine and the statistical sample includes studies conducted in this field within Iran. For this purpose, 22 studies were selected and after reviewing 17 studies that were methodologically acceptable were selected and analyzed. The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist and CMA software was used to analyze the data. The results showed the magnitude of the combined effect of the treatments (P <0.01) Equivalent to d = 2.513, which is equivalent to g=2.458, and zr=1.075. Also, the results did not show a significant difference between the effect size of treatment based on acceptance commitment therapy and integrated behavior couple therapy. Therefore, it can be said that based on the results of this meta-analysis, couples therapy based on acceptance, commitment and integrated behavior is effective in improving the marital quality components of couples.

Adolescence is a period of human development in which profound changes occur in a person's physical and psychological structure. Professionals have stated that because mental health problems, as well as personality and behavioral patterns of individuals, are difficult to change in adulthood, timely measures to diagnose mental health problems in children and adolescents are one of the main concerns of the mental health system. Obsessive–compulsive disorder is a neurological disorder that affects up to 1% of children and adolescents. Early maladaptive schemas are the deepest cognitive–emotional components that cause obsessions. In schema therapy, which is a modified and integrated form of cognitive therapy, it is assumed that experiences based on neglect and or abuse in childhood can lead to the formation of early maladaptive schemas. So, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of individual schema therapy on obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adolescent girls.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and two months follow–up design with a control group. The study’s statistical population was all female ninth–grade of junior high school students in Ghods City, Iran, in the 2019–2020 academic year. Of whom 30 students were selected by the available sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups: individual schema therapy and control. The inclusion criteria were as follows: living together with both parents, the absence of a probationary semester in the student's record, lacking disabilities, chronic physical illnesses and severe mental illnesses, and not receiving psychotherapy or medication during the past year. The exclusion criterion was the refusal of cooperation. The study subjects answered Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (Hodgson & Rachman, 1977) at the pretest, posttest, and follow–up. Young et al. Schema therapy (2006) was conducted in 12 individual 90–min sessions for the experimental group. To describe the obtained data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) were used. For data analysis, the Chi–square test, analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used in SPSS version 24 software. The significance level of statistical tests was considered 0.05.

The individual schema therapy for the experimental group reduced obsessive–compulsive symptoms compared to the control group (p=0.025). Also, the mean score of obsessive–compulsive symptoms during the study time showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). In the experimental group, a significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the pretest and posttest (p=0.002) and the pretest and follow–up (p=0.001) regarding the variable of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and the non–significance of the averages in the posttest and follow–up stages shows the persistence of this effect in the follow–up (p=0.074).

According to the findings, individual schema therapy effectively and efficiently reduces adolescent obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Therefore, it is suggested to use individual schema therapy to reduce obsessive–compulsive symptoms of teenage girls, especially in schools.

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is designed to help patients identify and process their emotions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emotion-focused therapy on improving depression and self-compassion in women with breast cancer.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a 3-month follow-up. The sample consisted of 30 women with breast cancer in Tehran who had a depression score of >17 at screening and were selected via purposive sampling and randomly placed in experimental and control groups of 15. The experimental group underwent EFTover twelve 50-minute individual sessions according to the Greenberg emotion-focused therapy protocol. Research data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Self-compassion Scale before, after, and 3 months after the end of treatment. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures two-way ANOVA.

The experimental group scored significantly higher in self-compassion and lower in depression in the posttest compared with the pretest. In the follow-up assessment, depression scores were as low as the posttest levels, but self-compassion scores decreased relative to the posttest; however, they remained significantly above the pre-test levels. In the control group, both depression and self-compassion scores were stable over time.

EFT can be used as an appropriate intervention to reduce depression and increase self-compassion significantly and enduringly in women with breast cancer.

The purpose of the correlation current study was to investigate the relationship attachment styles between parents and children by the mediating role of Emotional Reactions (depression, anxiety, and stress) in individuals in Tehran and Alborz provinces.

In the present study 288 individuals (n= 167 mothers and n=121 fathers) with mean age= 49.68, and their children (girls n =153, boys n =135) with mean age=23.94 were chosen by convenient sampling. Participants filled in Collins & Read Revises Adult Attachment Scale as well as Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) performed for parents.

For relation analysis between variables used Pearson correlation coefficient also linear regression analysis used for mediated of analysis. Results show there is a direct correlation between the attachment styles of parents and children. (P<0.01) As well as anxiety was mediating between secure attachment styles of parents and children.

Anxiety is effective in correlation between secure attachment style of parents and children.

 Psychological factors play an important role in the etiology of AIDS. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness based on stress reduction and spiritual therapy on the number of CD4 cells in AIDS patients.

The statistical population of this clinical study included AIDS patients in Shahriar health centers in 2018. Using the convenient method, 45 people were selected and replaced in 3 groups of 15 cases (two experimental groups and one control group). Then, stress-based mindfulness therapy group and spirituality-therapy group were performed in 8 ninety minute-sessions and the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 23.

Mindfulness based on stress reduction and spiritual therapy had a significant effect on increasing CD4 in AIDS patients. However, the effect of mindfulness based on stress reduction on CD4 cell proliferation was greater than spiritual therapy.

It seems that stress-based mindfulness and therapeutic spirituality have been effective in increasing CD4 cell count and can be used in patients with AIDS along with medical treatment.

The aim of study was to evaluate The psychometric characrteristics of the Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) in Iranian society This study was from descriptive_type research The  study. Sample consisted of 542 students(280 female and 262 male). Selected in randomly multi_step random students of Karaj Azad University In order to answer the reserch questions analyses of classical psychometric Theory incoluding analysis of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with principal components were used Also to check The validity of the scale Some methods were used in coluding The correlation between The total score andSubscale criterion _referenced validity And cronbach’s alpha coefficiend to estimale the In ternal consistency and tables of norm scale for Presenting the Z sigma _aligned scores The T score and rating percentin SPSS software. The results showed that exploratory Factor analysis and confirmatory factor Analysis showed The Validity of The Brief Core Schema Scales in the Iranian community The results of this study Confirmed the crite rion_refernced Validity Of dissociative Experiences scule of Juveniles in Iran.Estimated coefficients showed reliability of scale and Subscales in both dimension of in ternal in both dimension, of internal consistency  and reliability. Also regarding the results of Comparison of juveniles Dissociative Experiences scores and subscalein Gender .

 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune, and progressive disease associated with the inflammation of the central nervous system due to demyelination. Despite the numerous biological investigations about MS patients by Iranian researchers; however, only a few studies have addressed disability in patients with MS, mainly focusing on its physical aspects, not the psychological ones. Further, some studies outlined a significant association between psychological resources and physical functions in patients with MS. The multi–process model of integrative self–regulation and sense of coherence has formulated two sets of integrative, psychological resources. The present study aimed to investigate the associations of integrative self–regulation processes, including integrative self–knowledge, self–control, self–compassion, mindfulness, and sense of coherence dimensions, including comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness, with disability in patients with MS.

 The present cross–sectional, analytical, and the fundamental study was conducted in 2019 in various service centers for patients with MS in Tehran and Qom Cities, Iran. The study population included patients with MS living in Tehran and Qom. The statistical sample included 452 patients with MS living in Tehran and Qom. The study's inclusion criteria included the definitive and documented diagnosis of MS by a neurologist, aged 18 to 60 years, the ability to communicate in Persian effectively, and providing informed consent forms. Patients who underwent psychotherapy during the study, whose diagnosis of MS was not definitive, developed obvious cognitive and mental disabilities, underwent spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia surgery over the past month. Severe and chronic comorbidities (e.g., psychotic disorders & cancer illness) and for the past 6 months were involved in divorce/separation, and the loss of first–degree relatives was excluded from the study. A convenience sampling method was used for data collection. The sample was gathered via a multi–center approach to reach a representative sample. The required data were collected by Determined Disease Stages (PDDS) (Learmonth et al., 2013), Orientation to Life Questionnaire–13 (OLQ–13) (Antonovsky, 1987), Integrative Self–knowledge Scale (ISK) (Qorbani et al., 2008), Brief Self–Control Scale (BSCS) (Tangney et al., 2004), Self–Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) (Raes et al., 2011), and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) (Brown e& Ryan, 2003. Statistical analysis at two levels of descriptive statistics (including mean, standard deviation, frequency, & percentage) and inferential statistics (including Pearson correlation test & hierarchical multiple regression tests) was performed in SPSS.

 The obtained results revealed that disability with meaningfulness in life (r= 0.10, p<0.05), integrative self–knowledge (r=–0.13, p<0.01), self–control (r=–0.12, p<0.01) and self–compassion (r=–0.12, p<0.05) indicated a marginally significant relationship. In predicting disability, in addition to the contextual variables of age (β=0.35, p<0.001) and gender (β=0.24, p<0.001), only the self–compassion (β=–0.17, p=0. 007) played a predicting role.

 The disability of MS may not be associated with a severe reduction in integrative psychological resources, as opposed to other studies. However, future studies with longitudinal and intervention designs to investigate the causal relationships and patient benefit can target integrative self–regulation processes, especially compassion for patients themselves.

Severe anxiety and depression lead to deficits in executive functions and cognitive abilities have a detrimental effect on working memory capacity and reduce its efficiency. Also, cognitive dysfunction will lead to depression and anxiety. One of the indirect methods used to improve the level of various cognitive skills is cognitive computer games. Cognitive rehabilitation of working memory is a way to restore lost cognitive capacities, which is done by exercises and providing purposeful stimuli and its purpose is to improve the individualchr('39')s cognitive function. Acceptance and commitment therapy, which is used to treat depression and anxiety, focuses on accepting pain rather than avoiding and suppressing distressing factors based on personal values. This intervention aims to create more flexible responses to lifechr('39')s challenges, pain, and acceptance of symptoms instead of eliminating them themselves. This study aimed to compare the acceptance and commitment-based therapy and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory on anxiety and depression in single girls aged 25 to 35. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group.

The statistical population of this study included all girls referred to psychological and counseling centers in Sabzevar in 2019. Forty-five people were randomly selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Participants in the present study were evaluated for pre-test-post-test-follow-up and answered the Four Anxiety Systems Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants of the two intervention groups underwent eight acceptance and commitment-based therapy sessions and ten sessions of rehabilitation cognitive rehabilitation of working memory.

The present study results showed that both therapies based on acceptance, and commitment and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory compared to the control group had a reducing effect on anxiety (P=0.001) and depression (P=0.001). In comparison between acceptance and commitment-based therapy and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory in affecting the anxiety variable, it has been observed that acceptance and commitment-based therapy has been more effective than cognitive rehabilitation of working memory in reducing anxiety in girls.

The findings revealed that interventions, acceptance and commitment-based therapy and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory are effective in reducing anxiety and depression in girls, and acceptance and commitment-based therapy has been more effective than cognitive rehabilitation of working memory in reducing girlschr('39') anxiety. One of the practical implications of the present study is the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy and cognitive rehabilitation of working memory on anxiety and depression and its correlations, so it is suggested that these therapies be used to treat anxious and depressed people. Today, cognitive rehabilitation of working memory is more widely used due to the side effects of taking drugs and their high cost. Also, it seems that cognitive computer games are a new chapter in developing the skills of anxious and depressed people in early interventions and can affect their cognitive, behavioral, and emotional skills. Therefore, enriching the environment and laying the groundwork for cognitive computer games will help grow and improve executive functionality.
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Depression and anxiety are among the major problems that occur to adolescents during the teenage years and require special attention. The structural and psychological changes that occur during adolescence are major developmental crises. Professionals have also stated that mental health problems, as well as personality and behavioral patterns of individuals, are difficult to change in adulthood; thus, timely measures to diagnose mental health conditions in children and adolescents are among the main concerns of the mental health system. Schema therapy assumes that experiences based on neglect and abuse in childhood can form early maladaptive schemas. Schema therapy is performed in two modes; individually and in the group. Moreover, evaluating the effectiveness of each model seems to be helpful to more promptly reach the therapeutic applications of this approach. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of individual and group schema therapy on depression and anxiety in female adolescents.

This was a quasi–experimental research with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study was all female 9th–grade high school students in Ghods City, Iran, in the 2019–2020 academic year. Of them, 45 students were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into 3 groups, as follows: individual schema therapy, group schema therapy, and control. The inclusion criteria of the present study were living together with both parents and the absence of a conditional semester in the student's resume. The exclusion criteria of the study included disabilities and chronic physical illnesses, severe mental illnesses, receiving psychotherapy or medication over the past year, and refusing to continue cooperation. The study subjects completed Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988) at pretest and posttest phases. Young et al.’s schema therapy package (2006) was conducted in 12 individual sessions and 12 group sessions, each lasting 90 minutes per experimental group. In the present study, descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test were applied in SPSS to analyze the obtained data. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The present study results suggested that after eliminating the pretest effects for depression and anxiety, there was a significant difference in posttest scores between the study group of group–based schema therapy, individual schema therapy, and control (p<0.001). Individual and group schema therapy reduced the explored adolescents’ depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p<0.001), compared to the controls; however, there was no significant difference between the groups of individual and group schema therapy concerning depression (p=0.810) and anxiety (p=0.293).

The obtained data indicated that schema therapy, both individually and in groups, is effective in reducing depression and anxiety among adolescents.

Present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on cognitive abilities of students with type D personality.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest, posttest and follow-up design with control group. The research population was students with type D personality of institute applied science higher education of Semnan Jahad University in 2017-18 academic years. After examining type D personality among students number of 70 people were selected and from them 30 people were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. The experimental group 12 sessions of 90 minute underwent group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and the control group did not see any training. Data were collected by type D personality scale (Denollet, 2005) and cognitive abilities (Nejati, 2013) and analyzed with chi-square, repeated measures and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS-19 software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not significant difference in terms of marriage and education level (P>0.05). Also, the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment improved cognitive abilities and all its dimensions including memory, inhibitory control and selective attention, decision making, planning, sustain attention, social cognition and cognitive flexibility and the treatment results were maintained in the follow-up stage (p < 0.05).

According to the results, planning is necessary for the use of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to improve the characteristics of students with type D personality. As a result, therapists and clinical psychologists can use group therapy based on acceptance and commitment along with other treatment methods to improve cognitive characteristics