جلیل مرادی

Reactivity to stress is the basis of individual differences in mental, emotional, and physiological responses to stressful situations and is a valid indicator for current and future adverse health outcomes. Despite the importance of stress reactivity and its consequences, the conventional physiological calculation of reactivity is time-consuming, costly, and invasive. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale for Adolescent Athletes (PSRS-AA).

The research method was a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical sample was made up of 290 athletes (130 girls and 160 boys) of different sports fields with an age range of 12 to 20 years who participated in the present study using the available sampling method. First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the back-translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency.

The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than 0.9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes and its dimensions were obtained above 0.7 (acceptable index value).

Based on the results, based on the results, the Persian perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes has good and acceptable construct validity and internal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool.

Athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)  have deficits in executive functions, and it is very important to find new non-pharmacological methods to help them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motor and cognitive exercises on working memory and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.

A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up was employed, including a control group. A total of 120 athletes(males and females) with ADHD, aged 9 to 11, from Lorestan province, were initially considered. Among them, 75 athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: control, motor exercises, and cognitive exercises, with each group consisting of 25 participants.The first experimental group received motor exercises, while the second experimental group received cognitive exercises (Captain’s Log), both delivered in 10 sessions of 20 minutes each. The control group did not receive any interventions. Post-tests were conducted immediately one day after the intervention period, followed by a two-week follow-up test. Working memory and selective attention were assessed using the N-back and Stroop tests. Data analysis included mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software.

The results demonstrated a significant difference between the group of motor exercises (P= 0/0001) and cognitive exercises (P= 0/0001) with the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups(P= 0/536).

The mentioned exercises can be used as an effective treatment in improving working memory and selective attention in athletes with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of pre-performance routines on the learning of fine motor skills (specifically, the table tennis serve) and gross motor skills (simple volleyball serve).

The research utilized a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest structure and a control group. Forty-five beginner male students (mean age: 17.22±0.69 years) in motor skills were selected using an availability sampling method. They were divided into two experimental groups with pre-performance routines and two control groups without pre-performance routines based on their pre-test scores. The research involved pre-tests, 12 acquisition sessions (practicing forehand table tennis serve and simple volleyball serve skills), post-tests (after the final practice session), and retention and transfer tests (one week later). Data were analyzed with the mixed ANOVA.

The mixed design analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of training (P=0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in acquiring and learning skills. Nonetheless, during the acquisition phase, and particularly in the retention and transfer tests, the experimental groups outperformed the control groups.

The results suggest that pre-performance routines can enhance learning motor skills by improving concentration and utilizing mental imagery. Further research is necessary to explore this area.

Working memory and sustained attention are two of the abilities of executive functions. The aim of this study was to compare the executive functions of some athletes, musicians and ordinary people. The research method was causal-comparative with comparative design of static groups. Participants included 47 athletes, 42 musicians and 54 ordinary people in the age range of 20 to 35 years who were selected by convenience sampling from the men and women of Arak city. In this research, it was observed that there was no significant difference in the working memory score between musicians and athletes (P=0.059), but these two groups scored better than the normal people group with a significant difference (P=0.001). In the sustained attention test, there was no significant difference in the time variable between the athlete's group and normal people (P=0.909); But the musicians obtained a better score with a significant difference (P=0.009), (P=0.023). And in the variable of the number of correct answers, only musicians scored better than normal people (P=0.012) and there was no significant difference between other groups. According to the results of this research, it was observed that sports activities and playing music have a significant effect on working memory and sustained attention in people, and performing these activities leads to the improvement of these two abilities in people.

Aging is a very sensitive period of human life and paying attention to the needs and issues of this stage is a universal necessity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was the effect of individual and team sports on the working memory and attention of the elderly.
The current research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this research was the elderly of Arak city, among them 102 elderly with an age range of 60 to 70 years were purposefully selected and participated in this study. They were divided into three groups of elderly active in individual sports, elderly active in team sports, and inactive elderly. N-back test and continuous performance test (CPT) were used to measure working memory and attention respectively. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS-26 software.
The results showed that in the working memory and attention, individual and team sports had better performance than the non-exercise group (P≤0.05), but no significant difference was observed between individual and team sports (P≥0.05).
Team and individual sports improve the working memory and attention of the elderly. Therefore, it can be suggested that to improve the health of the elderly, exercise in a team or individually should be included in their weekly schedule.

Non-specific chronic low back pain is the most common type of chronic low back pain and achieving a treatment and rehabilitation program for faster recovery of patients with chronic low back pain has always been a concern. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of 8 weeks of pomp and Pilates exercise on pain and functional disability of women with non-specific low back pain .

In this semi-experimental research, 36 women with non-specific chronic back pain with an age range of 20-45 years were selected in a purposeful way and randomly divided into three groups of 12 people (two experimental groups and one control group). Patients' pain data were collected through pain questionnaire (VAS) and functional disability questionnaire (OSWESTRY) in pre-test and post-test. For statistical analysis, independent and paired t-tests were used at the significant level (P≤0.05).

The findings showed that both the pain and the functional disability of the experimental groups decreased significantly after applying selected corrective programs (P≤0.05). However, these variables were not significantly different in the control group (P≥0.05) .

Based on the results, it can be concluded that the reduction of pain and functional disability of women with non-specific chronic low back pain is effective in body-pumping and Pilates exercises, so this low-cost and noninvasive method of rehabilitation can be effective. Benefited with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Children with intellectual disability get lower scores in basic motor skills than healthy people and need more time to learn than normal people. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of individual and dyad Brailletonik training on executive functions of children with intellectual disability.

The research method was semi-experimental, which was carried out with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was children aged 8 to 12 years with an average age of 9.8 ± 1.39, boys and girls with mental retardation in Aligoudarz city, from which 30 people were selected through available sampling. The participants were randomly divided into three groups of 10 people and performed the exercise program in 21 sessions of 30 minutes during seven weeks. To measure executive functions, a brief questionnaire was used. Spss version 26 software was used for data processing and covariance test and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis. In all statistical tests, a significance level of 0.05 was considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the groups under investigation in all the investigated components of the research. The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test indicated that the control group had a weaker performance than the individual and couple groups. The executive functions in the training group individually and dyad were better than the control group, and the performance of the dyad group in the variables under investigation was significantly better than the performance of the individual group (P≥0.05).

Brailletonik physical activity program has a significant positive effect on improving balance, reaction time and executive functions of children with intellectual disability. It seems that these exercises can be used as a targeted intervention individually or dyad to improve the movement performance of these children.

The use of anabolic steroids is increasing in athletes due to body beauty and performance enhancement and is one of the major public health problems. The aim of study was to compare the characteristics of five major personality factors in male bodybuilding and fitness athletes with and without the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids.
The research was practical in terms of purpose and in terms of strategy, it is a descriptive causal-comparative description. The statistical population of the present study included all male bodybuilding and fitness athletes in Yazd province. 105 athletes (50 with a history of use and 55 with no history of steroid use) with an age range of 18 to 48 years and at least two years of sports experience were selected as availabe. The instrument used was the personality questionnaire NEO-FFI. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis.
 The results showed athletes who use steroids have a higher score in the dimension of neuroticism and a lower score in the dimensions of extraversion, openness, adaptation and conscientiousness score than athletes who didnot use steroids. The results showed significant differences in the components of neuroticism (P=0/013), extraversion (P=0/02), adaptation (P=0/04) and conscientiousness (P=0/01). however, the difference between the components of openness to experience was not significant (P=0/26).
 The results showed that there is a significant difference between bodybuilding and fitness athletes with and without the use of anabolic steroids in the personality dimensions of neuroticism, extroversion, adaptability and conscientiousness.

Promoting the theoretical foundations of Islam has a role in determining the individual and social behavior of students. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching general courses on the theoretical foundations of Islam on the religious identity and academic resilience of Sports Science students at Ilam University.

The method of this study was a quasi-experimental type of pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population was all undergraduate students in the field of Sports Science at Ilam University, of whom 30 people were selected as the study sample and divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups using the available (non-probability) sampling method. Library and field methods were used to collect data. The library method was used to collect the background and theoretical foundations of the study, and two standard questionnaires, including Khoshavi’s Religious Identity (2012) and the Academic Resilience of Samuels and Woo, were used to collect data. Their validity and reliability were also confirmed. For data analysis, univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance statistical tests were used with SPSS software (version 24).

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups (at a 95% confidence level) after teaching general courses on the theoretical foundations of Islam regarding the variable of religious identity (sig=0.042, P≤0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the academic resilience variable (sig=0.095, P>0.05). Therefore, teaching general courses on the theoretical foundations of Islam has a direct and significant effect on the religious identity of Sports Science students, but it does not have a significant effect on their academic resilience.

The results of the study showed that teaching general courses on the theoretical foundations of Islam has an effect on religious identity. Therefore, teaching these courses can improve students’ religious identity. Moreover, the cultural managers of universities can use this method of intervention in order to promote the religious identity of students.

Physical and mental disorders are abundantly observed in veterans and disabled people, and in addition to causing concern, they have very adverse effects on various aspects of their lives. Considering that physical and mental health can play an important role in the general health of veterans and disabled people, it is vital to address these aspects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict social trust, self-control, and self-efficacy based on the level of physical activity in veterans and disabled people.

The method of the study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was composed of veterans and disabled people of Yazd province. One hundred and nine people (62 veterans and 47 disabled) were selected as a statistical sample using the convenient method. Sharkey's physical activity (1997), Tanji's self-control (2004), Safarinia and Sharif's social trust (2009), and Sherer et al.'s self-efficacy (1982) scales were used to examine the research variables. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between variables and simple linear regression to predict variables.

The findings showed that physical activity level scores can significantly predict self-control (r=0.39) and social trust (r=0.31) variables in veterans and disabled people (P<0.01). However, due to the low correlation with the self-efficacy variable (r=0.14), the level of physical activity does not have the ability to predict this variable (P=0.19) significantly.

According to the results, it is suggested that appropriate planning should be considered for the participation of veterans and disabled people in regular physical activities to increase self-control and social trust and consequently increase life quality.

This research aimed to design and standardize the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence assessment questionnaire in Iranian society.

The current research method was a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods with an exploratory design – an instrument development model. In the qualitative stage, after conducting 12 semi-structured interviews, related categories were collected and after checking the face and content validity, a 36-item questionnaire was designed. In the quantitative stage, the validity and reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire were examined. The statistical sample consisted of 808 teenagers from five provinces of the country who were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method and all the subjects completed the questionnaire. To determine the concurrent validity, the KTK3+ motor competence standard test was used, and to check the temporal reliability and consistency, test-retest and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used.

Through exploratory factor analysis, five factors of physical fitness factors related to health and skill, perceptual ability, non-verbal communication, enjoyment and participation in various physical activities, and learning and experience of motor skills were identified and these five factors explained 51% of the total variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index was higher than 0.90. In concurrent validity, the correlation between the scores of the two tests was 0.51 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.89) and intra-class correlation (0.87) were also obtained.

In general, it can be concluded that the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence questionnaire has a suitable and acceptable validity and reliability, and by using this questionnaire, the assessment of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence of teenagers is possible.

In recent years, physical literacy has attracted international attention and due to its relevance to education and sports policy, much investment has been made in this model in different countries. Despite the importance of the issue of physical literacy, since this concept is in the early stages, there are still no precise instrument for evaluating it at different ages and between different groups. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) in physical education teachers. For this purpose, 208 male and female physical education teachers with an age range of 20 to 66 years completed questionnaire. First, the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the open translation method and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with test-retest method was used. The results showed that the good fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than 0/9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for perceived physical literacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained. Based on the results, the Persian version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) in physical education teachers has a constructive validity and internal and temporal reliability and can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the physical literacy of physical education teachers.

Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees.

The present research, was a descriptive-correlational study. For this purpose, 228 referees of team and individual sports completed the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees. First, using the open-translation method, the accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed, and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used, and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for the time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with the test-retest method was used.

The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than (0.90). Time reliability (0.76) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for self-efficacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained.

Based on the results, the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees has structural validity and internal and temporal reliability desirable and acceptable for referees of team and individual sports and therefore can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the self-efficacy of Iranian referees.

Sports injuries are an integral part of sports in all age groups that cause concern among athletes during their careers; On the other hand, today the role of psychological variables in sports and related cases is undeniable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of sports injuries based on the mental toughness of young volleyball players.

In this study, 110 young volleyball players in Aligudarz with an average age of 22.24 years, an average weight of 78.43 kg and an average height of 185 cm were selected by purposive sampling. Initially, the baseline data of this study were used to select injured individuals to collect injury information, the Australian Sports Medicine Injury Standard Questionnaire was used to collect common injuries in volleyball. Then, using a 48-item questionnaire related to mental toughness, their mental toughness was measured. In order to describe and classify the information, the mean was used as the central index and the standard deviation was used as the dispersion index. Sample t-test, multivariate linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were also used. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 at a significance level of less than five percent.

There is a negative correlation between the rate of sports injuries and mental toughness and the highest correlation score is related to the number of injuries and control in mental strength (r=-0.26) and the lowest correlation is related to the component. The recovery and confidence status (r=0)

 The application of principles of motor learning in children with deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is essential. This study investigated the effect of constant and variable practice on learning soccer pass skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal children.

 For this purpose, two groups of 34 ADHD and 34 typically developing children with a mean age of (8.36±0.51) were selected by purposive sampling. Each group was randomly divided into experimental (variable practice) and control (constant practice) subgroups. At first, the Pretest of the soccer pass was performed based on the Mor-Christian General Soccer Ability Skill Test Battery. Then the training program was conducted for 8 weeks consisting of two sessions per week (20 trials per session) for 45 minutes. After the last session, Post-test, and after one week, the retention and transfer tests were performed on two consecutive days. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. 

The results showed a significant within-group difference in all training groups from Pretest to Post-test (P=0.001). Comparison of Post-test, retention, and transfer tests in the training groups showed no significant difference between the training groups, but comparing the means indicates that in both groups of typically developing children and children with ADHD, variable training resulted in better retention and transfer than constant training.

In general, the results of this study showed that in children with ADHD, as in typically developing children, variable practice is probably more effective in the learning of soccer pass skills than constant practice.

COVID-19 disease has a major effect on people's mental health worldwide. It is likely that in the current situation, the level of physical activity and the body mass index (BMI) status play an important role in people's mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BMI and the level of physical activity with anxiety caused by COVID-19 disease.

The method of this study was adescriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population was all citizens of Arak city in Markazi province in 2021. The statistical sample was 486 citizens in different age groups who were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression.

Pearson correlation results showed that there is a significant  inverse correlation between the level of physical activity and coronavirus anxiety (p<0.05). However, there is no significant relationship between BMI and coronavirus anxiety. The results of multivariate regression showed that the level of anxiety caused by coronavirus can be significantly predicted based on the level of physical activity and BMI.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the increase in the level of physical activity is associated with a decrease in coronavirus anxiety. Therefore, in order to maintain the mental health of individuals in the current critical situation, it is necessary to plan for the continuation of physical activities.

When failure happens, forgiveness is a way to admit the failure in order to increase individual and social growth and also prevent motivation decrease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forgiveness training program on perception of failure.

This study was practical quasi-experimental and had pre-test, post-test, control group with intervals. Participants were 24 volleyball players in level two league in Isfahan who were chosen non-randomly but grouped randomly into controlled and experimental groups. The instruments for gathering the data were HFS (heartland forgiveness scale) and SASS (sport attritional style scale). In this study, descriptive statistics were used to determine central tendency (mean) and statistical dispersion (standard deviation) and Shapiro-Wilk Test to determine if the data was normal and to analyze the research hypothesis, T-test was used for independent group. All the data was analyzed using SPSS (P ≤0.05).

The results of this study showed that forgiveness training had significant effect on failure perception with internal-external attributional style (0.02), instability-stability (00.00) and global-specific (0.005). But it didn’t have any significant effects on other subscales.

Forgiveness training, therefor, is likely to replace athlete's perception of failure with external- internal, instability-stability and global-specific subscales.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on mental fatigue and performance of basketball players. For this purpose, 18 male basketball players were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 9 persons. Participants were first tested for fatigue using the Self-Evaluation of Mental Fatigue Scale, and after being tired with the Stroop software and the mathematical test, fatigue and performance (AAHPERD three-point shot) pre-tests were performed. Experimental subjects were then exposed to tDCS and sham state operated for control group participants. Post-test was performed after intervention. Results of independent and paired t-tests showed that one tDCS session had a positive and significant effect on basketball performance but had no significant effect on mental fatigue compared to control group. The results suggest that a tDCS session can be used to improve performance

Regular physical activity is beneficial for the physical, mental, and social aspects of adolescents' health. Valid and reliable tools are needed to measure adolescents' commitment to physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Persian version of the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents.

The statistical sample consisted of female students of Arak city who were selected by available sampling method. Participants completed the demographic characteristics questionnaire and the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents (Robbins et al., 2016). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha.

The results showed that the goodness of fit index and comparative fit index were higher than (0.90). Also, the results showed that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Commitment to Physical Activity Scale and its dimensions was above 0.7 (the value of acceptable index).

In general, the results showed that the Persian version of the the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale in Iranian adolescents had acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore, this questionnaire can be used for educational and research purposes.

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) had a major effect on peoplechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s physical activity worldwide. These conditions have reduced the amount of physical activity in many people. The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide for performing physical activities at home.

The method was library-based, and new books and articles on physical activity at home were reviewed, and the scientific basis for performing physical activity at home was provided. Performing various physical activities using the devices at homes as well as performing exercises without using the devices were examined.

Practical suggestions for staying active at home, along with aerobic exercise, include walking, running on a treadmill, proper use of stationary bikes, and body weight resistance exercises to cope with the physical and psychological side effects of Coronavirus 2019 were provided.

This guidance provides useful information about physical activity at home for sedentary people, which can be done during epidemic diseases.

Studies have shown that physical activity levels and motor competency are associated with psychological variables such as anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between commitments to physical activity, perceived motor competence and generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population consisted of all female students of guidance school in Markazi province. The statistical sample consisted of 150 female students of guidance schools in Arak who were selected by the convenience sampling method. Participants completed the adolescent motor competence questionnaire, commitment to physical activity scale, and generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression.

Pearson correlation results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between commitment to physical activity and perceived motor competence (P <0.05). However, there was a significant negative correlation between these variables and generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents (P <0.05). Also, the results of the multivariate regression showed that based on the variables of commitment to physical activity and perceived motor competency, anxiety disorder in adolescents can be significantly predicted.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that an increase in commitment to physical activity and motor competence is associated with a decrease in generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents. Therefore, encouraging and planning for performing and maintaining physical activity and increasing motor competency is necessary to prevent generalized anxiety disorder.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 in athletes. The statistical sample consisted of team and individual athletes from Qazvin province, Iran, 280 of whom (145 males and 135 females) were selected by availability sampling. Participants completed the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 (Scanlon et al., 2016). The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, intra-class correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that the fit of goodness index and adaptive fit index were higher than (0.90). Also, the results showed that the temporal reliability was (0.81) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for sport commitment and its dimensions was above 0.7 (the value of acceptable index). In general, the results showed that the Persian version of the Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 had acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian athletes. Therefore, this questionnaire can be used for educational and research purposes.

Trust among people is an essential characteristic of every society. Eric Erickson, the famous psychologist, believes that trust is a fundamental basis for any personal relationship. Social trust is one of the indicators of social capital and is a new concept that has been introduced in the socioeconomic studies of developed societies. Investigating social trust in the partially–sighted and blind individuals, especially the elderly, is crucial but has received little attention. Sport and physical activity could contribute to individuals’ interaction in a social setting; a sports environment has more capacity than other environments in this respect. Researchers have reported that performing a regular sports activity is a factor for preventing and delaying, or even treating problems associated with aging. It has also been argued that sports and physical activity could increase social development in individuals. Besides, sports could provide a desirable basis for developing social trust in the blind and partially–sighted elderly. The present study compared social trust in blind and partially–sighted athletes and non–athlete elderly.

This was a causal–comparative study, and the convenience sampling method was used for selecting the study participants. The statistical population consisted of all athletes and non–athlete blind and partially–sighted elderly, referring to the Blind Society of Arak City, Iran, in 2018. The statistical sample included 101 blind and partially–sighted elderly (43 athletes and 58 non–athletes). All of the study participants provided consent to attend the present study and aged >55 years. The research instrument was the Social Trust Questionnaire (Safariannia and Sharif, 2010). This questionnaire has 25 questions, and 5 subscales, including the behavior–based trust, cooperative tendencies, preciseness, honesty, and confidence. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been approved by Safarinia and Nasim Sharif (2010). The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the dimensions of trust–based behavior, cooperative tendencies, preciseness, honesty, and confidence was measured as 0.97, 0.97, 0.96, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively. Moreover, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the total reliability of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.95. The questionnaire was provided to the study participants and completed by the interview. The collected data were analyzed using One–Sample t–test and Independent Samples t–test in SPSS. 

The obtained results indicated that the social trust status was moderate in all studied blind and partially–sighted elderly. The average sample in athletes and non–athletes was significantly lower than the theoretical mean of society (p=0.001). The achieved results revealed no significant difference between the dimensions of social trust and total social trust in the blind and partially–sighted elderly athletes and non–athletes. However, the comparison of mean scores suggested that in all dimensions, athletes obtained higher scores than the non–athletes.

The status of social trust was unfavorable among the partially–sighted and blind elderly sample of the present study. However, there was no significant difference between the total social trust score and its dimensions scores among the studied athletes and non–athletes. However, observing average scores indicated that athletes had a higher mean score than the non–athletes. These achieved results highlighted the role of sport and physical activity in improving social interactions and enhancing social trust. The attained results revealed that the consideration of the social trust in blind and partially–sighted elderly populations requires further attention. Sports and physical activity, especially group activities, may significantly increase the social trust in this group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between postural abnormalities with the quality of life and self-efficacy of the blind and partially sighted people.

100 blind and partially sighted people (mean age 34 years old including 48 males and 52 females) under the supervision of the Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted of Arak city (Iran) were selected by available sampling method. The New York test, SF-36 questionnaire, and self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer were used for assessement of postural abnormalities, the quality of life and self-efficacy, respectively. The   questionnaires were completed by interview.

Results showed the quality of life was favorable, but the self-efficacy was moderate in experimental sujjects. There was a reverse and significant correlation between postural abnormalities with life quality and self-efficacy in blind and partially sighted (p<0.05). Postural abnormalities inversely were a significant predictor for the life quality and self-efficacy in these subjects (p = 0.02).

Generally, results showed that the evaluation of postural abnormalities in partially sighted and blind people had a specific importance and people with more postural abnormalities had lower self-efficacy and life quality. Indetifcation and correction of these disorders have an improtnat role in improving the qlaity of life and self-efficacy of these individuals.

Circadian rhythm as an important factor in the change in hormone levels is considered. This study aimed to investigate the effect of circadian rhythm on blood lactate concentration and salivary cortisol after one session of exhausting exercise in trained girls.

In this semi-experimental study 15 trained girls with an average weight 58.66 ± 4.6 and body mass index 23/3±2/6 were selected randomly and at 7 Am and 7 Pm in the laboratory were present. Samples of blood and saliva were measured before and immediately after one session of exhausting exercise on a ergometer. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferonian post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

There was a significant difference in blood lactate level before and after exercise in the morning (p=0.001) and evening (p=0.001), but there was a significant difference in post -test lactate Blood was not observed in the morning and evening. Also, although there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol levels before and after exercise in the morning and evening, but there was a significant difference in salivary cortisol pre -test in morning and evening times at resting levels (p=0.025).

In general, according to the results of this study, it seems that the circadian rhythm does not affect the response of blood lactate and salivary cortisol in athlete's girls after one session of exhausting exercise.