آرمان زرگران

Background and Purpose:

Qarabadins are one of the most important and valuable sources of pharmacy written throughout history of Persian medicine. In this regard, the aim of this study is to introduce and study the structure and content of Shams al-Din Muhammad Jilani's Qarabadin, as one of these compilations. 

In this review and library study, the biography of Shams al-Din Muhammad Jilani has been studied using first-hand sources and manuscripts. Subsequently, referring to the text of Jilani's Qarabadin, an attempt was made to examine its structure and content. 

Shams al-Din Muhammad Jilani was a physician of the Safavid era who immigrated to India. In addition to the above-mentioned Qarabadin, he has composed a book on single drug monographs (Advieh Mofradeh) and a commentary on the book of Qani wa Mani, which was written by Abu Mansour Hussein ibn Noah Qamari al-Bukhari. According to Shams al-Din Muhammad Jilani in the aforementioned Qarabadin, he was the first to formulate Kafur tablet, Leman Yabul fi al- Farash (Enuresis) tablet and Bryoma suppositories.

The school of PersianMedicine(PM) has a history of ten thousand years and the reason for such a long-term persistence of it in the world medical scene is its intellectual originality plus outstanding ideas and important basic and clinical experiences. In this articlecategories of theories and ideas which have been presented in the PM sources are briefly mentioned.

This article has been prepared by reviewing the available resources of Iranian medicine and content analysis of them.

Five categories of theories and ideas have been presented in the PM sources:I. Hakim, a two-dimensional physician: In the past, Hakim was someone who encompassed all intellectual and argumentative sciences and paid attention to human beings and medicine from a material and spiritual point of view.
II. Paying attention to spiritual medical ethics: Addressing medical ethics based on spirituality is another important issue that plays anessential role in the prevention and treatment of diseases.III. Health-oriented: Maintaining health is a major part of traditional PM, the main purpose of PM is to prevent people from getting sick.IV. Spiritual medicine and spiritual health: According to PM, dealing with spirituality is another important issue that plays a key role in staying healthy and preventing diseases by strengthening administrator power.V. Rational treatment

PM prioritizes treatment with management of lifestyle especially nutrition. Medication and manual procedureare the next steps.

 Categories of theories and ideas which have been presented in the PM sources will effectively guide the way of thinking and medical knowledge both in Iran and the world.

Persian Medicine, based on its own philosophy and principles, is a set of theoretical and practical sciences that have been used by Iranian scholars in different ages to maintain health and prevent and cure the diseases. Iranians have had a significant impact on the evolution of ancient medicine compared to other medical schools. So much has been added to this knowledge by the Iranian physicians by obtaining medical knowledge from the Oriental and Western scholars. Many articles have been written about Iranian theoretical and practical medicine so far. But, Persian medicine is not in the position of a known "school" such as Greek, Chinese, and Indian schools of medicine. It seems that Persian medicine has been a successor to other medical civilizations; however, no satisfactory definition of the school of Persian medicine and its characteristics has been provided so far.

 This research has introduced and identified the most important features of the School of Persian Medicine. Its aim is to study the characteristics of Persian medicine as a medical school.

Persian medicine is one of the influential schools of medical knowledge. With its independent elements, it has had a high position in flourishing of science in the ancient world. According to historical evidence, medicine has been transferred from Iran to Greece. Based on the common characteristics of different scientific schools, the most important elements of Persian medicine are philosophical background, medical education, scientific clinical method, pioneers, and medical works.

Considering the results of this research which had a descriptive-analytical approach, it can be said that Persian medicine has the characteristics of an independent medical school.

Baths have therapeutic functions in Iranian medicine.. This paper, using descriptive-analytical method and using authoritative sources, sought to answer the fundamental question of what therapeutic function of the bathroom was. The findings also suggest that baths have been used in two areas of prevention and treatment of the disease. What this research emphasizes is that the bath and its various methods improve the health of people. Baths are used to treat various illnesses including fever, gynecological diseases, eye diseases, stroke treatment, and so on. A look at the results of this study shows that Iranian physicians believed that the bathroom had a special place in the field of prevention and preservation of the balance of the womb as well as in the field of treatment

The general health poilices (GHP) that have been announced by the supreme leader of Iran is a systemic and futurographic approach to all fields of Iranian health.  GHP clause 12th: "Interpretation of 12th clause of general health policies: recognition, explanation, promotion, development and institutionalization of traditional Persian medicine" is merely devoted to Persian medicine (PM). The aim of this study was to interpret this clause in a thicktank which is formed by researcher and specialists of PM. In the first step, critical concepts of GHP 12th clause were studied according to the upstream national documents and international search engines and libraries without time limitation. In the second step, in an interview with PM politicians, administerators, specialists and stakeholders, general interventions are gathered, categoried and interpreted. Finally, proposed interventions are presented. Here, 14 concepts of GHP 12th clause are defined and 68 interventions are proposed. In this study, PM related GHP are interpreted in a wide field: promotion, education, research, import, export, technology and production. Such interpretation will result in integration of traditional and conventional medicines, preventing forgery claims in PM and presenting new opportunities for conventional medicine.

Myths are truth-based narratives that exist in most nations with a lot of similarities and, of course, with minor differences. These stories are studied for recognition of the opinions, beliefs and the culture of a horde. Since the late nineteenth century, mythology has been recognized as one of the branches of science. In many tribes such as ancient Iran, the belief of vegetation of human and animals can be seen. The mythology of creation is based on the contrast between the noble Ahuraei and the devilish evil forces. At first, Ahuramazda creates all the universes in health and perfection; sky, water, earth, plant, animal and human. Ahriman attacks these creatures and causes illness and death. Ahouramazda, rose up to contradict and the plant grew up from mythical cattle organs and Mashya and mashyana also grew up from Kiomars sperm. These materials can be traced and examined from three perspectives of first-hand sources such as Bundaheshn, Selection of Zadaspram, etc., mythological sources and later research. According to these sources, and with a look at the myths of creation in ancient Persia, the creation of animals and humans from the vegetation can be deduced. In ancient Persia, like many other tribes, there existed a belief of creation of humans and animals from plants.

Persian Medicine (PM) references contain valuable information which can be useful for health preservation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and can promote health in society. Introducing this school of medicine to the medical community requires a set of valid English equivalents to communicate PM’s fundamental concepts. This study gathers the most frequent words in PM in three forms: Persian name, English or Latin name and Persian name with English spelling, and finally a uniform English and Persian name is suggested for every word. “Iranian Scientometric Information Database – ISID” were used to find those researchers in PM and Persian pharmacy who have a PhD degree and an H-Index equal or more than 4. Then all of their review articles about PM indexed in Scopus were analysed to pinpoint the frequent words of basic principles in PM. An expert panel of five including PM and Persian pharmacy specialists, and an English language specialist decided about the best word as the final suggestion for each concept. There were 17 researches with 478 articles 77 of which were review articles. Totally 62 words were taken out of these articles. In addition, the experts decided to add 18 more words to the list. This study provides a fairly exhaustive list of words of basic principles in PM. Using these words in future studies can contribute to the uniformity of the key vocabulary in PM articles.

Background and Purpose:

There is a separate chapter for heart diseases in most basic textbooks of Persian medicine such as the Canon of Avicenna. Although nineteen heart diseases are discussed in the related section, heart problems encompass a wide variety of disorders in Persian medicine. This is because the heart is the center of innate heat (Hararat-e-Gharizi) which influences all body functions. Cardiac drugs in this medical school have antidote and anti-depressive effects. In spite of its importance, the cardiac examination has not been discussed collectively in a systematic approach in Persian medicine. We tried to do that in this article.

Methods and Materials:

This article is a library based study. Persian medicine textbooks and its related articles in current databases were searched for the heart examination. Meanwhile, in current medicine, cardiovascular textbooks, as well as databases, were studied with keywords such as heart examination. Both findings were combined with the article.

The most complete explanation of cardiac evaluation belongs to Avicenna in his third volume of the famous book, the Canon of medicine. He mentions that the heart should be evaluated from eight perspectives.

Heart has a wider sense and larger domain of evaluation in Persian medicine than current medicine. Cardiac evaluation pathway in Persian medicine could be integrated with current medicine and presented as an algorithm for a fast and less mistakable approach to cardiac examination by Persian medicine practitioners.

Background and Purpose:

The role of nutrition in traditional medicine and medical history shows its special status in preserving and, in case of illness, restoring health. One of the appropriate and healthy meals in traditional Iranian tablecloth is Âbgušt (broth). Âbgušt (Arabic: ماءاللحم) is also one of the traditional medicines in Persian medicine used for curing the patients. This meal is used in traditional medicine both as food and medicine. Iranian scholars have written about its significance and nutritional value in separate articles and theses. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the ideas of various experts regarding the method of cooking different types of chicken meat and its role in preserving and restoring the health of the body. In this regard, as a sample, some parts of the book of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy) is introduced and explained.

Methods and Materials:

The study was conducted via the library research method. Investigating those medical books of the Islamic period which consider medicinal aspects of Âbgušt, the manuscript of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy) was introduced.

The research was conducted via a descriptive-analytical method and with a review of the Persian medicine sources in Islam and Iran, especially the independent book of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy). Results of this study showed how many Iranian physicians have emphasized the role of different types of Âbgušt in preserving health and curing illnesses.  

In Safavid era¡ Ottoman rulers were interested in science and culture¡ and there were always Iranian physicians¡ astronomers¡ scholars¡ artists and poets in their courts. Although there were always wars between most Ottoman sultans and the Safavid kings¡ they could not prevent Iranian culture from influencing that land. At the same time¡ artists and scholars went to other countries¡ including the country of Ottoman Empire for fame¡ and besides¡ despite the wars with Safavid rulers¡ sultans of Ottoman attempted to bring Iranian scientists and artists to their land. In the meantime¡ two Iranian doctors¡ who happened to be father and son named Hakim Muhammad Sabzevari and Hakim Ghiaseddin Sabzevari¡ entered Ottoman Empire territory¡ and made scientific works and medical care in Ottoman Court; these two Iranian physicians are studied in this paper.

University and hospital of jundishapour, located in a city with the same name in southwest of Iran was built by Shapour I, the king of Sassanid dynasty as greatest scientific center in ancient world. It was one of the main scientific centers during the Sassanid kingdom and after them in Islamic era for centuries and was a civilization gate from ancient Iran to Islamic period. Building scientific centers and teaching hospitals in Islamic era were based on this center as a template and also with transferring Jundishapours’ physicians to Baghdad. But, some researchers doubt the existence of such center in Jundishapour because of lack of information about it until al-Qiftie’s writings in 13th century AD. In this regard, they are answered in this paper with considering the evidences in Islamic and Sassanid Pahlavic documents and also because of no any replacement for Jundishapour as template for building hospitals and research centers in Islamic era.

Research is considered axis of each progressing and scientific development. Scattered studies without any logical plan won’t lead to the desired results. Research prioritization in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is more necessary because of limited resources and manpower.This study was conducted in four phases with Delphi’s pattern of study. At the first stage, it was consulted from TIM departments at universities in Iran about research priorities. Conclusion of these priorities due to scoring to them was sent for 160 experts and assistants of traditional medicine, in two phases. For the last step, results of previous steps and conclusion of two phases of scoring were reviewed by the outstanding masters of TIM. The result was categorized, concluded and then presented in table form.81 topics were determined as research priorities after the conclusion of all comments. These topics are categorized in 4 areas. 3 topics in the area of “Hefz-al-Sehhah” (Maintaining the health), 12 subject in the area of “effective factors on sustainable development of Traditional Medicine”, 3 topics in “Basics of TIM “ and 65 subjects in the field of “diseases”.It is proposed that the arrangement of research priorities be considered in “Hefz-al-Sehhah”, “effective factors on sustainable development of Traditional Medicine”, “Basics of TIM” and “diseases” consequently. We recommend that research groups in the proposed areas to be formed, designing a research strategy for each area by sequential studies to achieve definite goals. It is suggested that research policy-making entities in the field of TIM and also related scientific associations, use these research priorities as the basis for moral and financial support.

The existence and quality of medical system among various civilizations has demonstrated the importance of that tribes and medical capabilities of them. One of these systems was Shiraz Medical School which historians and scholars have been less attention to it. Scientific school of Shiraz was label as a Dar-ol Elm and by having scientific schools، hospitals and medical centers and equipped libraries gained international reputation. The great scholars and scientists began to foot in this field that have developed new ways and cause medical progress and prosperity. On previous number of this publication we review the medical school from Al-bouyeh period to beginning of Safavid dynasty، in this research continue to review and analysis the medical school from Safavid dynasty to the end of Qajar.

The history of hospitals in Iran goes back to about 1700 years ago. Hospitals are created by Persians in history of Medicine and developed in Islamic golden age. Consideration about patient rights in Hospitals as an important historical factor can help to shed light of Iran and Islam role in medical development during the history. In this article، patient rights in hospitals throughout the history of Iran and Islam were considered، including 1) educational and medical roles of hospitals، 2) hospital parts، 3) hospital locations، and 4) treatment for different social classes. According to findings، attention to patient rights in Persian and Islamic hospitals، unlike of Europe were very important and many of their procedures in this field can be useful in current medicine.