حسن شادپور

The main opposition of the Ismailis' government and thought were the Abbasid Caliphate and the Seljuk monarchy. The Ismailis didn't stop to react and utilized any opportunity to harm them, especially the Seljuk government which was accessible for the Ismailis. The outcome of such conflict was confrontation, positions based on conflict a between the Ismailis and the Seljuks. Thus, studying the background of this continuous and pervasive conflict is an undeniable necessity which will reveal a part of Iran's political and intellectual history. Therefore, the current research investigates the Ismailis movement and its ties and conflict with the Seljuk government by using an analytical- descriptive method. Also, their positions will be studied in different viewpoints. The results of the current research indicated that the relationship of the big Sunni government of the Seljuks with the Ismailis was established as based on the attitude of jurisprudence school of the Sunni scholars. In addition, the lack of a peaceful solution to express dissatisfaction was one of the main reasons for the violence of the Ismaili sect and its conflict with the Seljuk government, the most important result and consequence of which was the radicalization of the political atmosphere and the Ismailis' resorting to terror. The opposite point of this situation was the neglect of the opportunity for dialogue, the use of force to suppress the opposition and the application of social, political, religious and cultural pressures, discrimination and social restrictions by the Seljuks.

The Ismailis who have been given various names are an extension of the Shiite religion and believe Ismael and his son are righteous for Imamate after Imam Jafar Sadegh. Through its ups and downs, this dynasty had interactions and confrontations with the incumbent governments among which their interaction with the Samanid, as one of the most Iranian government of the history, is significantly important. Therefore, based on the necessity of explaining and recognizing the history of the Samanids and the type of their interaction with the Ismailis, in this descriptive-analytical study, we will examine the most important social contexts of the Samanids' tolerance of the Ismailis and explain its consequences. In addition, rooting out the causes and factors of the Ismaili's influence and expansion, especially among the Samanids and the role and policies of the political and cultural leaders of the two sides in the results of these ups and downs, is another case that this study intends to explain. The results of this study indicated that areas like the Iranian origin of the Samanids, their open religious policy, the influence of Shiite ideas on the Samanid rulers and the relative economic, social and security stability in Khorasan and Transoxiana were among the factors that paved the way for positive Samanid interaction with the Ismailis which , in consequence, made the Ismailis able to take advantage of this opportunity to succeed in their invitation and to expand the realm of their invitation.

This article tries to analyze the definition of specialization in Chapter 8 of the Civil Service Management Law in the appointment of managerial positions and whether in this law, the definition of specialization refers to the use of specialized academic staff in that field with high academic degrees for managerial positions. Has such an issue in the law had an effect on the development of the country? In order to clarify the discussion of the definition of specialization in Chapter 8 of the Civil Service Management Law and its compliance with the appointments of managerial positions of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad General Offices since 1389, we have included in this article. For this purpose, 131 samples were selected by cluster random sampling from the community of managers, deputies and employees. A 35-item questionnaire was used as a collection tool; SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the findings. In a part of the research that has been collected by the method of using government documents in executive bodies, information has been collected.The results of the analysis of research hypotheses showed that 1) there is a significant relationship between the degree and the establishment of the competency system in managerial positions. 2) There is a significant relationship between the characteristics of records in the appointment of professional management and the establishment of meritocracy. The results of the present study, while highlighting the importance of expertise in establishing and institutionalizing the meritocracy system, is the most important.

One of the Iranian dynasties that dominated the east of the Islamic Caliphate was the Al-Saman, who ruled over the Transnistrian region from the first half of the third century AH and gradually promoted Iranian culture and national traditions by retaining political citizenship from Bani Abbas. They made an effort. The behavior of this dynasty against the Iranian independence movements has caused doubts in the attitude towards Samanid Iranianism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study aims to answer the question of what was the nature of the Samanids' political behavior with the Iranian independence-seeking movements? The findings of the study indicate that Al-Saman had a behavior contrary to the discourse of the Iranian independence movements and despite the tendency to Persian culture and civilization, pursued their own interests by following the Islamic caliphate and therefore, They were hostile to the Iranian independence movements.Keywords: Samanids, Abbasids, Independence movements, 3rd and 4th centuries AH.

The translation movement in the era of the Abbasid Caliphate introduced Muslims to the cultural and scientific heritage of ancient nations, and through it Muslims became acquainted with Greek, Indian, Syriac, Pahlavi works. The result was the formation of the foundations of new Islamic sciences through this scientific movement. This translation of Greek works introduced Muslims to Greek philosophy and logic, which resulted in the formation of theology and the introduction of rational interpretations of the Holy Quran. The influence of the translation movement was different in the religious sects of that time. Because the Mu'tazilites were a current of thought that was in front of the reference and considered it necessary to use reason in explaining and interpreting religious rules. He used the rational method he had chosen to interpret religious principles. One of the most important manifestations of the influence of Greek logic and philosophy on the interpretation of the Qur'an was issues such as the accidentality of the Qur'an and Fordism in the interpretation of religious texts.

Using descriptive-analytical research method and with the help of reliable historical sources, this research has raised the question: to what extent and how were the Qarmatians able to establish social equality among the masses? In answer to this question, it should be said that the ideological approach of some scholars and the neglect of the various dimensions of the Qaramat movement have led to the ignorance of the fact that only in a part of the Qarmatians' activity did egalitarian thought come to the fore in a limited way. And the extremism and secondary inefficiency of Qaramata and the destruction of their image in the Islamic world prevented the implementation of a policy of social equality on a large scale. In fact, the misconceptions of Islam scholars about the democratizing aspect of the Qarmatian society are based on the notion that it has raised the issue of taste and assimilation and, in general, a lack of sufficient and deep understanding of the Qaramteh dissident movement.

With the disturbance of the political, social and economic situation of the Abbasid Caliphate at the end of the third century AH, independent governments were formed in the corners of the territory of the Abbasid Caliphate;including the Qarmatians of Bahrain, who took control of the affairs of some regions of the center of the Islamic world and established a government using Islamic rites.The Qarmatian government of Bahrain was the base for military and political operations against the Abbasid caliphate, creating challenges in political and military relations with the Buyid dynasty.The hypothesis of this research indicates that the political ideology of the Islamic world at this time played a major role in the process of interactions and confrontations between the Qarmatian governments of Bahrain and the Buiyids.The rise of the Fatimids at this point in the history of Islam led to the establishment of political-military relations between the two governments.Relying on a qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach, this research tries to identify and analyze the information available in the relations between the two governments of Qarmatian and Al-Buwayh, to explain the relations that could be effective in the political-military interests of both government.From the important findings of the research, it was concluded that the field of political-military activities in this period caused Buyids to cooperate with the Qarmatians in some areas politically and ideologically, to protect its interests against the enemies.However, the circumstances of the time and the political events caused the relations between the two governments to be affected and the consequences to be extended to the Qarmatian government.

Hamadan, as one of the oldest cities in Iran, and the center of the Median state, which undoubtedly has been the "heart of Iran" in popular thought since the Achaemenid era in terms of geography. In the late Sassanid era, it was easily subjected to invasion, and with its conquest by the Muslims, Islam came to this city. This study attempts to examine the process of forced or compulsory entry of Islam into the city of Hamadan and attempts to reject the theory of forced acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people on the one hand and to criticize the idea of easy acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people. This study examines the following: (a) The people of Hamadan have shown strong resistance to the Arabs, but this does not mean that Islam has also been forced into the Hamadan culture. B) The Islamisation of the Hamadans has not been rational and deliberate everywhere, but other psychological, social, economic and political factors have also influenced their Islamization. C) Adoption of Islam did not necessarily mean acceptance of Arab culture, but the core of Islam as a text (Qur'an) penetrated among the Hamadans, and they were able to understand this revelation, and finally to fit it with their human possessions and to mix it with the truth. Heavenly Islam, cultural objectification. heavenly truth of Islam a cultural object.

Islamic Civilization in the Early Centuries From the Second Century to the fifth Century AH, Has Passed its Golden Age, and it Was During This Period that Extensive Intellectual and Scientific Ideas and Schools of Thought Were Formed. One of the Influential Currents in This Period Was the Translation Movement, Which Caused the Emergence and Fall of Some Scientific and Philosophical Ideas in the Islamic World.

The Method Used in the Present Study is Descriptive-Analytical Based on Theoretical Studies and Library Researches.

The Translation Movement Has Influenced the Formation of Scientific Currents in the Middle Ages in Various Ways. First, it Promoted Etzali Ideas Through the Translation of Greek and Syriac Works and Their Fusion Into Islamic Culture. Secondly, it Created a Situation in Which the Ash'arites, in Opposition to Etzali Ideas, Resorted to Philosophical Methods and Rose up Against the Mu'tazilites.

The Works of the Translation Movement have Continued Even to This Day and Have Spread Philosophical and Argumentative Ideas in the Islamic World in Various Forms. In Addition, the Rationalism and Discourse-Centeredness of Mu'tazilites’ Thoughts and Works Caused Further Discussions and Opinions in the Field of Epistemology of the Islamic World as a Result of the Translation Movement. The Translation Movement and Its Derivatives Have Renewed Religious Modernity Among Iranians After a Long Pause and Created a Philosophical Controversy Between Various Currents, Including the Ash'arites and the Mu'tazilites, Which itself Expresses the Conflict of Opinions in the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization.

Political and Social Movements, Whatever their Purpose and Motive, Are Rooted in the Real Developments of that Society, Including its Territorial and Geographical Conditions. For This Reason, The Existence of Facilitating Conditions or Obstacles Can be a Factor in the Spread or Non-Spread of the Ideas of any Movement or Social Movement.

The Method Used in This Research is Descriptive-Analytical, Which Has Examined its Development as Well as its Political and Social Effects by Using Historical Sources, Documents and Libraries of Available Information About its Boundaries, Coordinates and Geographical Area.

The Qaramata Movement Occupied Important and Strategic Areas of the Islamic World at the Time of the Spread of Shiite Ideas; And Was an Important Threat to the Abbasid Caliphate. the Movement's Leaders' Reliance on the Unjust Political and Social Conditions Against the Shiites and their Attention to Areas Where the Public Has Been More Inclined to Establish Justice and Oppression Are the Hallmarks of the Qaramata Movement. The Members and Leaders of the Qaramata Movement Developed their Political Ideas in Different Lands, Taking Into Account Their Geographical Advantages.

From the Point of View of Political Geography, The Qarmatians Were Able to Challenge the Authority of the Abbasid Caliphate in a Wide Range of their Areas of Activity, Such as Iran, Shamat, and Iraq; However, in Some Other Areas of the Islamic World, they Enjoyed More Favorable Opportunities to Increase Their Power and Achieve Their Goals. Like Bahrain, Where the Government of the Qarmatians Was Formed and They Were Able to Take Advantage of the Conditions and Geographical Factors of These Regions. For This Reason, Qaramata is One of the Pioneers of Geopolitical Thought in the Islamic World Due to the Choice of Bahrain as a Place to Spread His Thought.

Fars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for the conquests and the name of the conquerors of the Fars regions. It represents the insurrections of the inhabitants of these regions after each conquest. The purpose of this research is Study of conquest process in Fars and different reports among Islamic writers in the conquest years and the name of the conquerors of the Fars in the Rashidun caliphs' era. The research question is: What reasons is there for the different reports in the year of conquest and the names of the victors of these furnaces from the time of the second caliph to the end of the Rashidin caliphate? Research methodology is descriptive-analytical. this result was obtained that to the collapse of the Sassanian Empire, change the internal structure of government and disorder and the collapse of government, heavy tribute (Bāj) and tax (Kharāj), misbehavior of caliphate agents in five Fars regions, cruelty and brutality of some conquerors in conquering regions, also internal disagreements among Muslim Arabs, and tribal rivalries to achieve more power, they caused to rebel the people of Fars. They were suppressed by different commanders and conquerors in different years. So, they were registered different reports about the conquest years and the name of the conquerors in the resources.

One of the most important components of citizenship rights is the provision of security and prosperity in the economic, social and cultural dimensions. Peasants in the transition from the Sassanid era to the Islamic period were peaceful with Muslims, and they gradually became Muslim. As a result, the masses of the people under their command were also Muslims. Thus, they retained their lives and their belongings and their followers from attacking Arab invaders. Thus, they provided security and prosperity for themselves and their citizens as the role of the interface between the Muslim rulers and the masses of the people. The purpose of this research is the role of peasants in the security and welfare of citizens in the early centuries of Islam. This research is based on library and documentary styles and descriptive-analytical and historical research methods. After reviewing and analyzing resources, this result was obtained that the peasants were caused to ensure and to provide security and economic and social well-being for themselves and their subordinates. They also were caused to preserve the ancient heritage and to transmit them to new era. Therefore, they provided security and welfare of themselves and their citizens relatively and directly, both in the political and economic spheres, as well as in social and cultural spheres, by observing and various good intentions in different times and places.

Study of religious and cultural interactions between Muslims and Christians Andalusia in the Umayyad period in the historical evolution of Islam, the important issue is that despite frequent references to it still is to be followed from multiple angles. Including that part of the interaction and tolerance that have a direct effect on relations between Islam and Christianity. What cultural and civil interactions between Muslims and Christians in Andalusia is important, peaceful coexistence of the followers of the two religions rely on the interaction of cultural heritage and civilization. Research to rely on the library, gives hypothesize that "convergence of Christianity and Islam in Andalusia, based on a strong culture and Islamic civilization in this area has helped to stabilize."
Research to rely on the library, gives hypothesize that "convergence of Christianity and Islam in Andalusia, based on a strong culture and Islamic civilization in this area has helped to stabilize." The result proves that cultural exchanges and civilization in Andalusia, despite cultural and ethnic diversity, between the two classes of governance and relevant consistent and that alignment until the creation of interventions malicious external scientific development and political stability and social Andalusia and transfer of cultural continuity forgave.

As We know the sovereignty of mogul and Ilkhanian organization in Iran are considered as an important period of time in history in this country. Taxcation system which was used during this period hadspecial characteristics which rooted in their traditions and every one was forced to pay their tax. This way of taxcation and traditions among moguls were accepted by all and used as long as it was to their interests. The book Nozhato-ol-Gholob written by Hamdola – Mostofi Ghazvini is a book in which some information have been given about the way how tax was collected and its amount. Since’ Hamdola-Mostofi was directly involved in the current issues of the time and office work his sources and reports are of much importance to us. The Present paper attempts to look at the ways and the system of how taxcation was carried out during Iilkhanian period. With emphasize on Nozhato-Ol-Gholob work.

Ghoomes was an Iranian province and a center for Isma‘ili activities from the 3rd century A.H. to the Mongol invasions under Hulegu. Considering the geographical position of this region and the existence of Gerd-Kuh fortress at a major center of highways near Damghan, the control of this province was of vital importance to Isma‘ili presence from the viewpoint of Hasan-e Sabbah and his successors.Investigating the Isma‘ili activities in Ghoomes, this paper also discusses the geo-strategic importance of this province and the role it played in the establishment, stabilization and prominence of the Isma‘ili power in Iran.