فهرست مطالب احسان رسولی نژاد

Economic development is considered one of the key yet elusive concepts in the field of economics. Russia has, throughout previous centuries, contemplated the trajectory of its development and has undergone rapid or gradual processes under various temporal challenges. The objective of composing this article is to conduct a multidimensional analysis of economic development in the Russian Federation during 2000-2022, considering the question: "Given the external crises in the past two decades, which facet of Russia's economic development has experienced more pronounced progress?" In response to this question, a hypothesis is posited that the speed of welfare-oriented economic development should receive greater attention from the Russian federal government due to the socio-economic conditions in Russia. In this article, an innovative conceptualization of economic development is undertaken, encompassing three facets: energy-oriented economic development, knowledge-oriented economic development, and welfare-oriented economic development. Utilizing the principal component analysis method and radar chart to analyze the trends of these three facets, the results indicate that both energy and knowledge dimensions of Russia's economic development have shown increasing trends from 2000 to 2022. However, the welfare dimension in the country has experienced a declining trend during this period. Moreover, the highest growth rate in the dimensions of economic development is attributed to the knowledge dimension, with its value escalating from 1.74 in 2000 to over 5.78 in 2022. This significant surge in the knowledge dimension signifies Russia's entry into a knowledge-oriented development over the past two decades. This development, grounded in information and communication technology, has the potential to bring about profound changes that transcend geographical and temporal constraints, bestowing the gifts of development across the geographical expanse of the country. The findings underscore the transformative trajectory of Russia's economy toward knowledge-centric modalities, indicative of a significant evolution in the nation's developmental ethos over the specified period.

The Russian economy relies heavily on the export of raw materials, making it vulnerable to the political decisions of its client countries. Russia has a history of tensions with the West and periods of cooperation with it have been short-lived. Significant events such as the global economic crisis in 2007-2008 and the political confrontation with the West that led to economic sanctions have had a profound impact on the Russian economy. The most recent manifestation of these differences appeared during the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022. Iran, which is heavily dependent on oil exports, has been facing Western sanctions for many years. These sanctions have led to a decline in the government’s income and a decrease in the value of the currency for Iran. This situation has limited access to global financial systems and has posed challenges to the international trade.To counter the impact of Western sanctions, Iran has adopted an anti-sanctions economic model that prioritizes domestic production and investment in infrastructure projects. Iran’s goal is to achieve economic growth by focusing on strengthening the domestic market and reducing reliance on foreign trade amid external pressures. Gaining insights from other countries with similar economic structures that have successfully implemented anti-sanctions models can provide valuable lessons for Iran's efforts. This article examines Russia’s experiences, which can benefit Iran’s efforts and examines appropriate anti-sanctions models for Iran.

Research question: 

What lessons can Iran learn from Russia's economic resistance and its ability to resist Western sanctions?

Research hypothesis: 

In response to Western sanctions, Russia has implemented import substitution and turned to the East. Inspired by China's successful “Made in China-2025” model, this approach could prove effective for Russia. Similarly, Iran needs a well-thought-out long-term strategy to build a robust anti-sanctions economy. Using Russia's experience and adopting the “Made in China-2025” policy can be a valuable plan for Iran's economic development.

Methodology and theoretical framework: 

The research method is qualitative and the data is collected by referring to articles and scientific sources. There are various definitions of economic sanctions and their conceptual frameworks in academic literature. For example, Knobel examines the historical development of theories on economic sanctions over the past century to address questions about their objectives, motivations, effectiveness, and consequences. Anton Flipenko offers two views on the definition of economic sanctions: Realism and Liberalism. In the liberal view, he identifies two approaches - Cosmopolitanism and Authoritarianism.

After the Ukraine crisis, Russia faced sanctions that threatened its economy. However, policies such as “import substitution” and “pivot to the east” helped Russia mitigate the damage. Similar strategies are used around the world to boost economic development and protect against shocks and sanctions. Notable policies include India's “Made in India”, Germany's “Industry 4”, America's “Buy American and hire American”, and China's “Made in China-2025”. According to the economic, political, geographical, and cultural conditions of Russia, China’s approach can serve as a model for overcoming development challenges. This model may benefit Iran's economy, which is facing problems caused by oil dependence and sanctions. Iran and Russia share similarities in their reliance on natural resources like oil and gas, facing government oversight, international sanctions, economic volatility, crises, and the desire to diversify their economies while dealing with bureaucracy and corruption that hinder efficiency.The slowdown in China's economic growth rate in 2015 prompted the government to act to accelerate development. This included the introduction of a series of government programs and schemes. One of these programs, “Made in China-2025”, was unveiled in 2015. It outlined the tasks related to advanced technologies, the development of Chinese brands, and the promotion of service-oriented production over a ten-year period. The plan’s main focus is on innovation, filling gaps in key sectors, prioritizing quality, promoting “green manufacturing”, attracting talented employees, and building Chinese brands. China has emphasized ten key sectors in its construction program, all designed to meet global and domestic needs. By relying on these sectors, China’s goals are to strengthen its economic capacity.Given the above information, “Made in China-2025” program can serve as a model for the Russian economy. In response to economic sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union, Russia has prioritized import substitution and increased support for domestic production and localization of industry. Russia can make significant progress by following the example of China. Furthermore, as Russia's need for new technologies continues to grow, it is considering a shift toward smart and digital products to align with global economic trends. In this research, we concluded that this model can be effective for Iran as well.

Russia has implemented the so-called “turning to the east” and “import substitution” policies to deal with the sanctions. East Asian countries have imposed less economic sanctions against Russia, making this policy a viable solution. Iran, which is rich in oil and under sanctions, can learn from Russian model and prioritize operational experiences in its plans. To overcome economic challenges caused by sanctions, Iran needs to implement import substitution, turn to the east, and design a long-term development policy. China's “Made in China 2025” program can be effective for Iran with the necessary adaptations. One of the strategies to reduce Western sanctions in Iran is to adopt global development models such as China’s “Made in China 2025” plan. This plan focuses on China’s position as a global leader in high-tech industries, robotics, and transportation using new fuels, aircraft manufacturing and more. By following this approach, Iran can create a long-term strategy to counter Western sanctions while adapting it to its own conditions.

War and crisis are two abhorrent and unfortunate terms deeply ingrained in the annals of human history. Over the ages, nations have engaged in prolonged conflicts for various reasons and pretexts, resulting in the loss of countless lives both on the battlefield and among civilians. However, viewing war as a tool within the realm of international relations and defense sciences, it becomes evident that the repercussions of military tensions between nations hold immense significance for scholarly research. The specter of war casts a profound and far-reaching crisis upon the nations directly involved and even beyond, leading to diverse cultural, political, economic, and legal ramifications. It's crucial to emphasize that these effects unfold over both short-term and long-term timelines. In the short term, the impact of war on inter-state dynamics is noticeable and often predictable. Conversely, its indirect effects on various aspects of people's lives manifest with delay and prove difficult to control. In recent years, one of the paramount military tensions that plunged the world into an undeniable crisis was Russia's special military operation in Ukraine commencing from February 2022. This operation, having a global scope, bears immense importance for study due to its yet unknown consequences. In the Journal of Countries Studies, the winter issue of the year 1401 was dedicated to a special focus on the crisis in Russia and Ukraine. Among the submissions received, six carefully peer-reviewed articles covering a range of topics were selected for publication.

Examining the export market of Iranian goods to the markets of the Eurasian Economic Union member countries has become important and necessary since 2018 due to the importance of this union for Iran and the implementation of the temporary preferential trade agreement between Iran and this union. In line with this need and necessity, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of expanding the export of Iranian goods to the member countries of this union using the annual data of 2015-2020 through Allen, UNCTAD, simple trade potential, comparative advantage and Drissdell indexes. The research findings show an increase in the intensity and possibility of expanding exports from Iran to the Eurasian Economic Union market since 2015. However, this is not the case for all goods, and some items such as heading 08 (nuts and edible fruits) have higher export potential than other goods. The results of the study also indicate that Iran's export potential to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is neglected, which also needs to be examined in more depth.

This article aims to evaluate the efficiency and prioritization of Iran's accession to the two economic institutions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union using the combined method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) - analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results show that with regard to the geographical area, labor force population, GDP and inflation as inputs to the economy, as well as the volume of trade with the world, the degree of trade openness and the degree of financial openness as three outputs, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has a better score than the Eurasian Economic Union during the years 2000-2018. Therefore, it is suggested that capacities and negotiations for permanent membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization be given priority in Iran's foreign trade policies.

One of the major issues at present in the Iranian economy is a greater regional convergence to increase trade and economic potential under Western sanctions. As a developing economy, Iran needs to multilateralize trade relations with other economies in the world in order to make good use of other countries' production advantages. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to examine more closely the issue of Iran's multilateralism in foreign trade with a focus on the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. To do this research, the method of performance evaluation based on Balanced Scorecard and ranking of options based on TOPSIS technique (TOPSIS) is used. The results of this study show the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's better rank than the Eurasian Economic Union for joining Iran on the basis of four areas of financial performance, internal market, internal process, growth and learning. It seems that the emergence of three emerging economies, including China, India and Russia, in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization will create more business opportunities for the Iranian economy than the Eurasian Economic Union, which operates solely on Russian political influence.

Today, the need to implement multilateralism and regionalism in foreign trade is one of the priorities of the economic policies of different countries of the world. Given the economic sanctions imposed by the United States, Iran also needs to take steps towards obtaining synergy with other world economies and make better use of the manufacturing opportunities found in other countries. The purpose of this article is to provide a more detailed comparative study of Iran's multilateral foreign trade strategy with a focus on the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The research method used in this article was the analytical-descriptive method and the Hierarchical Analysis (AHP) technique was employed. The results of this study show that, the expansion of cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union and joining them is more beneficial for Iran than doing the same with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. In order to obtain the best deals for Iran, Iranian policy makers and managers must make sure to take all political and economic factors into consideration.

The development of the Internet and cyberspace has grown rapidly in recent years, and its infrastructure has been largely developed. One of the main problems in technology development is the replacement of technology with labor; Since this replacement can lead to a reduction in the employment rate on the one hand, and to the development of business and employment on the other, it must be examined whether the development of cyberspace leads to an increase or decrease in employment. Is it possible to design an employment strategy in cyberspace development whose first priority is employment development? Policies should be adopted in a way that does not only focus on consumption and infrastructure development, but also plans to take advantage of increased employment opportunities in the virtual or internet age. Therefore, to explain the positive impact of cyberspace on employment, using the combined index of cyberspace and the cost minimization model in the production function for the years 1372 to 1397 and using the ARDL method and in order to continue and develop the positive effects of cyberspace on employment, public strategies and cyberspace employment development strategies are presented. The results show that cyberspace with a coefficient of 0.11 and from last year with a coefficient of 0.04 has a positive effect on employment development and to continue and develop this impact, we must firstly rely on improving the internet and traditional business environment and secondly pursue the development of cyberspace with employment strategies.

Boosting exports of local products to global markets is one of the current important economic issues in Iran. Despite Russia has been considered as a potential and emerging market for Iranian products, official data expresses the quite failure of Iran to achieve a favorable market share in this country. The main purpose of this paper is to exploring the main obstacles of developing Iranian exports to Russia and ranking them through the Analytical Network Process. The major results of this paper proved that banking facilitation, sanctions, business culture, governmental supports of non-oil exports and dissimilarities of export standards between Iran and Russia are the main obstacles in this matter.

A clear road map as a tool to achieve the social, economic and cultural goals is important and valuable for all nations. Such a road map shows various priorities and expresses main issues of a nation in order to develop the financial and social matters. The main purpose of this paper is to do a empirical comparison of main economic policies in Islamic Republic of Iran and Russian Federation. To this end, I employ an analytical-qualitative method to discover the results. These two countries as two anti-West nations have faced with different economic sanctions, shaping similarities in their economic priorities and leading us to study the Russian economic planning in details. Furthermore, their regional political and economic cooperation leads us to know the Russian economic road maps, helping us to go to reach a better cooperation level. The findings of this research will be useful for Iranian policy makers and economic scholars.

Resources Scarcity is one of the most important problem in the whole world and a large number of futurologists state it as a big challenge in future life. The consumption topic and optimized consuming of the limited resources have mentioned in many researches and essays. But a macro and integrated model of resources consumption management has not presented yet. This paper describes how we can design a model within and across the principles dimensions and interaction patterns and approaches along to Islamic culture factors through an ISM. Islamic culture presents some unique and great factors which can be used for developing and improving the quality of the macro consumption model. The final model will be an innovative model which can be used by societies and has implications for future researches. The results and finding show the rank of model’s levels which can be interpreted for an Islamic nation like Iran.

Homo economic units ranking is a significant and efficient issue in economic units! scope. One of the most important of this scope is banking industry. In this paper we try to use the combined Data envelopment analysis-Analytic hierarchy process (DEA-AHP) to rank the chosen branches of Saderat bank in Tehran. In this method first we calculate a DEA model for pairwise branches and then we rank all these units through an AHP model. One of the most important outcomes of this paper shows city partitions are not effective on branch ranking. The other outcome of this ranking shows this model is beneficial and efficient.

The ranking of homo economic units is one of the most important issues for decision making and work improvement in these units. A subsector of these economic units in each country is bank industrial. In some countries like Iran, albeit doing grading for bank branches, ranking of these sections is done through traditional methods (e.g just branch sources) or full mathematical data envelopment analysis model. In this paper, in addition of introducing applicable and advanced Analytic Network Process model, we rank the chosen one, two and three grade branches of Saderat Bank of Iran in Tehran city. The achieved results are shown the efficiency and precision of this method.

By the advent and development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the Micro and Macro Economic variables are changed. In other words, the exclusive characteristics of ICT can alter the job framework in a society. This fact will be done in our country, too. Because of the importance of the employment issue in Iran, a research in about of effect of ICT on this variable in Iran is so necessary. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of ICT on Employment of Iran with a microeconomics’ model. So, the Model with a VECM approach has been estimated for 1338-1385. The result of this paper are shown that the ICT has negative effect on employment of Iran in short run, but it has positive effect in long run. Anymore, the ICT has positive effect on the skillful employers and negative effect on no-skillful employers.