امیر فتحی

 The effect of carbon black nanoparticles and thermoplastic polyurethane on the tensile strength and impact properties of polyacetal (POM), which is widely used in the application of automotive parts such as bumper brackets, has been investigated. Improving the impact resistance of polyacetal is one of the challenges of automotive industry, which would diminish the car damage in accidents. The incorporation of thermoplastic polyurethane into the polyacetal matrix can create good compatibility and increase its impact resistance. In addition, the presence of carbon block in the polyacetal matrix can simultaneously elevate the tensile strength and impact resistance and increase the UV resistance of polyacetal.

Standard mechanical testing specimens of the POM/CB/TPU nanocomposites, containing 0.42% (by wt) carbon black and different fractions of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (by wt) of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were produced through a twin-screw extruder and injection molding. Standard tensile and impact tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of nanocomposites. The morphology of fractured surfaces of impact specimens and the toughening mechanisms were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

The results of tensile test showed that the presence of carbon black nanoparticles increases the Young's modulus and the tensile strength of polyacetal. However, the inclusion of thermoplastic polyurethane into the POM/CB reduced the tensile behavior. The incorporation of a phase with soft segments to the polymeric matrix with hard segments reduces the tensile strength. In addition, the carbon black and the thermoplastic polyurethane increase the elongation-at-break of this three-phase nanocomposite. The results of impact test showed that the presence of carbon black nanoparticles and thermoplastic polyurethane in the polyacetal matrix leads to enhanced impact resistance. Plastic deformation, crazing, fibrillated structure and microvoid were the dominant toughening mechanisms in nanocomposites.

Today, regarding the widespread and complexity of domestic and foreign relations in different countries, as well as the prevalence of insecurity in the region, and especially the presence of ISIS, security-defense, and threats are of paramount importance. These threats are more sensitive and important in the border provinces. Maintaining security and expanding it in the border areas are among the most important concerns of countries that have a wide variety of borders with their neighbors. New insights on border security emphasize sustainable development strategy in these areas. This applied research aims to investigate security-defense threats in the cities of Kurdistan province using an analytical-exploratory method. Moreover the study seeks to measure the relationship between these threats and indicators using Pearson correlation. The data of this research were obtained through documentary, library, and questionnaire. This study examines theories regarding the correlation of security and defense with development in Kurdistan province as a case study. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between security-defense and health-economic indicators. But there was no significant relationship between threats and cultural indicators, transportation, infrastructure and all other indicators. Finally, the researchers have suggested a strategy for the province with the help of the elite people.

Urmia Lake is one of the largest Salt supersaturation lakes in the world and in the region. But its life has been endangered over the last few decades due to many factors, such as dam construction, the rising rainfall, the increasing number of wells around the lake, as well as other major factors.. In this regard, the present study aimed to find a way to prevent the occurrence of a regional and even national crisis, from the perspective of the future, to examine the regional impacts of the drying of Lake Urmia on the horizon of 2025. This research, which is a developmental-functional research in view of nature and is descriptive-analytical one in terms of method, has used the interview and Delphi method to collect the required information and then these data were analyzed using the structural analysis method And Mick Mac technique, The results show that the variables of salt storm, dust, Smooth Sands, and non-pollutant salmon canals and the ability of the region to become the National Park are key variables. These variables influence the key variables of other variables and have the most impact on other variables and are less effective. Also, the most important influential variable, which both directly and indirectly influences this process, is people And at the first stage, the effects of direct drying of the lake on people such as increased aerosol should be prevented from exceeding the permissible occurrence of storms and the spread of mudslides in the region, and in the subsequent stages, the other variables were also monitored and controlled and prevented their damages.

Introduction Recently, inequalities are the fundamental problems for human society, as they are discussed in academic places and they cause governmental concerns, inequalities can risk national unity and social stability. Spatial planning is a set of coordinated and coherent knowledge, policies, techniques and operations that are used to eliminate inequalities and organize and regulate biological and geographical spaces (natural and unnatural). The concentration of facilities and services in the cities and provincial centers in recent decades has created regional inequalities in accessing to services and facilities; finally, it leads a decline in quality of life, income gaps and ultimately spatial injustice. Therefore, logical and credible analysis of the regions and areas is essential in order to achieve spatial justice and major economic development. Alborz province, as one of the centers for spatial distribution and deconcentrating of Tehran which is separated in 2010 from the province, is now involved in the intense spatial concentration in the provincial capital. There are various threats in this province that cover a wide range of issues. In this regard, one of the most important parts of spatial planning is the recognition of political, security and defensive threats in different provinces. This study surveys spatial distribution of services and facilities in different counties of Alborz province. Since good distribution of facilities and services in the regional and provincial levels lead to reduction of the security threats. This research also seeks to answer the fundamental question: What are the security and defensive threats of spatial planning in Alborz province?
Theoretical Framework Security and defense are the most important foundations of development for each country, which are achieved through smart planning and good policies. In an overview, we can say that the most important goal of recent planning is to achieve development, especially sustainable development. Sustainable development does not have clear definition despite it is extensively used. For this reason, the development takes an available meaning only in case that it is considered in four economic, political, cultural and social areas. Therefore, attention to a range of key variables in different environmental, cultural, economic, social and political sectors is necessary in political, security and defensive studies. No attention to each of these sectors can cause irrepairable damage, for example, the lack of attention to environmental issues can lead to the creation of a Green Party and new environmental advocacy movements based on radical ideas such as extreme ecology, eco-anarchism and ecofeminism. Oriurdon (1989) states how societies are divided between two groups of people. A group that considers nature to be inherently exploitative and recoverable and another group that knows that human ability to destroy its environment is more than its ability to compensate. Therefore, providing development and accessing to various regional and provincial levels can equally serve a basis for policy advancement, security development, strengthening defensive capabilities and reducing regional inequalities that countries are taking along. Also, dealing with the issue of security and defense is one of the most important factors for development of the country.
Methodology The present research is applicable in terms of its purpose and it has descriptive-analytical and exploratory nature. Library materials, interviews and a questionnaire were used to collect data. In library studies, research related topics, including dissertations, articles, books and research projects have been used. Necessary indices for research have been extracted from library studies. Elite interviews were conducted to find out if the indices that were extracted from the library method adequately measured the existing threats in Alborz province. Each of the threats was selected by elite questionnaires.
Also, a questionnaire with 76 indicators was used to measure the importance of each of the threats in the various counties of Alborz province. The number of respondants was 35 people. Also, purposeful sampling has been used to select experts. Vikor method has been used to analyze the indices. Then, the results are displayed by using the arc map 10.2 software.
Discussion and Findings Proximity to Tehran as the capital of Iran and center of all sectors, services, facilities, employment, and so on is one of the most prominent features of Alborz province. Despite proximity to the capital leads to access of Alborz province to the various services, but this has caused a number of different problems. Being near to Tehran and Karaj-Tehran subway line, being the province capital, easy access of Karaj residents to Tehran and many other problems have leaded Karaj to be the largest residential city in Iran compared to other sectors. It also has the most informal settlements. The huge difference in Karaj population with other counties of Alborz province has caused that more provincial budgets are allocated to Karaj, and industry and service sectors are also concentrated in Karaj. Proximity to the capital, the unreasonable concentration of population, facilities and services have exacerbated various political, security and defensive threats in Karaj. Finally, experts believe that establishing justice in the territory of the land and increasing the level of access in the poor counties by using different methods of spatial planning are the best ways to reduce the threats in Alborz province. Therefore, problems and challenges could be reduced by distributing facilities, services and accesses among different counties of Alborz Province, and also eliminating unemployment and low access to facilities in other counties.

Excessive centralization of population and facilities in Tehran, increases urban problems in the capital, on the one hand, and causes increasing problems in other geographical areas of Iran, on the other hand. Besides, it consequently is threatening the security and development of the country. Various schemes have been proposed to manage this situation. The present study aims to gather and classify the data choosing the best solution to organize the capital of Iran. The current article is the exploratory- analytical one, applied research using library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews). The solutions were classified in the form of five main options and rating criteria including the ability to run, speed of execution, influencing volume, lower operating costs, economic considerations, political and environmental security. They are then determined by using AHP technique. The most important organization options are prioritized as the following, the internal organization of Tehran, decentralization, territorial approach, creating and strengthening poles rival to Tehran and transferring the capital. Therefore, national authorities are suggested to concentrate on the Tehran problems instead of wasting the time thinking of transferring the capital.

Scanning Capacitance Microscope (SCM) is kinde of scanning probe microscope in which a thin electrode probe scan across the sample surface. In this way, the sample surface is characterized by data obtained from changing electrostatic capacitance between surface and probe. Scanning Capacitance Microscopy is non-destructive method and used to characterize and describe the semiconductors. One of the commercial applications of SCM is imaging the dopant in semiconductors. This microscope can also be used to to measure charge carrier density in nano-meter scale. The ability of SCM to image charge distribution with high resolution and sensivity cause that this is known as a valuable method to identify nano-materials.

Structural view to literary works provides more suitable perception of literature nature because of internal text elements and discovering of their connection pattern، And by giving methods of more great literary works can help extending patterns of literary work processing. Among structuralism critics، one group deal with narrative forms and investigation of story element and their combination rules، That among them ''A. J. Greimas'' is suggesting layout that is base on how relation between smallest units. In present study، az kham chambar story as one of its madding component has investigated in the view of greimas. The purpose of choosing this subject is accordance of this theory with this kind literary (story). Structural view to literary works provides more suitable perception of literature nature because of internal text elements and discovering of their connection pattern، And by giving methods of more great literary works can help extending patterns of literary work processing.

A structural insight to literary elements in order to studyintratextual aspects and their relationship patterns, leads to find morepositive ground from the literary essence. And, showing methods forbetter literary work creation can help develop the literary process. Agroup of structural critics has focused on structural forms of narrativeand story elements and their compound rules; Claude Bremond bydeveloping a system based on narrative forms proposed a scheme thatis based on a relationship between the smallest units. In this paper,using pattern and sequence of Bremonds, we have studied andanalyzed two stories from Saadi's Boostan or Garden. The aim ofchoosing this subject is the conformity of this theory with the structureof two narratives of Saadi.

Narrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is in working. In the days of Tahmuroth king ship, the tranquility envelop all around the country. Afterwards the happen mishap and this primary situation changes to undesirable. Tahmuroth started to righteous and courtesy and since bureau saw the complete calm of people, ill temper persuaded them  to in refusal of his precept and discharge him of majesty. After Tahmuroth known their plans, the war happened and the bureau failed. Afterwards after that the hero get at to his target, a stable situation create. This condition happens in this story one time. The target of election this subject is adaptation this theoris on this kind of literary(story).

Structural view to literary works provides more suitable perception of literature nature because of internal text elements and discovering of their connection pattern، And by giving methods of more great literary works can help extending patterns of literary work processing. Among structuralism critics، one group deal with narrative forms and investigation of story element and their combination rules، That among them ''Claud Bremond''، ''A. J. Greimas'' and ''Tzvetan Todorof'' suggested each one layout that is base on how relation between smallest units. In present study، kioumars story layout (of ferdosi shahname) as one of its madding component has investigated in the view of several structuralisms. In this story at the first there is balanced situation (state). At the time of kioumars kingdom، peace is surrounded the country، then occurrence has been happened، and this primary state has been changed، and formed unbalanced state. demiurge become jealous because of happiness and calmness of kingdom and its people and his child is going to defeat and kill kiuomars. siamak that is awared of demiurges child rancour، he go to war him and is killed. After hero gain his gold (or not) form organized balance state. Kioumars revenged of siamak blood by houshang and die after transferring kingdom to him. The purpose of choosing this subject is accordance of these theories with this kind literary (story).

In this study, boron carbide nano particles have been fabricated with polymeric precursors. PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) and boric acid with constant weight ratio are composed together. In the next section, received materials have been pyrolized at 600-800°C, and then have been heated at 1400-1600°C. Products have been studied by FTIR for investigation of reaction mechanism. Particle size and crystalline form of Boron carbide nano particles was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction patterns. Finally, boron carbide nano particles with 80-120 nm with good crystalline form are produced.