حسین رجبی

The subject investigated in this article is expropriation by the government and its related institutions in the light of modern jurisprudential views. Therefore, we have first analyzed the generalities about the municipality and its possessions, and after that we have examined the issue from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. It seems that from the point of view of jurisprudence, bases such as harmlessness, expediency, and such things allow the municipality to acquire, and on the other hand, these bases are an obstacle to the acquisition of this institution. On the other hand, some principles have been proposed in the laws of western countries, including France, and we have entered and applied them in domestic laws. These foundations, which in their most important aspect are public service, public power, and public benefit, have been analyzed in their place.

A jurisprudential issue addressed by both Shiite and Sunni scholars is whether it is permissible or not to backbite against one’s denominational opponent behind their back. This article adopts the descriptive-analytic method to study the Sunni perspective on the permissibility or impermissibility of backbiting against Shia individuals. Those who permit such backbiting believe that Shias are considered disbelievers due to their denial of the caliphate of the first three caliphs and their cursing and excommunication of the Prophet’s companions. Therefore, since it is permissible to backbite against disbelievers, it is permissible to backbite against Shia individuals. In contrast, those who reject the permissibility of such backbiting rely on the following assumptions: Shias are considered Muslims, those who curse the Prophet’s companions do not necessarily qualify as disbelievers, a general ruling does not necessarily apply to each and every individual, we lack knowledge of the inner states of each individual, it is permissible to perform prayers behind a Shiite imam of congregational prayers, it is impermissible to curse a fellow Muslim, and it is necessary to adhere to moral principles.

The purpose of the present research was to identify the factors influencing personal branding for individual athletes. The research method was qualitative approach. The statistical population of the research includes 18 prominent athletes who are national and international champions and sports marketing experts. The sampling method was purposive. The data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done in MaxQDA software version 2020. 136 primary propositions with a total frequency of 247 and with 3 main categories (environmental factors, individual characteristics of athletes, performance characteristics) and 8 subcategories (mass media, social factors, management factors, economic conditions, individual personality characteristics, social responsibilities, social skills) were calculated as effective indicators on personal branding in individual athletes. The results showed that athletes pay more attention to environmental factors, especially mass media, to improve their personal brand as much as possible and manage it better. Also, officials should consider managerial factors such as the budget allocated to the sports field, Comprehensive planning in order to promote athletes, monitor the behavior and relationships of athletes and the existence of legal infrastructure that affects the brand of athletes.

Herein, SnO2-NiO nanocomposite was prepared via a hydrothermal method and characterized by various techniques consisting X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FESEM image showed particles with the size at about 20–130 nm in diameters. The electrochemical oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) at a carbon paste electrode modified with SnO2-NiO nanocomposite and an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6)) (SnO2-NiO/IL/CPE) was evaluated in phosphate buffer (PB) pH 8, by using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The SnO2-NiO/IL/CPE indicated a good electrocatalytic behavior towards to oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide. The anodic peak currents were increased with the HCTZ concentration and indicated two linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 0.1 µM and 0.1 to 100 µM and a detection limit of 0.002 µM (S/N = 5) under the optimized conditions. The introduced electrochemical sensor was utilized for the determination of HCTZ in the pharmaceutical formulations and biological sample.

Cyber attacks have been increasing rapidly over the years, sometimes resulting in large financial losses for businesses, recoveries, regulatory sanctions, as well as collateral damage, such as reputation and trust. In this regard, the maritime sector, which until now was considered safe due to the lack of internet connectivity and the isolated nature of ships at sea, is witnessing a 900% increase in cyber security breaches in operational technology as we enter the digital age. Although some research is being done in this area, maritime cyber security has not been explored in depth. Hence, this research scrutinizes the cyber security landscape in the maritime sector with the aim of highlighting security problems and challenges. Then, it describes and analyzes possible mitigation measures that can be used in advance to prevent such attacks. Finally, several challenges and open problems for future research are discussed.

The research aims to investigate and analyze the challenges of cyber security in the marine and commercial ships in a descriptive-analytical way.

IT and OT systems in modern ships should be prepared with more advanced security measures due to their high vulnerability to cyber threats. In this article, we discuss some possible countermeasures that could reduce potential cyberattacks and make the transportation industry a tough target, such as implementing a new security standard that would reduce the number and scope of cyberattacks. put. However, many security challenges remain unsolved, especially with the increasing use of autonomous and semi-autonomous vessels.

The aim of this Research was to design a model for relationship between green marketing mix and Customer behavior of winter sports.

The research method was survey and descriptive. The statistical population included 240 persons who were athletes and employees in ski center office, and sport tourisms in Ski slopes. Sampling method was random classification and for data analyzing SEM method using AMOS 22 and SPSS 21 software were utilized. Index values in model were in acceptable range and model was confirmed.

In this structural model, the findings showed that the appropriate indices of the measurement models and the structural model are at an optimal level, so the collected data was suitable for the research model.The four variables consisted of "green price", "green product", "green place" and "promotion" for green marketing: considering that these four variables have a positive and significant effect on customer behavior, so green marketing also affects customer behavior and the main hypothesis was confirmed.

Iran has a lot of strengths and potentials in natural sources and environment. Environmental protection is done by people who are eager to implement green marketing   and environmental programs. Therefore, it is necessary to get more information and knowledge in the field of environmental protection development and green marketing. we need to get information and awareness and provide grounds for the participation of the general public in these matters. The present paper has implications for managers of service and ski industrial corporations and marketing and sport management researchers.

It is said that Ibn Taymiyyah is one of the pioneers of the project of "the authenticity of the Salaf understanding". Narrowing down the concept of the Salaf, he considers that the "Khalaf" scholars are not worthy of understanding the religious texts and must adjust their understanding with the Salaf understanding; maintaining that Salaf understanding is superior to the Khalaf. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether this basis is valid or not? And whether the authority of Salaf understanding is boundless or limited? The basis of many deviant sects, especially Wahhabism, goes back to the theories of Ibn Taymiyyah; therefore, in this essay, the view of Ibn Taymiyyah is examined. In this study, after analyzing Ibn Taymiyyah's view on Salaf understanding, we came to the conclusion that the reasons cited by Ibn Taymiyyah in the authority of understanding the Salaf is not valid. They are either too broad or contradict with the reason and historical evidences. This leads us to the point that understanding the Salaf as a basic theory is not authentic.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of factors affecting the spatial planning of sports Infrastructure in Tehran Municipality. The statistical population consisted of managers and staff experts of the Sports Organization, experts of physical education departments of 22 regions, and managers of sports complexes and other Tehran municipal organizations related to the research. According to the sample size, the available sampling method was used, which analyzed the opinions of 237 people. To achieve the objectives of the research, a 69-item researcher-made questionnaire was used, the face and content validity of which was confirmed by 15 experts in sports and urban management, and the construct validity was checked and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated in a pilot study with 30 subjects and Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 22 and Amos. The results of the present study showed that physical and infrastructural factors with a coefficient of 0.82 have a greater impact on the organization of municipal sports facilities. After that, financial factors (0.77), socio-cultural factors (0.76), and managerial factors (0.65) are effective in planning. According to the results of Tehran Municipality managers for planning and designing sports Infrastructure can use the process of spatial planning facilities, and various aspects to develop infrastructure, which conclusively by following this process will lead to sustainable urban development.

Destruction and demolition of mosques are forbidden according to the first ruling of the consensus of Shia and Sunni jurists, and the most important evidence is verse 114 of Surah al-Bagharah. But some examples are beyond the general scope of this verse; first, the demolition of mosques that are on the verge of collapse. Different schools of thought have interpreted this failure as "the violation of al-mostahdam", which indicates that this example is out of the generality of the above verse, however, Shafi'i jurists emphasize the necessity of permission and supervision of the ruler. Second, the destruction of mosques that need repair and development, however, the Shia jurists have either remained silent about this example or prohibited it. The most important reason for the prohibition is the generality of the verse. In addition, the title of "the violation of al-mostahdam" cannot justify the destruction. Still, the supporters of this practice, including the Shafi'i jurists, have considered compliance with expediency as the criterion of the ruling. Third, the title of Zerar Mosque, which Hanbali jurisprudence paid more attention to, and then the Wahhabis considered the destruction and burning of the holy shrines as permissible, and even obligatory, due to their priority over it. However, most non-Wahhabi jurists have considered it necessary to honor the graves of the prophets and the righteous. They did not consider it possible to infer the demolition and burning of Zerar Mosque from the mentioned verse, and, in turn, believed that this ruling was based on an uncertain single narration. Using the descriptive and analytical method, this article seeks to investigate the destruction of mosques from the perspective of Shia and Sunni jurisprudence. The article first examines the historical context of the issue, and then, citing the sources of Islamic jurisprudence, analyzes the basics of the prohibition of destroying mosques, and then scrutinizes the opinions of Shia, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali jurists.
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The dynamism of religion and applying its general principles and rules for the demands of current society are possible, if only we use the “Ijtihad”, which in the Qur'an and Sunnah is referred to it as "pondering", "inference", "reason and prudence". the theoretical and practical rules of religion can be applied only if we employ Ijtihad not Taghlid. Although Ijtihad leads to the multiplicity of thoughts and views, but the multiplicity and divergence of views in the foundations, principles and teachings of a religion leads to the birth and flourishing of Islamic sciences, providing better opportunity for achieving the truth. The multiplicity of opinions is sometimes examined within one religion and sometimes in relation to other religions. Using the accepted Ijtihad principles of religions, this study states the fact that the doctrinal and jurisprudential achievements of religions, while not considering these principles correct totally, can be considered legitimate or at least an excuse for their followers. This theory views the differences of denominations as the differences of inferences of scholars within a religion. Considering this theory, the gaps in the Islamic world can be eliminated, such as: the relationship between polytheism, infidelity, heresy and leaving the religion; not following in congregational prayers, not using each other's jurisprudential and theological texts. Taking this path, we can eliminate extremism and congregate all Islamic denomination and move toward building an Islamic civilization.

Undoubtedly, due to the high position of endowment in the history of Islam, how the endowed property was used before the seventh century A.H. was totally influenced by jurisprudential denominations. The authors of the present study, using the descriptive-analytical method based on historical reports and data and relying on library sources, seek to resolve the ambiguity of how the political and religious situation after the Mongol invasion and during the Ilkhanate rule affected endowed property in order that they can analyze the influence of jurisprudential denominations on the use of endowments. Based on the findings of this study, to the extent of the influence of the scholars of each religion in the ruling class, their religious inferences were applied in the use of endowments. Therefore, in line with the evolution of the policies of the Ilkhanate rulers, jurisprudential interpretations on various issues in the society of that day led to the development of the use of endowments, which is one of the pillars and religious conditions of donation. Thus, it can be said that the degree of adaptation of the teachings of jurisprudential denominations in donation and how endowments are used in the mentioned period, considering the various religions and denominations of the ruling class, including Ilkhanate rulers and ministers, have been mainly influenced by Imami, Shafei and Hanafi denominations.

It seems that sport as an important part of development is sustainable development. The purpose of this research is the perspective of strategic land-use planning for Iran football. The statistical society, sports experts Iran. A total of 70 people were selected through purposive sampling snowball method. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods coefficient initial questionnaire and open interviews and ratings were used for data collection and analysis. The research instrument was a self-made check list in which respondents were asked to indicate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the sport's List, while using geographic information system (GIS) to provide descriptive-analytic model, and part of the data in the software Arc - GIS analysis to investigate. The overall result of the study showed that treatment football in Iran, uneven distribution of places and spaces across the Iran, there is football, In addition, with regard to the Matrix positioning and strategic action status table football Iran was competitive.

The possibility of marrying non-Muslim women has been a controversial issue throughout Islamic history. It is claimed that there is consensus among the Shi'ah and Sunni scholars over some aspects of it such as the prohibition of marrying non-Muslim infidels with no Book. Considering the increasing communication with modern societies, especially with East Asian countries, which are typically considered as the people of no book and the need to pay attention to lawful sexual needs, it is necessary to re-examine this type of marriage. Therefore, by analyzing the arguments for the sanctity of such a marriage, including the evidence of consensus on unlawfulness, and the lack of sanctity of marriage with an infidel woman of no scripture based on other evidences such as the Holy Quran and Islamic traditions, as well as the existence of evidences such as isalat al-hilliyyah in marriage and the possibility of infidelity of  Zoroastrians and the permission of marriage with them, as the people of no book, in the view of some jurists is not far from expediency that there is the possibility of such a marriage even temporarily in Imamiyyah jurisprudence. On the other hand, according to the principles of some jurisprudential religions based on the authenticity of the valid expediencies, due to the lack of evidence for unlawfulness of marriage with infidel women, as well as the existence of expediencies such as the need of fulfilling the lawful sexual desires of Muslim men in countries whose people are infidels of no Book, it is not unlikely that they will be allowed to marry infidel women.

To achieve financial success, brands need to meet customer needs to differentiate themselves positively from other brands and play a role in the market. Brand positioning allows the brand to meet these criteria. The main purpose of this study is to set Brand Positioning in Iran Football Professional League. The study instrument is interview. The findings show 199 effective elements in setting strategies in Iran Football Professional League. These elements are categorized into 23 concepts and sub-categories as follows:Structural prerequisites, Strategic management prerequisites, Commercial prerequisites, macro external prerequisites, Brand personality, Club symbols, Emotional aspect, Event aspect, fans’ strategies, Marketing information strategies, Marketing management strategies, Empowerment strategies, Executive management strategies, League background, Fans’ background, Market background, Club’s organizational background, Supportive background, Macro background, Political-Legal factors, Economic factors, Social factors, Technological factors. Eventually, the study model was developed by 6 main ideas such as: Causal prerequisites, Axial Phenomenon (brand position), Strategies, Background Factors, Interfering Factors and Consequences. According to the study result, some executive strategies are suggested than can pave the way for clubs’ managers to develop their clubs and brand positioning.

Throughout the history of Islamic thought, for years and even centuries, the question has been raised whether Islam advocates the originality of jihad or peace. In this article, two theories in Imami and Sunni thoughts are studied and the views of denominations and their jurists are mentioned and analyzed in order to provide appropriate solutions based on specific rules. This article examines the verses that indicate the first principle of jihad with a descriptive-analytical approach and concludes that they are in the position to confront koffar harbi (infidels against whom war can be waged). To confirm this, the practice and tradition of the Prophet (S) as well as the verses that refer to the peace and seclusion are cited. Therefore, the theory proposed and strengthened in this study is that the first principle in relations with infidels is authoritative peace, in which, of course, the conditions of Islamic sovereignty and independence must be taken into account

Jurisprudence is tied to all human affairs. The mission of jurisprudence is to explain the duties, do's and don’ts of individual and social life. One of the most influential factors in Islamic society is how to deal with the followers of religions. How does jurisprudence approach this part of life? Is jurisprudence silent on it or a theory can be drawn of it? Some refer to jurisprudence as the origin of violence; they consider that the intellectual foundations of extremist groups should be found in traditional religious jurisprudence. Using a descriptive-analytical method and using the jurisprudential texts of Islamic religions, this research seeks to prove the theory that a set of social rules of jurisprudence in the field of interaction with religions, systemic frame, pursues a major goal in the social context; that is the major goal of convergent interaction with followers of religion, but not divergent one. The negative view of religious jurisprudence is due to a lack of in-depth view of jurisprudence that is inconsistent with the views of the mujtahids of religions. The collection of jurisprudential religions take an approach along with the rules that lead the Islamic community towards sympathy, love and unity. Therefore, in addition to criticizing the basis of violence and physical assaults, religious scholars recommend their followers to have positive interaction. They maintain that financial, political, and military defense from followers of other religions is as obligatory as their own followers.

Brand Personality is indeed a kind of behavior and speech of a brand. It means assigning personality traits and characters to the brand in order to achieve differentiation. The aim of the present study was to develop a model of relationship between the brand personality of sportswear and brand commitment, loyalty and trust. This study was applied in terms of objectives and descriptive-survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of all athletes of Ardabil province in 2019 and a sample (n=384) was selected using Morgan table. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of Brand Trust (Ballester, 2004), Brand Personality (Aaker, 1997), Brand Loyalty (Algesheimer et al., 2005) and Brand Commitment (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999) were used. Data were analyzed using coefficient correlation test and structural equation (path analysis) and statistical software of LISREL and SPSS. The obtained results showed a direct effect between brand personality of sportswear and brand trust, brand loyalty and brand commitment. Also, brand trust had a direct effect on brand loyalty; brand loyalty had a direct effect on brand commitment and brand trust had a direct effect on brand commitment. Based on these results, it can be stated that paying attention to customer needs can have a significant effect on improving the performance and success of domestic sport brands when competing with foreign brands, customers and their loyalty can be attracted and more share can be gained from domestic and international markets.

The purpose of this research was to formulate the novel policies, strategies and scenarios based on the preferred foresight of national elite sport development. The methodology was foresight focused on analysis method of cross impact and scenario writing. We used expert panel sampling which was purposive selection and sample size included 16 experts. Also, MICMAC as a strategic foresight software program has been utilized to analyze the cross impacts.  The influential driving forces were extracted from the research background and expert panel. The influence and dependence were identified. Finally, three key driving forces including the stability of tenure of managerial personnel and meritocracy, the national strategy to host mega-events and the government’s attention to women sport were introduced, the scenarios were formulated and the probable futures were described.  The founding can open a different vision before managers’ eyes in elite sport. The stability of the tenure of management creates the enough opportunities to conduct plans; the meritocracy in terms of human resources employment makes the executive levers for managers; to host the event leads to develop infrastructure and gain the authorities’ attention to sport; finally, the women’s sport potential must be considered due to the global prominence of women’s sport growth.

Most beta and gamma radiation radioisotopes used for treatment are not suitable for imaging. The bremsstrahlung images on a conventional gamma camera helped to localize the radionuclide within and outside of the lesion. Secondary scattering of gamma rays of higher energy and bremsstrahlung causes contamination in the energy window and reducing the contrast and resolution of the images and the quantization validation of the images cannot be performed. Therefore, the accuracy of scatter correction methods is of great importance. The method involves the use of energy window, empirically selected broad bremsstrahlung energy to enhance the signal to noise ratio and a wiener restoration filter to compensate for system blur.

To simulate and validate the system, a water bottle containing Phosphorus-32 (P32) radio was taken. GATE package was used to determine the spectrum of bremsstrahlung radiation from P32 inside the liver and Zubal phantom was used to model a liver. Importantly, simulations were performed in the presence of a collimator without collimator and the collimator function was calculated. Zubal Phantom was also used to model liver imaging. The Wiener filter was used as a resolution adjuster.

Despite the small number of electrons reaching the collimator, a considerable spectrum is produced. Collimator function and simulated liver image were calculated. No significant change in resolution was observed after using the Weiner filter.

The energy spectrum of the beams was altered after collimation to the collimator. Also, the shape of the energy spectrum was influenced by the type of tissue and size of the patient. The results had shown that planar gamma camera imaging and quantitation of P32 can be done. There is no compelling reason to suggest that the Wiener filter is useful in planning a Plane.