افسانه صبحی

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social adaptation based on defense mechanisms and problem-oriented strategies in parents with the mediation of anxiety sensitivity in elementary school female students in Zanjan city.

The research method was correlation. The statistical population was all primary school girls in two cities of Zanjan, 200 of whom were selected using the available method. To collect data, Dakhanchi's adjustment questionnaire (1998), Andrews et al.'s (1993) defense mechanism questionnaire, Lazarus and Folkman's (1985) coping with stressful situations questionnaire, and Floyd et al.'s (2005) anxiety sensitivity questionnaire were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used using SPSS version 25 and AMOS23 software.

The results showed that parents' defense mechanisms have no significant effect on social adjustment, but problem-oriented strategies in anxiety-sensitive parents can predict children's social adjustment. Problem-oriented strategies in parents and parents' defense mechanism can also predict anxiety sensitivity (p<0.05). The results of indirect effects showed that anxiety sensitivity has a mediating role between problem-oriented strategies in parents and social adjustment (p<0.05). Also, anxiety sensitivity plays a mediating role between defense mechanisms and social adaptation. Parents' children have a mediating role (p<0.05).

Considering that the results showed that defense mechanisms and problem-oriented strategies in parents and anxiety sensitivity have a significant role in children's social adaptation, it is suggested that psychologists and school counselors and counseling centers in education take measures Plan therapy and education to increase social adaptation with emphasis on the mentioned variables.

Paying attention to critical thinking is one of the practical trainings and key components in the mental health of students. Experiential thinking and mental health are also influential in the education and growth and academic progress of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between logical-experimental thinking and mental health based on Islamic teachings with students' academic progress. The present research was applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the nature and method of correlation and structural equation design. The statistical population of the current study was all female students of the second secondary level of Zanjan city in the academic year of 1401-1401, of which 550 were selected by random cluster method. To collect data, Epstein and Pasini's logical-experimental thinking style questionnaires, mental health based on the Islamic teachings of Abul Ma'ali al-Husseini and Mousazadeh, Gilbert et al.'s self-criticism, and Pham and Taylor's academic achievement questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 3.3 and structural equation method were used. The results showed that the direct effect of mental health based on Islamic teachings on academic achievement, self-criticism on academic achievement and mental health based on Islamic teachings on self-criticism is significant (p<0.05). The indirect effect of mental health based on Islamic teachings through self-criticism on academic achievement is significant (p<0.05). The results of goodness of fit indices of the model showed that the research model had good goodness of fit (SRMR=0.000, NFI=1, GOF=0.38). Based on the findings of the present research, it is suggested that school counselors provide the means for their academic progress by strengthening the mental health of students based on Islamic teachings and self-criticism

Upon entering the university environment, students face different challenges, including how to communicate with classmates. The purpose of this research is to predict  multidimensional body-self relations based on traumatic childhood and perceptions of parent, mediated by identity styles in among university students of Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University

The current research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of all students of Islamic Azad University, Zanjan branch in the academic year of 2022-2023 was (9223 people) and using Morgan's table, 322 were selected by stratified random sampling method (society was heterogeneous). Data collection instruments include: demographic questionnaire, "Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire", "Childhood Trauma Questionnaire", “Perceptions of Parent Scale” and “Identity Styles Questionnaire”. For the validity of the instruments, previous researches were used and reliability was calculated using the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using the structural equation model through statistical software SPSS. 24 and AMOS. 24.

There is a significant positive inverse correlation between traumatic childhood and multidimensional body-self relations and parents' perception and identity styles (P<0.01). Normative identity style had a mediating role in the relationship between traumatic childhood and multidimensional body-self relations, as well as identity styles in the relationship between parents' perception and multidimensional relationships of body-self (P<0.01).

Multidimensional body-self relations are predicted by traumatic childhood and parental perceptions mediated by identity styles. It is suggested to increase the level of parents' awareness by holding training courses on parenting styles and creating a healthy environment to reduce childhood injuries to improve multidimensional body-self relations.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the difference between corona anxiety, death anxiety and health anxiety before and after corona vaccine injection in elderly men living in Zanjan Elderly Center.

Metthodology: 

The method of the present research is an experimental one and it is pre-test-post-test, single group without control group with three time measurements. The statistical population includes all the elderly men of the Zanjan Center for the Elderly, and 30 of these people who had mild cognitive impairment in the mental status examination were selected purposefully and they responded to three questionnaires, namely the Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (Alipour, Gadami, Alipour and Abdulzadeh, 2018), Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (1970) and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (Salkoskis and Warwick, 2022). For data analysis, repeated measurement test was used using SPSS version 25 software.

The results of the findings indicate that the injection of the corona vaccine has reduced the anxiety caused by the corona disease and the health anxiety of the elderly and increased the anxiety of death in the elderly.

Therefore, according to the results of the research, which showed that death anxiety in the elderly is not significant after vaccination, it is necessary to organize workshops for the elderly in this regard.

In view of the Qur'an, the purpose of man's creation pursuit of perfection known and it depends on the company's self-esteem, So  this research was conducted with the aim of the structural model of academic aspirations based on self-worth based on the Quran, considering the mediating role of self-differentiation in secondary school students of Zanjan city.

The cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of the current study included all the students of the second secondary level of Zanjan city in the academic year of 2022-2021, 400 people were selected by random cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of academic aspirations (Hosni et al., 2013), self-worth (Schwartz, 2004) and self-differentiation (Skorne and Friedlander, 1998) were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Amos-V8.8 software were used.

The results showed that the direct effect of self-worth based on the Quran on the academic aspirations of second secondary students in Zanjan city is significant (p<0.05). The direct effect of self-worth based on the Quran on the self-differentiation of second secondary students in Zanjan city is not significant (P<0.05). The direct effect of self-differentiation on the academic aspirations of second secondary students in Zanjan city is not significant (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that the indirect effect of self-worth based on the Quran on the academic aspirations of second secondary students in Zanjan city through differentiation is not significant (P<0.05).

Tteachers, counselors and professionals in adolescence can help students' self-worth based on the Quran and self-differentiation by addressing their aspirations for education and career.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. The aim of this study was to compare anxiety sensitivity, defense styles and ego strength in patients with stroke of Educational and Treatment of Valiasr in Zanjan city and healthy people in Zanjan.

The current research is descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of this research included stroke patients hospitalized in the Stroke Care Unit and Neurological Department of Educational and Treatment of Valiasr and healthy people in Zanjan city in 2019. In the present study, 280 people (140 people with stroke and 140 healthy people) were included in the study by non-random and convenience sampling method, with homogenization of age, gender and marital status. Data collection instruments included demographic questionnaire", "Anxiety Sensitivity Index", "Defense Style Questionnaire" and "Ego Strength Scale". The validity of "Anxiety Sensitivity Index" and "Defense Style Questionnaire" were sufficient for previous studies. For "Ego Capability Scale", the content validity index was evaluated by Waltz & Bausell method. The reliability of "Anxiety Sensitivity Index" and "Defense Style Questionnaire" were calculated by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and "Ego Empowerment Scale" was calculated by Kuder-Richardson method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.24.

The two groups (patient and healthy) differ in terms of the components of "anxiety sensitivity index" with a significant level of value (P<0.01) and stroke patients have a higher mean. In the "Defense Style Questionnaire", stroke patients with a significant level of level (P<0.01) had a higher mean than healthy individuals in all three styles of development: immature, immature and neurotic. Also, the mean ego power in patients with stroke and healthy individuals did not differ significantly and both groups were moderate.

Anxiety sensitivity, defense styles were significantly different between the two groups of stroke patients and healthy individuals, and stroke patients had a higher mean, but in terms of ego strength, both groups were moderate. It is suggested that psychological interventions be used to prevent the consequences of this disease.

This research was conducted with the aim of mediating the role of religious motivation in the relationship between academic success and academic aspirations in students (the case study of secondary school in Zanjan city). The cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of the current study included all the students of the second secondary level of Zanjan city in the academic year of 1401-1400, 400 people were selected by random cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of academic aspirations (Hosni et al., 2013), academic success (Salehi, 2013), self-worth (Schwartz, 2004) and academic motivation (Harter, 1981) were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Amos-V8.8 software were used. Also, in order to respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. The findings of the research showed that the model has a good fit. The results showed that the direct effect of academic success on academic motivation and academic aspirations of second secondary students in Zanjan city is significant (p<0.05). The direct effect of academic motivation on the academic aspirations of secondary school students in Zanjan city is significant (p<0.05). The indirect effect of academic success on the academic aspirations of secondary school students in Zanjan through academic motivation is significant (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing academic motivation and academic aspirations play an important role in increasing the academic success of students.

Addiction is one of the social issues and problems that play an effective role in endangering the health of the individual, the family and especially the health of the society. The aim of present research is to compare defense mechanisms, style of coping with stress and Ego strength in addicts to traditional drugs and synthetic substances as well as ordinary people across city of Qazvin.

The community of this research was people addicted to traditional drugs, synthetic substances and ordinary people in city of Qazvin. The number of samples in each three groups namely addicts to traditional drugs, synthetic substances and ordinary people were 30 individuals. The samples of the research totaled 90 addicts to traditional and synthetic drugs along with their companions that selected through sampling available in the Congress 60 and Addiction Treatment Clinics in Qazvin city. Anders and his colleagues (DSQ-40) and Lazarus Coping Strategies Questionnaire (WOCQ) and Man Baron Strength Questionnaire (BESS) used to collect data.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between defense mechanisms, style of coping with stress and ego strength in addicts to traditional drugs, synthetic substances and ordinary people (p<0.05).

The present results could be a basis for interventional research to treat and rehabilitate addicts to traditional drugs and synthetic substances.

The present research was conducted with the aim of students to investigate the relationship between bitterness in experience and life expectancy with the experience of covid-19.

The method of the present research was correlational and statistical population of students of Islamic Azad University of Zanjan. The sample consisted of 16 students who were selected by sampling using the applied method and using the social network, and the life expectancy questionnaires of Miller (1988), questioning, analytical (Floyd Garfield Velasota, 2005), acceptance and action of Hayez et al. 2013) and completed the demographic information questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression in SPSS-25 software.

The results indicated that there is a positive and negative correlation between the overall score of hope, fear of physical concern, fear of seeing danger and experience with life in students with experience of covid-19. There is a meaning. The results of multivariate regression showed that the fear of not having cognitive control and preventing sabotage can predict life in two steps.

Based on the findings of the present study, it is suggested that psychological interventions be done in order to reduce the fear of the lack of cognitive and experimental control of students' experiences to increase their life expectancy.

Academic achievement is one of the most important criteria for students' ability to complete their education. Among the variables related to students' academic achievement are social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school. Social acceptance is a personality trait that arises during the healthy development of human beings, which includes accepting circumstances, being accountable, and taking on the tasks required of the individual. A sense of belonging at school contributes to the student's academic progress. Active participation in school activities affects students' learning and motivation. A low sense of belonging at school leads to academic failure and eventually drop out. This study aimed to determine the relationship between academic achievement and social acceptance by mediating school belonging in the 10th–grade male students in District 2 of Qazvin City, Iran.

The current research was of the correlational and path analysis type. The statistical population of this study comprised all male students of the 10th grade studying in district two schools of Qazvin in the academic year of 2019–2020 (N=738). Hooman (2007) emphasized that the criterion for determining the sample size in the structural equation modeling is 10–15 people for each obvious variable, and at least 200 people are enough. So, in the present study, a sample size of 200 students was selected by multi–stage cluster random sampling. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 10th–grade male student of district 2 of Qazvin City, and answering all the questions in the questionnaires. The exclusion criterion was not fully answering all the questions of the research questionnaire. Sense of Belonging to School Questionnaire (Barry et al., 2004), Social Acceptance Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960), and Academic Achievement Questionnaire (Saatchi, 2010) were used to collect study data. Data inferential analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation and path analysis with LISREL version 10.2 and SPSS version 24 software. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.

The relationships between social acceptance and academic achievement (r=0.28), social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school (r=0.23), and academic achievement and a sense of belonging at school (r=0.38) were significant (p<0.05). Path coefficients between social acceptance and academic achievement (p=0.004, β=0.139), between social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school (p=0.009, β=0.381), and between a feeling of belonging to the school and academic achievement (p=0.001, β=0.222) were direct and significant. Also, an indirect and significant relationship was observed between social acceptance and academic achievement through the mediation of a sense of belonging at school (p=0.011, β=0.085). The proposed research model fit well based on various indicators (RMSEA=0.001, GFI=0.999, CFI=0.999, TLI=0.999).

Based on the research findings, social acceptance has a positive relationship with academic achievement and a sense of belonging at school, which mediates between social acceptance and academic achievement.

Considering the importance of academic aspirations and their impact on people's performance, especially in academic situations and their role in the success and future of students, identifying predictors and factors affecting it can be a step towards identifying and solving motivational problems of learners in the educational environment; Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by biological and social changes and challenges. This issue is actually the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, where these challenges are often accompanied by increased emotional reactions and stress. For this reason, this cause of curiosity has been realized to understand the causes of healthy psychological development of adolescents. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of academic aspirations based on social interest with the mediating role of self-differentiation in secondary school students of Zanjan city.

The current research method is descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection through structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all secondary school students (boys and girls) of Zanjan city in the academic year 1400-1401 who were studying. There are different opinions about the sample size in the research related to the structural equation model correlation research method, but everyone agrees that the structural equation model is similar to the factor analysis of statistical techniques that can be implemented with a large sample. Boomsma (1983) considered the volume of about 200 people sufficient to fit the model. Based on the expected effect size and the distribution of the measured variables, as well as considering the power of the test, at least 10 subjects may be sufficient for each estimated parameter, provided that the estimated effect size is large and the measured variables have a normal distribution. Therefore, the minimum sample of the present study, taking into account the number of parameters estimated in the model, was at least 350 students, which, taking into account possible dropouts, 400 students (200 female students and 200 male students) were selected as the research sample. The sampling method in this research was multi-stage cluster random sampling. In this way, from among the second secondary schools in Zanjan city, regions 1 and 2 were first selected, then two schools were randomly selected from each region, and then four classes were randomly selected from each school, and finally, questionnaires were administered among its students. Classes were distributed. It should be mentioned that in order to collect data according to the health conditions of the country (coronavirus outbreak), the researcher has access to active groups in the virtual networks of students (groups that hold online classes in the network have been created), after explaining the research objectives, sent the questionnaires to the groups. It should be noted that all the details and information of the students remained confidential. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Amos-V8.8 software were used.

 In this research, 38.68% of the participants were boys and 61.32% were girls. 30% were studying in 10th grade, 37.17% in 11th grade and 32.83% in 12th grade. The minimum and maximum ages of male and female students were 15 and 19 years, the average age of boys was 16.31 years and girls was 16.74 years, and the average age of boys and girls was 16.57 years. Below are the research variables' minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation. The mean and standard deviation of the variables of academic aspirations, social interest, and self-differentiation components in the studied sample are presented in Table 1. As can be seen, based on the scoring method of the measurement tool, the academic aspirations of the students are at a desirable level. The social interest of the students is in the medium to high level and the differentiation of the students is in the medium level. The research results showed that the model is a good fit. The results showed that the direct effect of social interest on the self-differentiation of secondary school students in Zanjan city is not significant (P<0.05). The direct effect of self-differentiation on the academic aspirations of second-secondary students in Zanjan City is not significant (P<0.05). The indirect effect of social interest on the academic aspirations of second-secondary students in Zanjan city through differentiation is not significant (P<0.05). Therefore, paying attention to the mentioned variables helps researchers and therapists in prevention and designing more suitable treatments.

 Social interest is directly related to being active and lively among the young generation and students. If proper planning is done in this field, the ground will be prepared for the growth and productivity of this group, that is why creating a platform for creating self-differentiation in students in order to increase their social interest is one of the requirements that the authorities And planners should pay attention to it. Based on this, activists and policymakers of higher education and schools should define and target the commitment to ethical behavior in the form of coherent and operational plans and strive to accept governance and ethical standards, because the principles and values of Humanity and ethical behaviors are of special importance in educational organizations, and schools and universities are no exception to this rule, and without a doubt, in order to achieve their vision and long-term goals, they need people who have acted beyond the established requirements. Self-differentiation can reveal the range and depth of intellectual and emotional capabilities in all stages and dimensions of life and create goodness and kindness. Therefore, self-differentiation as the basis of a person's judgment about himself and the organization of value to his position should play an essential role in various fields, especially the promotion and provision of social interest. The results showed that the direct effect of social interest on the academic aspirations of second-secondary students in Zanjan city is significant, meaning that social interest positively explains the variance of students' academic aspirations. According to the results, it can be acknowledged that by increasing the self-differentiation, social interest, and academic aspirations of the second-secondary students of Zanjan city, it is possible to help increase the academic success of the students.

This research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the relationship between the perception of parenting styles and optimism with the mediating role of the meaning of life in the second secondary school students of Zanjan city.

The descriptive research method is correlation type. The statistical population was 20,866 students of the second secondary school in Zanjan city in the academic year 2018-2019. According to Morgan's table, 392 people, but to increase the validity of the findings, 400 people were selected and distributed by stratified random method. To collect data, the standard questionnaires of Alabama parenting (1991), Shier and Caro's optimism (1985) and Stickerer et al.'s (2006) meaning of life questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 statistical software and AMOS statistical software was used in structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between perception of parenting styles and optimism (p<0.01). But there is no significant relationship between the perception of parenting styles and the meaning of life (p≥0.05). The meaning of life plays a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and optimism (p<0.01).

It can be concluded that the perception of parenting styles plays a decisive role in creating optimism in children and the meaning of life can lead to optimism in children.

The meaning of life in man can affect other aspects of his life. The academic vitality of people is among them; Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the perception of parenting styles and the academic life with the role of mediators of the meaning of life in second secondary students of Zanjan city.

This is a descriptive correlational research. The statistical population was 20,866 students of the second secondary school in Zanjan city in the academic year 2018-2019. According to Morgan's table, 392 people, but to increase the credibility of the findings, 400 people were selected and distributed by stratified random method. To collect the data, the standard questionnaires of Alabama parenting (1991), Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh's academic vitality (2011) and Stickerer et al.'s (2006) meaning of life were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS24 statistical software and AMOS statistical software was used for modeling structural equations.

The results showed that; There is a significant relationship between the perception of parenting styles and academic vitality (p<0.01) and also, there is a significant relationship between the perception of parenting styles and the meaning of life (p<0.01). The meaning of life plays a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and academic vitality (p<0.01).

It can be concluded that in order to create academic vitality in students, perceptions of parenting styles play a decisive role and the meaning of life can lead to academic vitality in children.

Academic achievement is a behavioral consequence of great importance to students and is considered as an important indicator for evaluating educational systems and identifying the factors affecting it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship of spiritual intelligence and academic conscience with academic performance and to determine the mediating role of academic hardiness in ninth grade students in Zanjan, Iran.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all ninth grade male students in the second district of Zanjan in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample size based on Morgan’s table was determined to be 317 people and the participants were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using McIlroy and Banting Academic Conscience Questionnaire, Benishak et al.’s Spiritual Hardiness Questionnaire (SISRI) and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire Also, the total average of the students was used to assess academic performance. Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression test were used to analyze the data and Baron and Kenny method was used to determine the mediating role. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

There was a significant and positive relationship between academic conscience and academic achievement (P<0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between academic hardiness and students' academic achievement (P<0.05). The relationship between spiritual intelligence and academic achievement was also significant (P<0.05). Also, according to the stages of determining the mediating role of Baron and Kenny, academic hardiness played a mediating role in the relationship between academic conscience and academic achievement. But this role was not approved for Spiritual Intelligence. Overall, the results of multi-stage regression showed that educational conscience and spiritual intelligence can explain 15% of the variance in academic achievement.

Spiritual intelligence was one of the factors affecting students 'academic achievement and academic conscience, by affecting academic hardiness can lead to students' academic achievement.

Hypertension is exacerbated by mental illness such as anxiety. The aim of this study was to compare automatic thoughts and alexithymia with anxiety in people with hypertension and people without hypertension in Zanjan in 2019.

The method of the present study was descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all people with hypertension and people without hypertension in Zanjan in 2019. For sampling, 5 health centers were randomly selected by lottery and from these 5 bases, 126 people (63 people with hypertension and 63 people without hypertension) were non-random quota method selected and entered the study. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, Sphygmomanometer, "Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire", "Toronto Alexithymia Scale" and "Beck Anxiety Inventory". The validity of the instruments was limited to previous studies. The reliability of the instruments was confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.

With the increase of automatic thoughts and alexithymia, the level of anxiety in both groups increases (P-Value <0.05). There was no significant difference between people with hypertension and those without hypertension in terms of their mean thoughts and their components and anxiety (P-Value <0.05). Also, in terms of the average of alexithymia, there is no significant difference between people with hypertension and people without hypertension; except for the externally oriented thinking component in which people without hypertension have a higher mean (P-Value <0.05). 

Automatic thoughts and alexithymia (a component of difficulty identifying feelings) are positively related to anxiety in the group of people with hypertension. It is suggested that psychology training classes be held for people with hypertension to control and reduce automatic thoughts and alexithymia.

Defensive styles, attributional styles, and cognitive emotion regulation are automated regulatory processes that can be helpful in how threatening events are perceived. The aim of this study was to compare defense styles, attributional styles and cognitive emotion regulation in women memorizing and non-memorizing the Quran in Zanjan.

The method of this research was descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of the study was all women memorizing the Quran in the years 1393-1397 of the Holy Quran Society in Zanjan. The sample of the study was 112 people (memorizer and non-memorizer of Quran) who were selected by convenience sampling method and entered the study. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, "Defense Style Questionnaire", "Attributional Style Questionnaire" and "Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire". The validity of the instruments was not measured due to time constraints, but the reliability was assessed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data collection in two groups was done virtually. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 16. 

Matching study between the two groups showed that there was no significant difference in terms of age, marital status, education and occupation. The components of refocusing on planning (P-Value <0.002), positive reappraisal (P-Value <0.001) and putting into perspective (P-Value <0.042) are higher in Hafez women. Also, despite the difference of 0.45, the mean total score of cognitive emotion regulation between women memorizing and non-memorizing the Qur'an was not significantly different.

Women memorizing the Qur'an performed better than women who did not memorize the Qur'an in terms of defensive styles, documentary styles, and cognitive emotion regulation; Therefore, it is recommended to participate in Quran recitation and memorization classes to improve the status of defense styles, documentary styles and cognitive emotion regulation for non-Quran memorizing women.

Academic performance is one of the important components in education that has always been addressed by programmers, school principals, teachers, and parents, who have always tried to provide appropriate conditions for enhancing the academic efficiency of students. This study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of meaning of education in the relationship between academic optimism and academic performance.

This study was an applied research in terms of research objective and a descriptive-correlational study in terms of gathering the data. Data were collected from a sample of 250 secondary school girls in Khorramdareh by random cluster sampling. Meaning of education Questionnaire (Henderson-King& Smith, 2006) and Academic Optimism Scale (Tschanen-Moran et al., 2013) were used to collect the data. Also to evaluate the academic achievement, the average score of students in the first and second semesters were used. Data were analyzed by structural equations in SPSS22 and MPLUS 7.4.

Findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between academic optimism and academic performance (P<0.01) and that meaning of education plays a mediating role in this relationship.

The results show that academic optimism directly improves students chr('39')academic performance, but it affects indirectly the academic performance through the mediating role of meaning of education.

Hepatitis is a major health problem in the world and is one of the ten leading causes of death in humans. This disease is an important cause of cancer and liver disorders and causes disabilities in people. The aim of this study was to determine the role of optimism in the relationship between social support and treatment adherence of hepatitis patients in Zanjan.

The method of this research was correlational. The statistical population of the study included all patients with hepatitis referred to the Comprehensive Health Center No. 5 in Zanjan in the first half of 2019 were 999 people, who 210 patients was selected by accessible randoming in the study. To collect the required data, McLean (1993) Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire, Sherborne & Stewart (1991) Social Support Questionnaire and Moriski et al. (2008) treatment adherence questionnaire were used to collect the required data. Also, Pearson statistical tests and multiple regression in Spss software version 25 were used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered 0.05 for all tests.

The results showed between social support with treatment adherence (P<0.001, r= 0.360), between social support with optimism (P<0.001, r= 0.329) and also between optimism. There was a direct and significant correlation with treatment (P <0.001, r= 0.349). The results also showed that the effect of total social support on optimism was significant (P<0.001, β= 0.442). The partial mediating role of optimism in the relationship between social support and treatment adherence was significant (P<0.05).

In general, the results of this study showed that social support with partial mediation of optimism was significantly associated with treatment adherence of hepatitis patients.

Academic achievement is among the main criteria for students' abilities to complete their education. Among the variables that can be related to students' academic achievement are the responsibility and a sense of belonging to the school. A sense of responsibility is a personality trait that arises during the healthy development of individuals, which includes accepting circumstances, being accountable, and taking on the tasks required of the individual. Having a sense of belonging to school contributes to the students' academic progress. Active participation in school activities affects students' learning as well as their motivation. A low sense of belonging to school leads to academic failure and eventually dropout. Therefore, the current study aimed to explain a model of academic achievement based on the direct role of academic responsibility mediated by the sense of school belonging in 10th–grade male students.

This was a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all male primary school students in 10 districts of Qazvin City, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–2020 (N=738). In correlational studies, 30 samples are required per variable. Considering that we explored 3 variables in the present study, 90 subjects were sufficient. To prevent sample loss and for sample representativeness, the sample size of 200 individuals was selected by the multistage cluster random sampling method. The inclusion criteria of the study were being tenth–grade male students of the second district of Qazvin and answering all the questions of the questionnaires. The exclusion criterion of the study was providing incomplete questionnaires. The Sense of Belonging to School Questionnaire (Brew et al., 2004), California Psychology Inventory (subscale of responsibility) (Gough, 1951), and Academic Achievement Questionnaire (Saatchi, 2010) were used to collect the necessary information. Data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations in AMOS and SPSS. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.

The obtained results indicated that the effect of total responsibility on academic achievement was positive and significant (β=0.308, p=0.001). Additionally, the direct effect of responsibility on the sense of belonging to school (β=0.134, p=0.014), the direct effect of responsibility on academic achievement (β=0.215, p=0.004), and the direct effect of sense of belonging on school concerning academic achievement (β=0.38, p=0.001) were positive and significant. Furthermore, responsibility presented a significant and positive indirect effect on academic achievement with the mediating role of belonging to school (β=0.093, p=0.031). The proposed research model had a good fit based on various indicators (RMSEA=0.06, GFI=0.914, CFI=0.952, TLI=0.961, X2/df=2.2).

Based on the obtained findings, various factors, including academic responsibility and a sense of belonging to the school, explain academic achievement; therefore, parents, teachers, and educators can take special care to grow and nurture them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic resilience and students' academic performance and mediate academic meaning among second grade high school girls in Khorramdareh. The method of the present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method. The required data were collected from a sample of 196 second grade female high school students in Khorramdareh by random sampling method. Samuels Academic Resilience Questionnaire, Henderson-King and Smith Academic Meaning Questionnaire were used to collect data. Also, the grade point average obtained by students in the first and second semesters was used to measure academic success. The extracted data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between academic meaning with academic performance and between academic resilience with academic meaning and between academic resilience with academic performance of female high school students in Khorramdareh. (P<0.01). On the other hand, the results of Sobel, Arvian and Goodman tests showed that the variable of academic meaning was mediated between academic resilience and academic performance was statistically significant.

Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide and among the top 10 leading causes of death in individuals. It is among the leading causes of cancer and liver failure. Several factors contribute to the recovery of patients with hepatitis; one of which is treatment adherence. A major problem in treating hepatitis is the lack of patients’ adherence to the treatment recommendations. In addition to treatment adherence, social support provision is critical for patients with hepatitis. Furthermore, ambiguity tolerance is crucial in psychology and paramedical sciences. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the role of ambiguity tolerance in the relationship between social support and adherence to the treatment of hepatitis.

This was a correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all patients with hepatitis referring to the Comprehensive Health Center No. 5 in Zanjan City, Iran, in the first half of 2019. The statistical population included 999 hepatitis patients; of whom, 278 individuals (based on the sample size of Krejcie & Morgan, 1970) were selected as the study sample. The study subjects were selected by stratified random sampling approach. In this study, ethical considerations related to the study subjects were observed. The following tools were used to collect the required data: the McLainchr('39')s (1993) Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance (MSTAT) scale, the Social Support Scale (Sherborne & Stewatt, 1991), and the eight–item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS–8) (Morrisky et al., 2008). In this study, to investigate the direct and indirect relationship between the predicting and criterion variables, modeling was used in path analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was also implemented to evaluate the linear relationship between the research variables. Besides, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of the data. In addition, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Furthermore, the significance level for the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The current research results revealed a direct and significant relationship between social support and treatment (r=0.615, p<0.001). There was a direct and significant relationship between social support and ambiguity tolerance (r=0.234, p<0.001). There was a direct and significant relationship between ambiguity tolerance and treatment adherence (r=0.349, p<0.001). Additionally, the effect of total social support on ambiguity tolerance was significant (β=0.597, p<0.001). The direct effect of social support on treatment adherence was significant (β=0.406, p<0.001). The indirect effect of ambiguity tolerance on treatment adherence was significant (β=0.159, p=0.051).

Overall, the obtained data signified that social support was significantly associated with ambiguity tolerance in the treatment of hepatitis patients.

Pervasive prevalence of mental disorders among drug dependent individuals may reduce the success of treatment for drug addiction. In this study, the effect of life skills training on attenuation of anxiety and depression among drug dependent people referred to drop-in centers for harm reduction in Zanjan City was investigated.
The population included 90 drug dependent subjects referred to drop-in center for harm reduction in Zanjan City. Using convenience sampling method, the researchers took advantage of pretest-posttest control group design throughout this study. Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were implemented as instruments. Teaching life skills to the experimental group was carried out for 8 sessions 90 minutes each. Analysis of covariance in inferential statistics was used to analyze the collected data.
The results exhibited diminution in the experimental group’s post-test anxiety and depression scores.
Life skills training can be valuable in reducing depression among drug abusers and in the similar way can be efficient in reducing mental disorders of drug dependent people.

Productivity has always been proposed as one of the fundamental aspirations of governments and an indicator to assess their performance. Achieving productivity, more than anything else, depends on the correct understanding of potential routes and the factors affecting it. In this paper was studied the effect of physical and mental health (government health-sanitary spending, the number of physicians and life expectancy) and entrepreneurship (registration of new companies) on the labor force productivity in 8 selected developing countries (including Iran) during the period of 2004-2012. To estimate the effects of the variables, the researchers used panel cointegration technique through Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) approach. The regression results indicate that all the examined variables have positive and significant effects on the labor force productivity.