امیدعلی خوارزمی

Today, local government has become an undeniable reality in the world; in various studies, four dimensions—social-cultural, economic-financial, geographical, and political-legal—have been identified as the most important aspects of local government. Researchers have pointed to the application of systemic thinking in local government as the most effective approach. Systemic analysis is a comprehensive and dynamic approach for examining complex phenomena. Using this approach, the interrelated and complex relationships between different elements of each system can be identified and analyzed. In the realm of local government, systemic analysis can contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the formation and performance of local governments. This research examines the four key factors affecting the formation of local government using systemic thinking to consider the impact of each factor on the formation of local government and the causal relationships among them and the entire system. In this regard, the Vensim software has been used for modeling and causal relationships. The results of the research indicate that the four mentioned subsystems can never operate separately from one another, and their continuity will create a final system for the successful formation of local government.

Good urban governance always considers the general welfare of citizens and their social health, whose policies and programs are placed in the framework of certain indicators. The upcoming research deals with the comparative analysis of indicators and dimensions of good urban governance from the point of view of citizens, experts and managers in the current and desired situation. The research method is of a descriptive-analytical type, which examines the points of view of citizens, experts, and urban managers regarding the state of dimensions of good urban governance, as well as their similarities and differences, and the scope of their differences and similarities. The sources of data collection were library-documents and the use of questionnaire tools, 385 questionnaires were distributed to citizens and 48 questionnaires were distributed to experts and managers of the municipality and the city council. The tests used in this research with SPSS software include paired t-test and Friedman. The results obtained from the comparative analysis of the indicators show that according to the citizens, the variables of the research are consensual orientation, responsibility, and according to the managers, responsibility and all-round justice are the most important factors. Finally, the radar charts obtained from the paired analysis of the data show that there is a significant gap between the current and the desired situation from the point of view of citizens and administrators. With the explanation that according to the citizens, transparency and accountability have the largest average difference among the citizens with a number of 2.47 in the current situation and 3.99 and 4.02 in the desired situation.

Commercial tourism is also considered a part of the tourism industry that can play an effective role in the development rural border areas by principled, appropriate planning and identification of its advantages and limitations.Research goal: the present study in the framework of strategic planning, while recognizing the internal and external factors affecting formation and development of business tourism, provides appropriate strategies in the field of sustainable rural development under the influence of trade tourism indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to advance objectives of research, 16strengths, 9weaknesses, 16opportunities and 8threats to business tourism were identified through analysis of government policies, interviews with business activists and number of local elites. In this study, SWOT and QSPM strategic planning tools were used.

In the SWOT matrix, according to the final score in IFE (3.33) and in EFE (3.58), the aggressive strategy of SO as suitable strategy to achieve the development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area at the horizon of 1410 means achieving the scenario Golden determined. Then, the best strategies were identified with the help of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), prioritization and the most important strategy "Access to additional facilities and purchasing facilities due to the proximity of study area to the sea and commercial markets in the southern Persian Gulf countries", with a score (4.084).

Today, the underlying driver of urban issues is the problems that the administrative bodies of the cities and metropolises, such as municipalities, struggle with, and the failure in informing the public and clarifying performance, legality, consensus and collective wisdom of authorities, participation, etc., have undermined their performance. This research aims to elaborate on the status of good urban governance using the mixed method in the new city of Golbahar. To investigate the status of good governance dimensions in the new city of Golbahar, 385 questionnaires were distributed among citizens, 48 questionnaires were submitted to municipal and city council experts, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 officials of the ​​new cities. Then, adopting a mixed approach, which merges quantitative (descriptive-analytical) and qualitative methods, the status of good urban governance indicators in Golbahar was evaluated. The results derived from the analysis of good urban governance indicators suggest that their average scores, with the exception of legality, transparency and strategic vision, were below average as reported by citizens (within the relative range of 2.5 to 3.5). Moreover, the results of qualitative analysis revealed that the main flaws and inadequacies plaguing governance in the management system of the new city of Golbahar are lack of motivation and sense of belonging to the place in the citizens, non-transparency of the laws and the citizens' mistrust in the authorities.

An important part of the inefficiency of the urban space is its worn-out textures. Dilapidated fabric is the areas that are vulnerable due to physical wear and tear, lack of proper vehicle access, facilities, services and urban infrastructures and have a low spatial, environmental and economic value..An important part of the efforts of urban management in cities with a historical color is to improve the condition of their dilapidated fabric. Considering the variety of actions, it is necessary to avoid fragmented and everyday approaches in decisions in order to recreate. Considering that in Mashhad city, 12.4% of the area and 28% of the population are in worn-out fabric, therefore, the present study seeks to provide a complete picture of the activities of the 5-term Islamic Council of Mashhad regarding the regeneration of worn-out fabric.According to the purpose of the research, the study method is descriptive-analytical and using quantitative-qualitative methods. In the first step, by studying domestic and Latin sources, the main dimensions of the reconstruction of the worn texture were determined. Further, by referring to the archive of the council's approvals (including 4530 approvals and checking each one of them), identifying approvals related to worn out fabric, including 58 approvals (1.28% of all approvals and an average of 11.6 approvals for each period) and storing them It was entered in the Excel database. Using descriptive statistics methods, the data were categorized. Further, by using the content analysis method (in the form of open, central and selective coding), he clarified the approaches governing the planning of each course and finally the whole courses regarding the regeneration of the worn-out fabric of Mashhad.

Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city

Brownfields refer to deserted unused areas where redevelopment seems to be impossible due to the environmental pollution. Hence, this essay tries to address the planning of redevelopment of such fields in Mashhad’s Abkooh Sugar Factory. This 28.5 Hectare factory is built in northwest of Mashhad and in the vicinity of district 4 of municipality of zone 2 adjacent to Qaem Freeway and Mahad-Ghoochan road. Adopting a descriptive- analytic methodology, we firstly examine the Outreach areas and the operative system of the existent and required activities of the area. Then we had semi-structured interviews with 12 expert knowing all about the area to present some suggestions according to the theoretical and documental discoveries. This was done to find the optimal option amongst all the proposed ones. The proposed options were mostly presented and assessed based on the combination of several compatible uses. This was aimed to appropriately use the considerable extent of the area. Finally, the expert agreed on 7 options to be established in the area. Then four basic criteria (city construction, تحقق پذیری, economy and identity) for assessing the uses have been taken into account. Each criterion consists of some sub criteria. In this stage, 15 questionnaires were designed and delivered to other experts to evaluate the criteria and proposed options. The results gained in AHP framework showed that the first priority is to construct a commercial-administrative center and in the next place is the building and opening of some tourist attractions.

Livable cities are places for social life, the creation of beauty, the presence of all residents in the public space without pollution and traffic. Social principles and its values have a special position in livable city. The thresholds of social satisfaction and identity values are very important in livable city. The main goal of this research is analysis on Mashhad metropolis livability with emphasis on culture and social sustainability indicator. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. Based on the GIS Software, maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators according to the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones were drawn. For mental indicator, including 15 questions, questionnaire have been applied for a sample size of 402 persons in all zones of Mashhad. The results of this research show the zone Samen (13) of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of culture and social sustainability indicator, followed by zones 8. By contrast, zones 2, 4 and 7 have the worst conditions in terms of culture and social sustainability indicators.

Commercial tourism and its impact on cities and villages manifests itself in various forms, and causes various economic changes in tourist areas.Research

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of commercial tourism indicators on the sustainability of rural settlements in ​​Dehshikh-Sigar business district, Lamerd County.

This study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The population of study included all villagers living in 13 villages of Dehshikh-Sigar business district in Fars province. Using Cochran's formula with an error level of 0.06, 235 households were identified as sample households. SMART PLS, one-sample t-test and linear regression in SPSS were used to analyze the data.

Studied Areas:

 The geographical area of this research is Dehshikh-Sigar Business District in Lamard County.

The findings confirm that the commercial tourism indicator with the value of R (0.959) has the greatest impact on the sustainable development of the rural settlements in Dehsheikh-Sigar business district. Eventually, using the R2 coefficients, we found that the level of development in the study villages, with an emphasis on commercial tourism in the villages of Dolatabad, Hassan Kamkali, Firoozabad, Kakli with the values of R2 (0.992, 0.988, 0.986 and 0.983) has the greatest impact, and has a poor performance in the villages of Dehshikh and Sigar with a R2 coefficients of 0.865 and 0.925.

Commercial tourism has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of rural settlements, as according to standard coefficients, 32.5% of the sustainable development of rural settlements in the Dehshikh-Sigar business district is directly predicted by indicators of commercial tourism.

One of the inevitable consequences of the ever-increasing growth of the world’s population is the expansion of urbanization. So, it is very important to provide a vision of the spatial development of cities with the aim of understanding the correct pattern of city growth and providing the necessary infrastructure. Since Qom metropolis faced urban growth and has recorded 95% urbanization, this research focused on the spatial development of urban lands around this metropolis. First, the land use/cover and the urban growth merit maps were produced. Land use/ land cover maps of the region for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020 were produced using the random forest method in the Google Earth Engine, and the urban growth merit map for the years 2000 and 2010 was produced using MCDM analyses based on GIS. Finally, based on the ANN-CA-Markov and SVM-CA-Markov algorithms, 2020’s land use/cover maps were simulated. The validation of the models showed that the SVM-CA-Markov algorithm with the ROC (0.96) was more accurate and was chosen as the optimal algorithm for modeling the horizon of 2040. The results indicate the increasing spatial development of this metropolis. The area of urban land in this region will increase from 139.62 square kilometers in 2020 to more than 183 square kilometers in 2040. The evaluation of the results can help the relevant managers in order to take necessary policies to manage the situation as best as possible. This importance can be realized through planning for the regular development of the road network, the expansion of urban green spaces, etc. official organizations and local officials should have a purposeful monitoring of this issue, while having full control over the development directions of this metropolis.

Cities are the focal point of many concerns that affect their sustainability. Urban livability is associated with quality of life, sustainability, quality of place and healthy communities.The livability of cities is highly influenced by the actions of urban management as the main custodian of city affairs, and the balance between these two sectors promotes urban livability.

The present study has a practical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature and has been done by quantitative method and by distributing a questionnaire among 384 citizens of the 6th and 9th districts of Mashhad metropoli. The collected data were evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and t-test as well as structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software.

Findings show that in the current situation, the livability dimension in Region 9 is at a desirable level with an average of 3.97.  The average dimensions of urban management in region 9, with an average of 3.14 shows a higher than average situation.  The average dimension of livability in region 6, equal to 3.034, the situation is above average and the dimensions of urban management equal to 2.40, which is undesirable. The results showed that in terms of how urban management measures affect livability, in region 6 the index of livability services (access, environment, housing, health) has a high impact and has a direct relationship in region 9 investment index with all five  Resilience index (access, environment, housing, health care, security) has a strong impact and a direct relationship.

There is a need to promote the current situation of both urban management indexes and livability measures in Mashhad. Results also show that urban management can affect many of livability measures and therefore requires a careful considerations.

Goal: The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability based on environmental indicator in Mashhad metropolis. Research

The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. The sample size used for the questionnaires was 402 persons chosen from Mashhad metropolis with the population of 2766258.

To investigate the urban livability in terms of environment, objective indicators and subjective index (questionnaire) were analyzed. Firstly, Entropy model was used to determine the weight of each index, which is as follows: Carbon monoxide = 0.0035, Particulate matter (PM2.5) = 0.5974, sulfur dioxide = 0.0122, nitrogen dioxide = 0.0019, ozone pollutant = 0.0162, air quality index (AQI) = 0.0038, per capital green space = 0.2515, noise pollution = 0.0394, the amount of household waste = 0.0534, and subjective index = 0.0029.

The zone 9 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of environmental indicator, followed by zones 7 and 8, respectively. By contrast, zones 1, 2 and 6 had the worst conditions in terms of environmental indicator, respectively.

The sustainable development of rural tourism requires the recognition and proper use of potentials and proper planning. Tourist attractions are one of the main elements of tourism without which it is difficult to create a demand for a tourist destination. Neishabur township is one of the main tourist destinations of Razavi Khorasan province with various natural and human rural tourism attractions. After Mashhad township, Neishabur has a special position of tourism in Razavi Khorasan province. However, until now, its diverse and valuable natural and human attractions have not received enough attention. In the present research, it has been tried to identify the axes of rural tourism by measuring the capacity of attractions. Identifying tourism potentials can provide good opportunities for the development of villages. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the field information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed by 233 local experts. Data analysis and classification of villages was done using GIS and AHP model. For this purpose, 44 information layers including 15 natural attractions, 8 cultural attractions and 21 historical attractions were prepared and errors were corrected in the GIS environment. Appropriate weights were also determined with the help of Expert Choice. Then, by combining and overlapping the layers of information in the GIS environment, suitable areas were identified and the top priorities for the development of rural tourism were introduced separately for each type of attraction in Neishabur township. The results showed that the villages with high tourism potential are stretched in a strip from the northeast edge of the township to the northwest. The villages of Bozhan, Grineh, Yingjeh, Chekneh Olya, Klidar, Barzanun, Taqan, Eishabad, Ghar, Souqand, Hesar, and Deezbad Olya have more capabilities and need to be prioritized in tourism development programs. Also, 46.6% of the township area is in the very unsuitable class, 16.61% in the unsuitable class, 21.22% in the middle class, 14.81% in the suitable class and 0.74% in the very suitable class in terms of rural tourism attraction potential. If rural tourism is managed and planned in a suitable way with the dispersion and variety of attractions, it can lead to the process of sustainable development of rural and tourism.

Carrying out large construction projects will undoubtedly be fraught with many risks. In these projects, risks are often ignored or assigned to departments that do not have sufficient knowledge, resources and capacity to manage them effectively, which reduces the quality of the project and in some cases it causes delays in achieving project goals. Therefore, identifying risks, ranking the factors affecting them and also examining the severity of risks are the necessities of implementing any construction project. To achieve this goal, the present study has examined the construction project of Shohada Square in Mashhad. The present study is of descriptive-analytical type. A questionnaire method was used to collect data. The sample population was 51 experts based on Morgan table. The results of the Chi-square test show that the probability of market, financial and managerial risks in the project environment, the risk of multidisciplinary nature among the risks of the inter-organizational environment, as well as political, social and Economics in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square are high. On the other hand, the impact on the objectives of financial risks in the project environment, the multidisciplinary nature in the inter-organizational environment, and the occurrence of inflation in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square project were ranked higher than other items. Also, the highest level of risk was identified in the project environment, inaccurate estimation of costs, in the inter-organizational environment, delays in granting facilities, and in the external environment, inflation was identified.

This study aimed to investigate the compressibility of Shandiz city using ecological city theory. This descriptive-analytical survey was conducted using source map. The data were entered into Arc GIS software. Using these tools, the variables of each index regarding the compact city dimension were determined, and then the area, percentage, and output of the map were determined. Shannon's entropy model was used to measure the urban spiral growth rate. Density indicators, combination and intensification of use and the variables of each index were used in the compact city dimension in the city and three districts of Shandiz city. It was found that the average gross density is 28.86, the average net density is 63.35, the average population weight is 58.03, the form of housing (average number of floors) is 1.27, and the average ratio of residential to non-residential land is 3.13. Based on the entropy coefficient, the horizontal composition in Shandiz city was 0.89 square meters in 2006 and 0.86 hectares in 2011. Regarding vertical composition, the total percentage of two-flour buildings is 86.40%, three-flour buildings are 6.79%, and four-flour buildings are 6.79%. Moreover, dispersion of facilities and variables of intensity of use, including increase in population, increase in development, and increase in density in Shandiz city were examined. The results show the horizontal growth and expansion of Shandiz city, which is caused by the lack of appropriate policies in the implementation of compact city indicators from the point of view of sustainable city and ecological city in Shandiz tourism city. To create a compact city, increasing the density by using vacant lands and buildings, contiguity or mixing of uses and expanding the use of public transportation in the tourism city of Shandiz should be considered.

Since Covid-19, as a new and completely complex and anonymous phenomenon, entered the world, cities have not been able to meet the needs of their habitants and people could not change their lifestyle and adapt a new one. In the meantime, the use of new information and communication technologies and the creation of smart urban environments have caused natural and unnatural crises. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the effect of the Covid-19 outbreak on urban management intelligence, evaluate the impact of corona outbreak on the activities of Mashhad Municipality, and examine the measures taken in the field of intelligence to deal with this crisis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory-analytical in terms of method. It has adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed-methods). Data has been collected through library and field studies. The statistical population of the research in the first level included 50 elites and available experts selected through snowball sampling and in the second level, 200 citizens have been selected for field analysis. Mick Mac Software and Scenario Wizard were used to analyze the extracted information. The research indicators included intelligent transportation, smart economy, smart government, smart living, smart citizens and smart environment. The results of the research indicated 8 key factors with several possible situations and scenarios for the future of urban management intelligence in the city of Mashhad.

The present study tries to investigate the role of factors involved in the implementation of intelligent environment in the metropolis of Mashhad in three parts: the degree of impact in case of occurrence, the probability of occurrence of an option in the future and the current situation. The method of the present study was performed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and by collecting information and questionnaire tools and semi-structured interviews and the analytical basis was based on the components of the DPSIR3 model. Participants in this study included 30 experts in the quantitative section and 9 experts in the qualitative interviews section who were selected by the snowball sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using T-test in SPSS software. The results show that the impact rate in case of occurrence other than waste management in other dimensions including water management, environmental integrated management, urban beatification, culture and identity, smart building, wastewater management and developing green electricity was high and in the probability of future occurrence. The next option, culture and identity, has a relatively favorable situation compared to other dimensions. In describing the current situation, we see the unfavorable situation of the smart environment in the metropolis of Mashhad. Suggestions for improving the current situation was also provided in the current research.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the present study includes two groups: The first group includes all villagers living in 13 villages of Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area in Lamerd county. Using Cochran's formula with 0.6 error level, 235 households were estimated as sample households and were randomly surveyed. The second group includes 25 professors, local experts and experts from tourism-related organizations. To analyze the data, software, ANP, MABAC, DEMATEL, Arc GIS and single-sample T test were used in SPSS software. The research findings confirm that: in all research variables (economic 3.46, environmental 36.3, planning-management 33.3, socio-cultural 3.25, infrastructure-welfare 3.19 and advertising, marketing And Information 3.11) The impact of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area, Lamerd city is higher than the theoretical average (3). Also, the results of pairwise comparison of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism using the ANP method, according to experts, showed that the criteria of advertising, marketing and information, and economics with normal weight of 0.304 and 0.261 have the greatest impact information And the development of commercial tourism in the study area. Finally, the results of the MABAC technique showed that, the factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the villages of Sigar, Dehshikh and karehmoochi have the most impact, in the village of Chah Sheikh, Chah Nodeh Sheikh, Kakoli and Jari with moderate performance and In other villages, they have poor performance.The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in rural settlements of Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area in Lamerd county. This research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the present study includes two groups: The first group includes all villagers living in 13 villages of Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area in Lamerd county. Using Cochran's formula with 0.6 error level, 235 households were estimated as sample households and were randomly surveyed. The second group includes 25 professors, local experts and experts from tourism-related organizations. To analyze the data, software, ANP, MABAC, DEMATEL, Arc GIS and single-sample T test were used in SPSS software. The research findings confirm that: in all research variables (economic 3.46, environmental 36.3, planning-management 33.3, socio-cultural 3.25, infrastructure-welfare 3.19 and advertising, marketing And Information 3.11) The impact of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area, Lamerd city is higher than the theoretical average (3). Also, the results of pairwise comparison of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism using ANP method, according to experts, showed that the criteria of advertising, marketing and information and economics with normal weight of 0.304 and 0.261 have the greatest impact in formation And the development of commercial tourism in the study area. Finally, the results of MABAC technique showed that, the factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the villages of Sigar, Dehshikh and karehmoochi have the most impact, in the village of Chah Sheikh, Chah Nodeh Sheikh, Kakoli and Jari with moderate performance and In other villages, they have poor performance.The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in rural settlements of Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area in Lamerd county. This research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the present study includes two groups: The first group includes all villagers living in 13 villages of Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area in Lamerd county. Using Cochran's formula with 0.6 error level, 235 households were estimated as sample households and were randomly surveyed. The second group includes 25 professors, local experts and experts from tourism-related organizations. To analyze the data, software, ANP, MABAC, DEMATEL, Arc GIS and single-sample T test were used in SPSS software. The research findings confirm that: in all research variables (economic 3.46, environmental 36.3, planning-management 33.3, socio-cultural 3.25, infrastructure-welfare 3.19 and advertising, marketing And Information 3.11) The impact of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area, Lamerd city is higher than the theoretical average (3). Also, the results of pairwise comparison of factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism using ANP method, according to experts, showed that the criteria of advertising, marketing and information and economics with normal weight of 0.304 and 0.261 have the greatest impact in formation And the development of commercial tourism in the study area. Finally, the results of MABAC technique showed that, the factors affecting the formation and development of commercial tourism in the villages of Sigar, Dehshikh and karehmoochi have the most impact, in the village of Chah Sheikh, Chah Nodeh Sheikh, Kakoli and Jari with moderate performance and In other villages, they have poor performance.

Given the large number of tourists and pilgrims having different accommodation interests, different formal and informal accommodation centers have been established in Mashhad in the last decade. The tourists who use the accommodation facilities have the greatest influence on the economy of destinations. The cost of accommodation is mainly the first concern among the traveling expenses of tourists in Mashhad. This shows the significance of economic issues of tourism. Using diagnostic analysis technique, this study tried to identify the differentiating patterns of tourists regarding accommodation in Mashhad. This survey used a research-made questionnaire to collect data. The population was tourists and native pilgrims of Mashhad in early 2019. Results showed that choosing the place of accommodation for tourists in Mashhad is non-institutional (68%) and based on collective decisions (88%). Exploring differentiating factors of choosing a place of accommodation showed that tourists’ social status plays an important role in choosing a place of accommodation though it is not the only determining factor. In addition to the issues, the tourists’ values regarding accommodation and their preference system regarding travel, and travel motivations influence tourists’ choosing accommodation in Mashhad. The results showed that choosing the accommodation has not only an economic implication but implies a social meaning as well. Accommodation is influenced by economic status of tourists and is affected by their social status and life styles. Most of tourists of Mashhad are of the lower middle class. Therefore, the tourism managers and accommodation planners of Mashhad should mainly focus on the pragmatic than the symbolic dimension of tourism when deciding on the development of accommodation centers.

Today different approaches are proposed and used for solving the current issues and problems in cities, some of which are livability, smart city, ideal city, resilient city, child-friendly city, age-friendly city, city of learning, creative city and secure city. Multiple factors affect the livability of a place, of which can note the presence of people, mixed use, housing, safety and security, sense of belonging, efficiency and the environment. The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability with emphasis on housing indicator in Mashhad metropolis. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. GIS and SPSS software, and Vikor and Entropy models were used for analysis of the data. The person density in residential unit of Mashhad metropolis was 3.4 based on population and housing census in 2011. Zones 13 and 8 had the highest residential per capita with 56.9 and 56.8 m2, respectively, whereas zones 4 and 5 had the lowest residential per capita with 20.7 and 20.1 m2, respectively. Zones 12, 12, 1, 11 and 1 had the best situation in terms of oldness, durability, ownership, access to municipal sewage and housing price indicators, respectively. The results of this research show the zone 11 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of housing indicator, followed by zones 10 and 9, respectively. By contrast, zones 5, 4 and 13 had the worst conditions in terms of housing indicator, respectively. About 38% of Mashhad's zones are at housing very unfavorable level with respect to the urban livability.

Today, due to the complexity of urban life and everyday problems of cities, including traffic and traffic jams, use of night time is suggested as a way of spending leisure time and responding to the presence and vitality of citizens; therefore, the purpose of this research was to plan and prepare strategies for realizing night city in Mashhad metropolis with an emphasis on urban vitality indicators. The research method used in this research was of descriptive-analytical type. At first, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to urban vitality and night city were obtained by completing the questionnaire by 30 managers and experts from organizations and institutions related to urban issues. Then, the strategies were evaluated and prioritized by using SWOT and ANP techniques in Super Decision software. The research findings indicated that the three following strategies were selected as the main priorities for the realization of night city in Mashhad metropolis: 1. Preparation and improvement of existing infrastructure to create 24-hour urban services; 2. Designing suitable urban spaces to create a safe city throughout the day, especially in the central area of the city; and 3. Appropriate and purposeful lighting, along with decorating places and walking paths for the night presence of pilgrims and people. The results of this research showed that, given the annual millionaire entry of pilgrims and the presence of more than three million citizens in the city as well as having commercial, recreational, and religious activities including the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) and other urban utilities, this city has the potential of creating a night city. If proper planning and active management system are implemented to create safe spaces and healthy activities in accordance with the needs and values of the community at night, the ground for the presence and vitality of the people in night city will be provided.

The main goal of this research is sustainable planning of the brownfields of Abkouh sugar factory in Mashhad and investigating possible scenarios in the redevelopment of its lands. To achieve this goal, six main steps of scenario writing were done. In order to carry out these steps, quantitative and qualitative combined studies were conducted.First, to determine the expected future, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 12 experts familiar with the scope of the study, and the initial framework of the questionnaire was designed.Next,using a questionnaire (in two dimensions, the degree of influence and uncertainty), 56 experts and professors were asked for their opinions, and by means of descriptive and inferential statistical tests such as T-test, the critical drivers of the scenario were determined.Then, semi-structured interviews were used with six experts, managers, consulting engineers, and academic experts to develop scenarios, examine consequences, and determine strategies. The results of the research showed that three scenarios can be imagined for the redevelopment of the lands of Aabkouh sugar factory in Mashhad. The golden scenario includes two main drivers, providing new sources of income for the permanent transfer of the factory and creating new projects with a mixed approach around the factory based on their capacities and location.The basic scenario is the continuation of the trends in compliance with the prevailing conditions with the continuation of the existing process.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of survey method at the exploratory level and is based on a futures research approach. Due to the nature of the research, first 25 experts, specialists and executive officials were selected as the sample population and then according to the Delphi method and documentary studies, key driver forces were determined. In the next stage, structural analysis method and Micmac software were used to weigh and identify the most important key driver forces affecting the formation and development of business tourism in Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area. The results showed that among the studied driver forces, the most effective are related to economic, advertising, marketing and information, planning-management and socio-cultural driver force, respectively, which are the coefficients extracted based on the structural model of the research, respectively for each, it is 87, 85.71, 75.15 and 69.38. The results also showed that among the 51 factors studied, 20 key driver forces including: proximity to maritime borders, proximity to commercial markets in the southern Persian Gulf countries end etc. in The formation and development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar region are influential.

In the modern era, one of the most important tasks of managers of organizations is to identify and manage human resource risks, among which one of the most important human resource risks is operational risk. The purpose of this study is to prioritize and systematically examine the relationships between the dimensions of operational risk of human resource in Mashhad Municipality. At first, theoretical literature and semi-structured interviews with human resource experts in Mashhad Municipality were used to identify the components and indicators of operational risk of human resource. Analyzing the interview information resulted in 4 external dimensions, 15 fixed elements of internal components, 41 variable elements of internal dimensions of human resource risks management. Risk dimensions were drown. Then, in order to measure and prioritize each of the identified risks according to the probability of occurrence and intensity of impact, for this purpose, a questionnaire were designed and 37 department directors answered them. In this study, Friedman test, structural equation methods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and t-test of two dependent communities were used to test the hypotheses. The results of the research showed that in terms of probability of occurrence, the risks of performance appraisal, service compensation, recruitment and training, respectively, and in terms of intensity of impact are the risks of service compensation, recruitment, performance appraisal and training. Also, according to causal relationships, the risks of recruitment human resource are effective dimensions. Finally, according the results, suggestions are presented as risk exposure and optimization.