حسن رحیمی

 Educational environments are a place for the development of science, advancement of educational goals and cultural transfer. As a result, the aim of this study was presenting the pattern of school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education.

 This research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The statistical population of this research was managers and professors familiar with the field of research in Farhangian Universities of Razavi Khorasan province in 2021 year. In this study, the samples according to the principle of theoretical saturation were included 8 people who were selected based on the inclusion criteria and with using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tools were included demographic information form and semi-structured interview with managers and professors, which whose validity was confirmed by triangulation method and its reliability was calculated by agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.86. Also, to analyze the data were used from thematic analysis method.

 The findings of the present research showed that for the pattern of school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education were identified 42 sub themes in 11 main themes. The identified main themes in this research were included the principal's respect to new teachers, principle of human respect, principle of dialogue, principle of tolerance and leniency, principle of altruism, principle of piety, principle of moderate rationality, principle of accepting intellectual and religious differences, management skills, interpersonal skills and communication skills. Finally, the pattern of the main themes of the school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education was designed.

 According to the results of this study, in order to improve the school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education can provide the ground for the realization of the identified sub and main themes for it.

This study aims to examine the role of culture in the realization of resistance economy with an emphasis on National Media (IRIB). The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method; and in terms of the data collection method, it is a survey. The statistical population of the present research consists of all over-18 citizens in Tehran in 2021. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was applied and the sample includes 384 persons. The sampling method is, also, multi-stage cluster. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the variables. The data was analyzed with Lisrel software and structural equations were applied to analyze the hypotheses. The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of culture (internal culture, symbolic culture, institutional culture, and crystallized culture) and the realization of the resistance economy, emphasizing the role of the National Media (IRIB). Also, there is a significant direct relationship between internalized culture, symbolic culture, institutional culture, crystallized culture and the realization of resistance economy.

Establishing good and constructive relationships and gaining the opinion and satisfaction of teachers is one of the most basic tasks of professional school administrators. If the manager can improve the conditions for growth and create a human and emotional atmosphere, the satisfaction and increase the motivation, and consequently the efficiency and performance of the new teachers, it can be claimed that he has created a feeling of relative satisfaction in them. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to compare the views of principals and new teachers on the interaction and satisfaction with the educational courses of Farhangian University. The present study was descriptive research in a sample group including 452 new teachers and 295 principals. The components of communication methods, guidance in performing professional duties, support for new teachers, satisfaction with interaction and satisfaction with the course were investigated using a 21-question Likert scale questionnaire. The content validity of the tool was confirmed with CVR and CVI, and the reliability was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.83. Data analysis based on T-test and analysis of variance showed that the quality of interaction from the point of view of new teachers is the same in the designated geographical areas;

One of the important foundations in the teaching and learning process is the educational interactions that provide the basis for improving education, academic silence is a psychological phenomenon that prevents the interaction and active participation of students in the classroom. Therefore, it leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of teaching in educational environments. The aim of the current research is to know the factors affecting the academic silence of high school students in educational environments. The method of the current research is content analysis, the study population of this research was all those involved in education and stakeholders in the secondary school of Zahedan city. Participants in the research were selected through purposeful criterion-based sampling and the data collection process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Participants in the research included 15 middle school teachers and 9 students. The data collection tool in this research is a semi-structured interview. Data collection was done using Max Kyuda software. The theme analysis approach in this research was the theme network approach. In order to check the reliability and originality, the criteria of Goba and Lincoln (1980) method were used. The analysis of the results shows four main dimensions affecting students' silence in the classroom, including individual factors, educational factors, structural factors, and cultural factors. According to the results, it can be concluded that students' academic silence depends on various factors that need attention.

Educational organizations of our country, especially schools, in order to deal with the many issues and problems they face in today's changing conditions are in urging need of principals and teachers who are creative and up-to-date and show this creativity in their job performance. Considering the importance and necessity of the creative performance of teachers and principals, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between digital leadership and creative performance through psychological empowerment of teachers.
The research method was quantitative, descriptive and correlational. Thirty hundred and ten teachers were selected from 1,610 elementary school teachers in the 5th district of Tehran, Iran by simple random sampling based on Cochran's formula in 2023-2024 academic year. The participants completed the Digital Leadership Questionnaire (Ulutas & Arsalan, 2017), the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (Spreitzer, 1995) and the Creative Performance Questionnaire (Oldham & Cummings, 1996).
Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling by SPSS and LISREL softwares. The results indicated that digital leadership had a direct, positive and significant effect on the creative performance and psychological empowerment, psychological empowerment had a direct, positive and significant effect on teachers' creative performance, and digital leadership had an indirect, positive and significant effect on the creative performance through the psychological empowerment.
Finally, in order to respond appropriately to the innovative changes and advances of the digital-oriented environment, educational organizations and schools should use the digital leadership style to eliminate teachers’ stress about possible mistakes in expressing ideas and new opinions, and thus increase the creative performance of teachers.

Examining the content of textbooks and their objectives based on the general policies of education in the fundamental transformation document poses challenges. Therefore, this research was designed to investigate the attention paid to the six-dimensional framework in Arabic textbooks for middle school as a basis for the implementation of the concepts of the fundamental transformation document.

The research method is descriptive and qualitative-quantitative in terms of content analysis. The study population includes Arabic textbooks for first middle school and The data collection tool is a content analysis checklist. The data obtained for each lesson were analyzed through the Shannon entropy in three stages.

The results showed that the six-dimensional framework was considered 1361 times overall. The lowest frequency, amount of information and importance coefficient were allocated to the political and social dimension. Based on the findings, balanced attention has not been paid to the six-dimensional framework in Arabic textbooks for middle school.

In order to make the six areas of the transformation document more accurate in the textbooks, in the following editions of the Arabic textbooks of the first secondary school , more attention should be paid to the balanced frequency of the six areas.

Recently, kinesiotape has received attention for improving joint position sense, balance, and gait, but existing studies have conflicting findings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of kinesiotape on the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles of athletes with and without chronic ankle instability during balance tests. The activity of tibialis anterior, proneous longus, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, soleus, vastus medialis and lateralis and biceps femoris muscles in 12 athletes with chronic ankle instability and 12 healthy athletes during leg stance time and star excursion balance tests to check the level of activity and co-contraction recordrd. Analysis of variance tests with repeated measurements was used to investigate within and between group effects. Findings showed the kinesiotape did not have any significant effect on the level of activity and the co-contraction ratio during the leg stance time test, and there wasn’t also any significant difference between the two groups in the level of activity and the co-contraction ratio during leg stance time test (p˃0.05). In contrast, kensiotype had a significant effect on the co-contraction ratio during the star excursion balance test, but the results between the two groups were not significant (F=2.27, P=0.14). Considering the effect of kensiotype on the co-contraction ratio of muscles during the performance of the star excursion balance test, it is suggested to use it to improve dynamic balance.

The exaltation of any society is possible in the light of social cohesion and the general participation of the members of that society. The purpose of social solidarity is the common commitment of individuals and smaller identity groups to that big "we" that gives people a collective identity in this way both in the subjective dimension and in the objective dimension and at the group levels. and institutions are established. One of the highest levels of solidarity is transnational solidarity, in which people and groups with different nationalities and citizenships find a sense of belonging and common commitment around a single axis. Sociologists also create social solidarity and public participation. They consider society to be caused by factors such as common feelings and balance and harmony between beliefs and values. These factors appear at any level - from local to international - of society, they can cause convergence and harmony among its members and bring social order to them. It is on this basis that different cultural perspectives based on order appear in the world at any time and place.One of the gatherings in which the solidarity and unity among the activists has found an external appearance is the Arbaeen walking ceremony. Despite the presence of different identities together, the activism of the participants in the Arbaeen march is based on shared efforts and strength, which has become the main basis for the creation of an atmosphere of solidarity in the Arbaeen community. The current research seeks to analyze the Arbaeen walking ceremony from the perspective of social solidarity in the context of Shia culture.In the structure of culture, cultural diversity including nationalism and religious differences do not cause political conflict and war. Still, this cultural diversity is turned into an opportunity, and with the strategy of "unity while diversity", while respecting the cultural diversity of countries and curbing the negative aspects of religiosity and nationalism, the advantages of convergence are used to prevent war and violence. Cultural convergence in an identity society is created by several factors. Among these factors is that cultural diversity does not cause political conflict, but rather it is used as a tool for intercultural dialogue, and people, while having distinct micro-identities, consider a common identity as their priority.Analyzes of social solidarity are mostly from a functionalist and instrumentalist point of view, while the internalization of solidarity requires the internalization of common norms and values and one of the elements capable of this is the element of religion and religious identity. This component has played a central role in the Arbaeen walking phenomenon to achieve convergence and order. The phenomenon of Arbaeen walking as a social and popular movement has been an important factor in the formation of convergence and solidarity of Shiites and the consistency of Shiite cultural geography in recent years. In this great event, Shiites from different countries of the world walk the route of Najaf to Karbala on the occasion of Arbaeen the third Shiite Imam. This coherent community in line with the conventional international standards has two distinct features; Its first feature is that it is the largest human gathering in the past and present on earth; So that in this community, a population of over twenty million people are present, which is unique in the history of the world. Another feature of this great gathering is its repetition every year. According to statistics, the number of pilgrims has increased every year, and this shows the continuation of this movement among Shiites.In the phenomenon of the Arbaeen procession, the common religious identity that is the characteristic and commonality of Shiites regardless of ethnicity, nationality, language, and race has created the potential for cultural convergence among them. Convergence, based on which there is the possibility of more and more intercultural interactions. By promoting cross-cultural relations, this Shiite society can take steps towards cultural convergence and strengthen and expand the common Shiite identity. In this case, the Shiite society, while respecting the micro-identities, has used cultural tools to promote the Shiite identity, and the activists of this society can see themselves ready to play a role in a larger space where the necessary facilities are available for them. Therefore, by focusing on why and how the Arbaeen procession affects Shiite culture, the need to pay attention to the category of solidarity and civilizational order in regional dimensions is investigated.  Since the cultural geography of Shia is based on Shia convergence, the main question is whether the basic stem of this social solidarity created in Arbaeen has been effective in the formation of Shia culture. In response to this question, the hypothesis is that the solidarity created in the Arbaini society, because it is at a transnational level with the components of inclusiveness of solidarity, social welfare, economic welfare, security welfare, religion, and based on a civilizational vision in the form of denationalization. It has been shown that it is one of the effective factors in the consistency of Shia culture.In methodology, the statistical population and research indicators will be studied using quantitative methods. This article is practical in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and field survey type in terms of data collection. To examine the mentioned hypothesis, after examining the concept of social solidarity, this concept was examined in the topic of transnational solidarity and in six separate components to get out of the abstract state, and in the findings section, in each section to prove the hypothesis of the article, The questions raised from the statistical sample, that is, the participants in the Arbaeen march, are analyzed along with statistical analysis using SPSS.Based on the findings of the research, the Arbaeen community, in addition to emphasizing increasing the level of intra-religious solidarity and the possibility of spreading the Arbaeen convergence model in all Shiite identity groups in the future, the possibility of enjoying a peaceful life between their identity community and other religions and They consider religions to be possible and have emphasized the influence of behaviors based on shared efforts in the Arbaeen procession phenomenon on the social well-being of Shiites. This community believes that the solidarity created in Arbaeen has a positive impact on people's well-being - through the model of economic participation of the type of self-sacrifice - the security of the Shiite world and the disappearance of national borders and the emergence of identity borders through the increase of internal solidarity. will leave religious in general, the analysis of the data shows that the increase in social solidarity in the cultural sector of social forces in the future seems probable, that if this unity is combined with regional order and the strengthening of civilizational factors, it will lead to the sustainability of the cultural geography of the group. It will be social.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of child-centered cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) and mother-child attachment therapy on the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder.

In terms of the purpose of the present research, it was a quasi-experiment with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all children aged 10 to 12 years who referred to a counseling center in the 8th district of Tehran in 2022, 30 people were randomly selected in two experimental groups (10 people each) and one group Control (10 people) were assigned. The research tools include the Children’s Symptoms Inventory (CSI-4), child-centered cognitive behavioral therapy protocol based on Kendall & Hedtke's coping cat program (2006) and mother-child attachment-based therapy (MCAT) protocol derived from Purnell (2004) and King & Newham (2008).

The findings indicate that both treatments were effective on oppositional defiant disorder. The efficacy of both was stable in the follow-up phase according to the Bonferroni post hoc test. The results of data analysis show that there is no significant difference between their effectiveness and both are equally effective (p<0.05).

It can be concluded that MCAT and CCBT were effective in the treatment of children's oppositional defiant disorder. Therefore, it is suggested that specialists use these two approaches in therapy.

Externalized behavioral problems in children present numerous challenges and difficulties for their parents and caregivers. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Home-School Collaboration Intervention on maternal self-efficacy and parental stress in children with externalized behavioral problems. The research design employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The target population consisted of all mothers of 8-10-year-old children with externalized behavioral problems in Isfahan city in the year 2021. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 30 participants was selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (15 participants) and control group (15 participants). The Home-School Collaboration Intervention was implemented in eight 150-minute sessions for the experimental group. The research instruments consisted of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), Parental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Dumka, 1996), and Parental Stress Scale (Abidin, 1995). The results of repeated measures ANOVA analysis showed a significant increase in maternal self-efficacy (F = 10.30, p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in parental stress (F= 23.51, p < 0.001) in the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the Home-School Collaboration Intervention. These effects were maintained in the follow-up stage. Based on the research findings, the Home-School Collaboration Intervention can be considered an effective intervention for mothers of children with externalized behavioral problems.

With regard to the key effects that spatial-functional correlations between urban public facilities have on the quality of urban life, the aim of this article was to analyze the correlations between public facilities in Yazd city. To do this, four different methods, including the nearest neighbor index, K-Ripley function, spatial correlation index and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two different groups of facilities including homogeneous public facilities and heterogeneous public facilities have been carried out in this article. Results have shown that although facilities such as technical and vocational training centers and public health services have shown a clustered pattern according to the nearest neighbor index, as the K-Ripley function has indicated, their distribution does not follow the same pattern at different scales of analysis. The analysis of the spatial correlation between the distribution of population and the distribution of public facilities has also shown that there is a negative correlation between them, except hygenic facilities. In addition, as the analysis of the spatial correlation between heterogeneous facilities has shown, except the correlation between higher education facilities and sports facilities, there was a positive but not strong relationship between all of them. Finally, it has been argued, according to the ANOVA method, that the high values of spatial correlation between heterogeneous public facilities do not necessarily mean that they are close to each other spatially.

Web spider mites population playing a major pests on vegetable crops during hot summer months. Effectiveness three biomite doses (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) on cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon in comparison effects of Neem-Azal 1.2% EC, Propargite 570EW, Abamectin 1.8% EC, 1.5 ml/l detergent liquid soap and water sprayed in controlled agent were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae in Esfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces respectively. Complete randomized block designed with three replications used and each replicate consisted at least 50 cultivated plants in each block. Treatment done when at least 5 mobile spider mite stages in 40% randomly collected leaves observed. By random collection of 30 leaves from each treatment determined, effects of them determined at one day before and 3, 7, 14 days after. Collected data converted into mortality% and mean mortality% analysis done with SAS software. Mean spider mite under leaf side of muskmelon in Khorasan Razavi observed 6 to 12 times and 3-5 times higher in Esfahan and Kerman respectively. Highest mean of 61.6 spider mites recorded under sider of muskmelon leaf for 2 ml/l of biomite treatment in Khorasan Razavi. Higher biomite doses effects recorded 73.46% for 2ml/l up to 7 days in Esfahan and 65.56% and 82.67% up to 14 days after recorded in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman without any phtyotoxicity on plant parts in all treatments. Spraying 2 ml/l of biomite at early morning hours under spider mite incidence, provided higher efficiency, longer toxicity period for controlling vegetable spider mites.

Diyah is a financial ransom that must be paid in case of murder and in the absence of punishment as a ransom. It is obvious that the victim could not use the Diyah and at the same time it is not possible to consider the Diyah without the any owner. For this reason, the scholars disagree about the owner and heir of the blood money. Some believe that it can be considered as the property of the deceased and his estate, while others believe that it should be directly transferred to the heir of the victim, and some have provided other details. Acceptance of each of these statements has certain functions and effects. The Majority of Jurists, considering some narrated evidences and considering the ransom as exchange instead of the victim’s soul, have regarded it as his properties. On the other hand, some believe that Diyah becomes obligatory after the death of the deceased and as a result, the person will lose the ability to own the property. After comparing the arguments and views, the preference of this study is to consider the victim as the owner of the blood money, so it is considered as the property of the deceased and can be inherited by the heirs.

Tendencies towards poststructuralist (or postmodernist) planning theory have increased since the 1970s. Generally, planning theory has till now, engaged with Deleuze from two different perspectives. In one hand, there are planners such as Hillier who argue in favour of a reformist, step-by-step Deleuzian planning theory. These planners seek to apply Deleuzian concepts to hierarchical state-led, capitalist societies. On the other hand, there are planners such as Purcell who by highlighting the anarchistic dimension of Deleuze’s philosophy, argue that Deleuzian planning theory entirely rejects any state-led reformist planning and is essentially anticapitalist philosophy. This article argued that the two above-mentioned frameworks, i.e. Hillier’s reformism framework and Purcell’s anarchism framework, are, in fact, based on rational models of action and thought, which are in contradiction with Deleuzian philosophy. Although there are multiple concepts and metaphors in Deleuze’s philosophy that enables geographers and planners to ‘analyze’ capitalism-based social relations, two concepts of ‘desire’ and ‘the politics of desire’ should be considered as fundamental points of departure if we aim to develop a Deleuzian planning theory. Unlike Hillier’s point of view, Deleuzian concept of desire, as an unconscious force, is never reformist and reactive, but revolutionary and active. In addition, unlike Purcell’s anarchist point of view, the politics of desire does not aim to produce ethically stable subjects who seek to construct a rational order of community according to mutual aid and agreement. Rather, this kind of politics by its creative nature directed at deconstruction of social forms and orders like captialism and state.

The development of teachers' profession as a continuous activity depends more than anything on the active and spontaneous presence of the teacher. Farhangian University, which has made the training of reflective teachers its most fundamental goal, has paid much attention to reflection, tools and methods of cultivating it by fundamentally revising the internship program. Therefore, the purpose of the present qualitative research was to "analyze the Lesson Study with a reflective teacher training approach in the curriculum of Farhangian University and present its conceptual model." Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 teacherstudents and 15 professors of Farhangian University. The transcripts of the interviews were encoded in MAX.QDA 2010 software and analyzed by the method proposed by Krippendorff (2013).Analysis findings during three stages of open, axial and selective coding in the form of a conceptual model, focusing on the main category of "research with a thought-provoking approach", causal conditions (curriculum logic and its components), contextual conditions (university, Ministry of Education and affiliated departments, Schools, mediated conditions (individual characteristics of teachers, mentors and student teachers, social and organizational factors), strategies (comprehensive and comprehensive planning of the university and the Ministry of Education) and outcomes (professional growth). Lesson Study, as one of the specialized and mandatory courses of Farhangian University curriculum, are important for the growth of the student-teacher profession from the two aspects of "teamwork training" and "training and practice to solve classroom progress problems". These results are obtained if the extent of the optimal performance of the research course has always been investigated so that the study of its consequences can be a way for more curriculum planners to train the teacher of thought. The present findings can be used as a conceptual framework for designing and formulating appropriate training conditions for thought-provoking teachers based on the study cycle.

In contemporary history, how religion and politics are related between Islamic thinkers has been discussed. Ali Abd al-Raziq al-Masri and Imam Khomeini are among the most important religious scholars who have dealt with religion and politics as the most fundamental subject of political thought in Islam and have reached two different conclusions. The purpose of this article is to examine the political thought of these two Muslim thinkers about the possibility and impossibility of an Islamic government.

This research has been done comparatively with documentary and library tools and after collecting data, the text analysis method has been used.

The findings of the article show that Ali Abd al-Raziq and Imam Khomeini (RA) as two influential religious scholars in the Islamic world about the possibility and refusal of religious rule have entered into this issue from two different bases. Imam Khomeini (ra) with a comprehensive and monotheistic ontological view and inspired by the principles of Shiite Imamate emphasizes the need for Islamic rule, while Abdul Raziq, influenced by the school of secularism, achieves the separation of religion and politics.

It can be said that Abd al-Raziq al-Masri, from the position of an Islamic scholar, tries to provide reasons for his claims from religious sources in order to be acceptable to Islamic societies. But in fact, his view is extra-religious and from the position of secularism

Effects bifenazate 24% SC doses (0.5 0.6, 0.7. ml/l) evaluated with spirodiclofen SC 240, fenazaquin  SC 20%, fenproximate 5% SC 5%, fenpropatrin, 10% FL on active stages of  Panonychus ulmi on red apple variety in East (Marand), West Azerbaijan (Oromia), Ardebil (Meshkeinshar) and Khorasan Razavi (Golmakan) provinces during 2010 . Blocked randomized design with three replications used and each replicate consisted four apple trees. Treatment done when mean of 5 mobile mite stages observed in 30% apple leaves collected randomly. Effects fo each treatment carried out by collection of 50 apples leaves and alive mite counted on upper leaf surface at one day before and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly. Mean active stages of P. ulmi mite/leaf found varied between 3.01 to 7.78 mites, 6.70 to 28.15mites, 3 to 36.66 mites and 17.43 to 26.83 mite among treatments in West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan and Ardebil respectively.  Highest mite mortality% threated by bifenazate doses up to 21 days after recorded 98.33% and 94.85% for 0.7 and 5 ml/l in Oromia and Golmakan, up to 14 and 7 days after observed 99.9% and 68.71% for 0.7 ml/l of bifenazate in  Marand and Meshkeinshar respectively. Bifenazate toxicity on mean of recorded natural enemies (predatory mites, Orius sp, and Thrips sp.) in Meshkeinshar reduced their number but did not eliminate them from apple trees. Higher doses of bifenazate application when mean of P. ulmi recorded lest than 5 mites on 30% of collected leaves, will provide effective control.

The purpose of the present study is to address the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei about humanitarian law. In this regard, the main question of the study explores the place of humanitarian law in the political idea of Ayatollah Khamenei with respect to different conflicts in the region and world. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that the humanitarian perspective in the ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei is universal and involves all humans regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion, and nationality. The results of the study showed that humanitarianism as a branch of international law supports human dignity in order to decrease casualties and harms and alleviate human pains during conflicts. Reflection on the political ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei shows that his views under the influence of Islam pay attention to human rights as well as his dignity and value at all times and in all places. Therefore, according to his jurisprudential principles, attacking residential areas, schools, and hospitals, using weapons of mass destruction, inflicting harm to women and children and … are Haram and forbidden at all times and in all places. The humanitarian perspective of the supreme leader derived from the instructions of Islam and Shi’ite jurisprudence is different from and more developed than western and eastern countries’ perspective to human and his dignity. Some principles such as non-discrimination, limitation, and distinction that exist in the humanitarian law also exist in the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei in even a more developed way, not influenced by the common humanitarian law but under the influence of Islamic ideology.

The purpose of this study is to predict students' academic achievement based on motivational strategies, metacognitive strategies and academic purpose in the ninth grade science course. The statistical population of this study includes all ninth grade female students of high schools in Qom in the academic year of 1397-98. Sample of the study (N=331) was selected based on random sampling method using Morgan sample size sampling table. For data collection, two standard questionnaires of the motivational and metacognitive strategies questionnaire (Digrott, 1990) and the academic goals questionnaire (Beaufort et al. 1998) were used. The reliability estimations of the instruments were 0.88 and 0.81, respectively, based on Cronbach's alpha. The students' scores on the final exam of the ninth grade science course were taken as academic achievement. The findings showed that there is a relationship between the students' metacognitive strategies and academic achievement in the ninth grade science course. Moreover, there is a relationship between the students' academic goal and their academic achievement. In conclusion, it can be said that improving motivational and metacognitive strategies and highlighting students' academic goal might increase their academic achievement.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran has faced many crises during its 42-year life. Throughout history, scholars of various schools have tried to provide models for managing crises based on their worldview and school of thought. This study is intended to identify what the practical model of Imam Khomeini has been for dealing with crises. It seems that Imam Khomeini, providing successful management approaches for dealing with various crises, has applied a special model in crisis management containing specific features of its own while sharing some points with other models of crisis management. This research has reviewed the works and performance of Imam Khomeini through an analytical-descriptive method by library and documentary tools. The findings of the research revealed that Imam Khomeini (RA) has hsd a special model in crisis management in the face of various crises during the ten years of his leadership.

The importance of cultural foundations in designing the Iranian-Islamic model of progress. The importance of cultural foundations in designing the Iranian-Islamic model of progress Abstract development and advancment is a multiple and wrapped concept which is effective on certainty and development of that factors of numerous and various in surfaces of diverse.across these factors,some of factors as culture and cultural factors as changeable of comparatively neglected and hidden and of course determination must be considered which had to operate on as basic mover in development and advancment.in this basis,without.in this basis, the basic question of these article it's : what is the components which is in inside culture and japan's society which have provided the basis industerial development and rapid in this country?.the basic theory in this article it's which the basic factor at europe's development of industrial and rapid economic growth in japan in the last century is the result of the impact of religious practices and their culture on issues related to development and advancment. therefore according to this historical reality,essential to creation and stabilization of development and advancment in iran regardless of political changes at government level, formation of a fundamental change in iranian culture-religious approaches to the concept of development will be

Saffron is the most expensive agricultural product and like other products, is affected by some limiting factors, including soil pests such as bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Acaridae). Due to its polyphagous habit, it remains in the soil for a long time and is one of the most important pests of saffron. To determine the effect of non-chemical management factors including soil solarization days, fertilization and year on the population of bulb mite and yield of saffron, a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications was conducted between 2007 and 2011 in Gonabad, Iran. Fertilization (Cow manure) of zero, 20 and 40 t/ha as the main plots and soil solarization of zero, 10, 20, 30 and 45 days as sub-plots were studied for four years. The results showed that simple and interaction effects of the three factors including year, fertilization and soil solarization days on the population of bulb mite and saffron yield were significant. Simple linear regression was fitted between the population of bulb mite and saffron yield as well as multiple linear regression for population of bulb mite and saffron yield separately. The population of bulb mite increased during the experiment by increasing the two factors of the year and fertilization separately. Whereas, with increasing soil solarization days, population of bulb mite decreased except for 10 days solarization treatment and, unexpectedly, in 45 days of solarization treatment, the population increased in the fourth year.

Geopolitics developed in the late of 19th century and the first half of 20th century with some theories that focused mainly on the role of geographic space in world power and strategies, so today these theories form an important part of geopolitical history and literature, and accurate study and recognition of geopolitics is not possible without the exact study and recognition of these theories. Therefore, study, evaluation, analysis and critique of geopolitical theories have become an integral part of geopolitical studies. In this regard, the present research evaluates and explains the status of applied recommendations in classic geopolitical theories (1875 to 1945).

Geopolitics of classic era started from the late of 19th century and ended by the end Second World War, namely the years between 1875 and 1945. In this period, two trends emerged: one originated from the common social Darwinism in this period, with the German Friedrich Ratzel being as its forerunner. In his article titled “The Laws of the Spatial Growth of States” (1896) and the book “Political Geography” (1897) and in his other works, he proposed the theory of “Organic State” and claimed that “In the state we are dealing with an organic nature. And nothing contradicts the nature of the organic more than does rigid circumscription.” Another trend was based more on geographic facts and the policies affected by the geographical conditions that were often called geostrategy. Theories of “Sea Power,” “The Geographical Pivot of History,” and “Rimland” are also related to this trend. The American “Alfred Thayer Mahan” in 1890 published the book “The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783” and presented the theory of “sea power,” claiming that “the use and control of the sea is and has been a great factor in the history of the world.” Following this and with the advent of the transcontinental railroad age, British “Sir Halford J. Mackinder” in 1904 presented the theory of “the geographical pivot of history.” In 1919, having added a large part of  Eastern Europe to the “Pivot Area,” he called it “Heartland”, claiming that “Who controls eastern Europe rules the Heartland; who rules the Heartland rules the World Island; and who rules the World Island rules the World.” Following Mackinder, American Nicholas J. Spykman presented the Rimland theory in 1943 in “The Geography of the Peace.” Unlike Mackinder, he stressed the important role of surrounding countries around the Heartland. Spykman named these countries “Rimland” and claimed that “Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.” This period of geopolitics ended with the end of World War II, and a new era emerged in geopolitics that is known as the Cold War geopolitics.

The present research is a fundamental-theoretical method, through descriptive-content analysis using the first-hand library resources, evaluates and determines the status of applied recommendations in four of the most important and most well-known classic geopolitical theories - theories of "Sea Power", "Organic State", "The Geographical Pivot of History" and "Rimland".

Based on research findings and their analysis, Mahan in his “Sea Power” theory provides the statesmen of his country with a number of applied recommendations for restoration of the US military and commercial fleet and the transformation of the country into a superior sea power. He recommends the US statesmen to strengthen naval power, dig the Panama Canal, acquire numerous colonies across the world, capture stations around and near the Strait (Panama Canal), control shipping routes, and maintain a powerful naval force during the war. These applied recommendations influenced the thoughts and policies of two US presidents (McKinley and Roosevelt) to strengthen the navy and end America's isolation policy. So, several bases and islands in the Pacific and the Atlantic were conquered by the United States and the Panama Canal was dug, thereby transforming the United States into one of the greatest powers of the world and eventually replacing British naval power after World War II. Ratzel, in the theory of “Organic State” under the influence of social Darwinism, proposes a series of presuppositions to provide applied recommendation to German statesmen. For Ratzel, the German Empire as an organism requires space to survive, and the statesmen of this empire must seek to obtain a vital space in line with the growth of their growing population and think of colonial occupation. He also recommends and encourages his statesmen to adopt a realistic policy (territorial development policy) and to reach more space, which will require Germany to become a superpower, otherwise Germany will be marginalized. Being interested in preserving the hegemony of the British Empire, Mackinder also offers the most important and applied recommendation to the leaders of the British Empire in the “Geopolitical Pivot of History” theory. According to Mackinder, the leaders of the British Empire should prevent the unification of the German and Russian land powers to not let them reach the “Pivot Area” and prevent the formation of unity between these two countries. To this end, Germany and the Soviet Union should be separated by the buffer countries from each other, otherwise the two countries would dominate Eastern Europe, consequently conquering the “Heartland” and dominating the whole world. In “Rimland” theory, Spykman advocates strengthening the nation's sea power, emphasizing the value and position of sea power in domination of the world. By emphasizing that: who controls the “rimland” controls the destinies of the world,” he recommends the US statesmen to control the “rimland” area in order to dominate the world.

To sum up, it can be argued that the classic geopolitical theories, while having the fundamental-theoretical nature also have an applied nature as theoreticians of this period are of a geopolitical nature in terms of the function, efficiency and usefulness of their theories, and by presenting several recommendations have added an applied nature to their theories, so that presentation of functional recommendations has become an inherent responsibility for these theories. Therefore, applied recommendations are among the important features of classic geopolitical theories and had a special place among these theories.