حمید پیروی

Emergency department (ED) nurses are exposed to cognitive failures, which refers to impaired perception, memory and motor function. Their personality traits seem to have a role in the occurrence of these failures. This study aims to determine the relationship between cognitive failure and personality traits of ED nurses in Urmia, Iran.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 165 nurses working in the EDs of hospitals affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences from February to May 2021. Data were collected using the cognitive failure questionnaire (CFQ) and the NEO five-factor personality inventory. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used to describe variables. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. The significant level was set at 0.05

The mean total score of CFQ was 1.56±0.78. Regarding the dimensions of CFQ, the highest mean score was for the distractibility dimension (1.66±0.77), while the lowest mean score was for the dimension of false triggering (1.42±0.93). Regarding personality traits, the highest mean score was for conscientiousness (29.98±6.74), while the lowest mean score was for neuroticism (21.21±6.56). We found a significant and negative correlation between cognitive failure (and its dimensions) and all personality traits (P<0.001). Furthermore, we identified a significant relationship between nurses’ cognitive failures and the use of sedatives (P=0.001), work shift (P<0.001), and satisfaction with salary (P=0.041). 

The cognitive failure level of ED nurses in Urmia is moderate. There is a significant relationship between their cognitive failure and personality traits. The nurses with high conscientiousness have fewer occupational cognitive failures. In contrast, those with high neuroticism have more occupational cognitive failures.

This study aimed to identify the facilitating and inhibiting factors of students' tendency towards ethics. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological method was employed. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 98 Iranian faculty members, university administrators, experts, staff, and students who were selected through criterion sampling. The findings suggest that there are eight facilitating factors such as “structural, functional, social, cultural, personal, religious, study-research-driven, and educational" factors, and there are also nine hindering factors (obstacles) such as “structural, social, performance-related, political, personal, functional, conceptual, informative-cognitive, and cultural” factors. Drawing upon the understanding of a wide range of academic activists, this study identifies new and more complete dimensions and components of the factors concerning the tendency or non-tendency of students towards ethics in the university environment. It is recommended to use these results to develop academic ethics in higher education more efficiently.

Empathy is one of the most effective indicators of nursing performance, therefore understanding the concept of empathy in the ICU seems necessary to provide better care in this challenging environment. However, empathy faces barriers in this area. This study was conducted using the content analysis approach with the aim of explaining the factors that inhibit empathy in intensive care nurses.

In this qualitative study, 12 semi-structured interviews with an average duration of 30-45 minutes were conducted with ICU nurses selected by purposive sampling during the period 2021-2022. The interviewees' statements were analysed after being recorded and converted into text using MAXQDATA 11 software and conventional content analysis methods.

The coding process was carried out after removing duplicate codes and merging similar codes as a continuous comparative analysis. Eleven subcategories and three main themes were identified, including "organisational barriers", "individual barriers" and "barriers related to environmental and cultural factors". ". Finally, the general theme (the main theme) was obtained under the title 'Barriers to empathy in nurses'.

The results of this study showed that intensive care nurses face significant barriers to empathy. Given that knowledge of the barriers to empathy and their removal will contribute greatly to improving patient care, it is necessary to identify and remove the existing barriers known to managers and policy makers.

The mission of health systems is to ensure community health by providing optimal health services. One of the methods to evaluate health services is patient satisfaction. On the other hands, unconscious patients have unable to decide and assess their treatment processes in intensive care units ( ICU); Therefore, satisfaction assessment should be measure just through a family of admitted patients, the study aim is to determine the family satisfaction of ICU admitted patients  the in educational and medical centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 385 family members of ICU admitted patients, who were selected by consecutive sampling method. Data collection tool was FS-ICU 24 questionnaire.

According to the results of this study, the average score of satisfaction of all family members was 54.22 and higher than the average score (50). Among the dimensions of satisfaction, the highest mean score was related to the dimension of care measures with an average of 55.56 and the lowest mean was related to the dimension of participation in decision making with an average of 50.17.

The overall family satisfaction of ICU admitted patients was lower than studies in other countries. In addition, despite the importance of the family members involvement in patient-related decisions, the level of satisfaction was far below all dimensions of satisfaction. Such a finding highlights the need for health care providers to pay more attention to the needs of family members of ICU admitted patients, to involve them in the decision-making process and to promote communication between medical staff and family members.

An inherent element of the internationalization process of medical education is the assessment of preparedness to enter the international education market. The data obtained from such assessments could lay the basis for determining the policies and orientation of university planning. The present study aimed to determine the preparedness of the faculty members of Iran University of Medical Sciences for the training of international students.

This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at nine faculties and 88 departments of Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran during 2018-2019. In total, 900 questionnaires were distributed, and 378 faculty members completed the questionnaires. Data were collected in a self-report manner using a researcher-made questionnaire regarding the attitude and empowerment of lecturers in the training of international students. Electronic questionnaires were sent to the faculty members five times via email. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using the analysis of variance, Scheffe test, independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Chi-square.

The mean scores of the attitude and empowerment of the studied units regarding the training of international students were 53.14 ± 8.65 and 23.32 ± 5.17, respectively, which were considered relatively favorable. In addition, 61.4% of the studied units were not willing to cooperate in the training of international students. The main causes of willingness to partake in international training were classified as individual, professional, educational department, academic, and national categories. In addition, the causes of unwillingness were classified as individual and academic categories.

According to the results, it is essential to provide the necessary infrastructures for university internationalization, as well as programs by the university authorities to improve the attitude and ability of faculty members to collaborate in international student training.

Aim:

 This study was conducted to examine the relationship between magnesium blood levels and postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing elective Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery.

Background:

 Decline in Serum magnesium following cardiac surgery is an important issue and postoperative bleeding is among concerns associated with postoperative care in open heart surgery. It seems that coagulation disorders related to magnesium are dose-related.

Method:

In this descriptive correlational study, 120 patients undergoing CABG surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass machine were enrolled. All the patients were similar regarding the process of anesthesia and surgery. After surgery, when transferring to the intensive care unit, a blood sample was obtained from patient and sent to the laboratory to measure the magnesium blood levels. The amount of blood drainage in chest bottle of patient was recorded. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Findings:

 There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between magnesium blood levels and postoperative blood drainage (r=-0.17, P=0.046). There was also a statistically significant correlation of Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT).

Conclusion:

 Magnesium blood level is influential on blood drainage in postoperative period as well as antiarrhythmic effect. It seems there is no concern about increasing blood drainage following infusing magnesium for patients under CABG surgery.

Patients with heart failure need training and support regarding the drug diet, how to use medications, diet, activities, and appropriate action when symptoms occur. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a smartphone-based application to manage the treatment of people with heart failure.

In this developmental-applied study with the software design approach, from December 2017 to July 2018, in order to determine the capabilities and data needed for the application, searches in databases, review the texts, and health experts' opinion were used and the program was designed under the Android operating system with a dashboard under Windows. The program in the treatment management was evaluated based on the Smartphone Application Scale (MARS), the performance score of the Institute of Health Informatics (IMS), and the compliance with the Guide to the American Heart Failure Association (HFSA) by 20 patients with heart failure and their family, health staff, and programmers.

The smartphone-based application with the mean score of 10.70±0.86 in the MARS scale, the mean score of 9.00±0.87 in the IMS scale, and the mean score of 7.7±0.79 according to HFSA criteria was evaluated as desirable.

The use of a smartphone-based application can be useful in treatment management and self-care of patients with heart failure.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of family members’ health literacy and performance in face of myocardial infarction.

Myocardial infarction is one of the most important causes of death and disability in developed and developing countries. Proper performance of patients' attendance in early hours of myocardial infarction event plays an important role in reducing mortality and morbidity. Health literacy is also known as one of the major determinants of understanding information about health.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 286 family members of patients experiencing myocardial infarction that witnessed the vent were recruited in the study by convenience sampling method and based on inclusion criteria of reading and writing literacy and age over 18 years old. Data were collected using a demographic form, Iranian adult health literacy questionnaire (HELIA) and the questionnaire performance during myocardial infarction. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (mean comparison, correlation and regression tests).

Health literacy mean score (61.49±21.05) showed an adequate level. “Assessment skills” and “decision making and application of health information” had, respectively, the lowest (52.68±25.30) and the highest (68.07±19.87) mean score among health literacy dimensions. There was a statistically significant relationship of health literacy with age, education and medical profession in the family (P≤0.0001). Only 17.98 percent of the participants had a good level of performance (Scores 6.8 to 10). The history of myocardial infarction in patient and the duration of the patient transition from the onset of pain to arrival to the hospital showed a statistically significant relationship with performance, meaning that family members of patients with a history of myocardial infarction were able to transfer their patient to the hospital in less than half an hour (P≤0.0001). A statistically significant relationship was found between health literacy and performance; those with higher level of health literacy had better performance. Of the health literacy domains, only understanding had a significant relationship with performance (P=0.004).

Although the mean score of health literacy was adequate, the participants hadn't good performance. Therefore, improving the performance of community and family members by health service providers including nurses, mass media, practitioners, and health promotion planners for educational interventions is recommended. Proper planning to increase specific health literacy can prevent adverse outcomes in this area.

Aim:

 This study was conducted to evaluate the readiness of intensive care units of hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences for the implementation of family-centered care in 2017.

Background:

Patients in the intensive care unit often are not able to participate in therapeutic decisions, therefore, involving families in decision-making process, implementation and treatment processes, and meeting the their needs improves treatment outcomes and increases patient and family satisfaction. Family-centered care is one of the means of providing care that recognizes and respects the vital role of the family.

Method:

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which all of the intensive care units in the hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences were studied in terms of their preparedness for family-centered care. Proportionate stratified sampling method was used to recruit nurses, and the physicians were recruited based on convenience sampling. In order to investigate the structure and facilities, through a census of all specialized departments of hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, a checklist was filled out. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 22 using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Findings:

 According to the results, 60.9% of nurses were opposed to implementing family-centered care and have a negative attitude, and 57.3% of physicians agreed to implement family-centered care. There was a statistically significant difference between the attitudes of nurses and doctors (p≤0.0001). Also, the overall scores obtained from hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences showed that the facilities and hospital structure were poor for implementing family-centered care.

Conclusion:

Differences in the attitudes of nurses and physicians about family-based care showed the need for clarifying the concept of family-centered care. The implementation of family-centered care requires structural changes and extensive equipment in accordance with the standards.

This study was conducted to investigate palliative care in people with heart failure. Background. Heart failure as a syndrome of cardiac dysfunction has a variety of pathophysiology. Progress in knowledge related to heart failure has led to improvement in survival, but the incidence and prevalence of the syndrome is incremental. Cure of the disease is rarely possible and as a chronic disease it can significantly affect the patient, family and health care system. Providing care for patients with heart failure is a complex phenomenon and as the disease progresses to the late stages, palliative care takes a larger part of the caring.

In this review study, scientific databases and search engines such as SID, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for to find articles published from the beginning of 2000 to 2017. The keywords used for the search included heart failure, palliative care and their Persian equivalent. Papers in Persian and English that were available on the common theme of heart failure and palliative care were reviewed.

A total of 36 English and one Persian article were reviewed. The definitions of palliative care, views on palliative care, palliative care drugs, types of palliative care providers, palliative care models, palliative care delivery to family caregivers, and the future of palliative care were the topics covered in the reviewed articles.

Palliative care for people with heart failure should be considered in line with the treatment plan of these patients. Special attention should be payed to development of specialty palliative care and long-term planning for primary palliative care

The incidence of chronic kidney disease is increasing due to increase in aging population, and higher incidence of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the world. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of old people undergoing hemodialysis. A qualitative study was conducted using interpretative hermeneutic phenomenology (Van Manen methodological approach). Nine elderly people (6 men & 3 women) undergoing hemodialysis was recruited based on purposive sampling and interviewed by depth and unstructured questions. Data were analyzed by Van- Manen methodology. Seven main themes and eighteen sub-themes emerged depicting the meaning of living with hemodialysis in the elderly. The main themes were “hemodialysis as life savior”, “problematic life with hemodialysis”, “contradictory feelings”, “faith in God”, “uncertainty”, “dependence”, “social support”. The results of this study reflect the experiences of the elderly hemodialysis patients. Considering that Iran is in the course of population aging and also, the number of elderly people with renal failure has increased, which is being treated with hemodialysis. Knowing these experiences will help gerontologist and other healthcare providers who have better strategic plan for elderly with deeper knowledge. And they will improve quality and quantity health promotion for them.

Today, the role of non-drug treatment is important in the treatment of addiction. Compliance therapy plays effective role in improvement of quality of life, reducing the effects sides of treatment and especially in mental health promotion. The present study has been designed to determine the effect of “compliance therapy “with group therapy on quality of life, general function, acceptance and care after illness in opioid addicted under Methadone Meintanance Therapy (MMT).
Material & The clinical trial methodology was done on the addicted persons who are in recovery phase, in 4 addiction treatment centers in Tehran city during 2016 year. Initially, 120 patients were selected randomly, they were devided in four groups (group therapy, group therapy and compliance therapy, compliance therapy and control group). The variables of study were quality of life (QOL), Global Function, treatment acceptance, this variables were assessed by Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Global Assessment Function and compliance therapy scale. To data analysis we used descriptive and inferential statistic (ANOVA) and ANCOVA via SPSS 20 software.
Based on ANOVA analysis, there are significant differences in sub scales of quality of life questionnaire (including interpersonal relationship, activities and Common goals), Global Function Assessment in Social, vocational and educational fields and score of compliance between 4 groups. (P-value The results showed that, care after treatment such as group therapy, compliance therapy or matrix therapy are effectiveness in treatment of addiction.

The parent's decision to discharge against medical advice (DAMA) can be challenging for the child, family, community, and healthcare system especially nurses.This study aimed to clarify the parental decision-making process for discharge their child against medical advice from the hospital.
This qualitative study was conducted using the Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory method, 2008. Data collecting and analyzing were carried out simultaneously between 2014 and 2016. By adopting purposive sampling from children's hospitals in Tehran, information was gathered using 29 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with parents, nurses and physician's assistants in their homes and workplaces. The MAXQDA software version 10 was used to manage and organize the data.
The theme of "towards distrust" was identified as the most important concern of the parents, with the following sub-categories: "lack of justification of illness and care", "expected care failure", "fear of deteriorating clinical conditions of the child," "clinical uncertainty," and "consultation and irresponsible guidance". "Psychological strategy of shirk responsibility for child care and treatment" was the most important process in parental decision-making for discharge their child against medical advice from the hospital and "towards distrust: the psychological strategy of shirk responsibility for child care and treatment" was identified as the core category.
Family-centered care can help parents to make the best and most appropriate decision to continue the child's care and treatment. Providing honest and accurate information can help parents to trust the health care centers and staffs. Designing a comprehensive discharge program in consult with parents would reduce the probability of premature childhood discharge against the recommendation of the treatment team.

Accreditation is one of the standard assessment systems that plays an essential role in improving the quality of health services. This study tries to explore the challenges in the accreditation program by reviewing the studies and extracting their results and proposing solutions to address them.
This study was performed in 2017 as a narrative review. Articles were extracted from databases of Google scholar, Scopus, Ovid, Since Direct, ProQuest, Ovid, and PubMed from 2004 to 2016. About 30 articles were found in English and Persian, the text of each article was assessed several times and challenges of the studies were extracted, described, and classified
The results of this study were categorized under 14 themes: using inappropriate standards, inappropriate tools and inappropriate method for evaluating organizations, increasing costs, human resources, inadequate training, increasing workload, stress, lack of motivation, lack of teamwork and inadequate information of staff, shortage of time and duration of implementation, inappropriate scoring method, patient dissatisfaction, lack of backup resources and implementation method, subjective view of evaluators, copy of accreditation standards of other countries, not reviewing the content of the standards, and lack of budget allocation
Organizations that institutionalize the accreditation process in the body of their education, awareness and organizational culture can reach a higher level of quality in health services. Therefore, it is recommended to the authorities to read all the identified challenges and consider these points in their planning.

In spite of improvement in quality of life after heart transplantation, this procedure can cause some new challenges and problems for heart recipients. Identifying these problems can help to the increasing numbers of these patients. This study was done with the aim of exploring challenges of living after heart transplantation in Iranian heart recipients.
This study was done with content analyzing approach. We used purposive sampling methods with 12 heart transplant recipients that were referred to one of the active heart transplantation hospitals in Tehran. We used semi-structured interview until data saturation ensured. All interviews was recorded and transcript verbatim and analyzed with deductive content analysis method.
Three major themes emerged form data analysis, which explore challenges of living with transplanted heart.Meaningly, these themes were “buckle with post-transplant issues” with four category: derangement in personal functions, difficulty of follow up treatment, transplantation complications and being under pressure of drugs, “Continuing family involvement” with three category: psychological tension, financial hardship and physical consequences and “interaction with donor and their family” with two category: engagement with donor and new relationship with donor family that depicted full challenges life after heart transplantation.
Findings of this study showed that heart transplant recipients in Iran experiences few challenges related to their personal life, about their families and about donor and donor's family that necessitate giving support and counseling from health care providers.

Objectives Dialysis is a therapeutic method suitable for elderly people with chronic renal failure. However, the patient faces with multiple challenges. This study explores the challenges of elderly people with dialysis for better identification and prevention of its side effects.
Methods & Materials In this study, a comprehensive search of electronic databases of PubMed, Web of science, ProQuest, Scopus, Elsevier, Google scholar, and IranMedex was conducted using the key words "Aged," "Renal dialysis," "challenges," and “elderly syndromes" with no time limitation until the end of 2015.
Results Elderly people undergoing dialysis have multiple physical and mental problems. They consume more drugs and have comorbidity compared to young people. This leads to lower quality of life in them compared to other age groups. Elderly people under dialysis experience more challenges, such as aging syndromes (including falls, functional disability, frailty, and cognitive impairment) compared to healthy people. The prevalence of these disorders is more in the elderly people undergoing dialysis leading to disability and loss of independence and increased mortality rate.
Conclusion The number of elderly people undergoing dialysis has increased, and it seems that we need to know more about the problems of this age group. With the increasing awareness and knowledge about these problems, we can plan prevention, care, and rehabilitation programs for the elderly people with dialysis.

Aims: The current study was designed in order to assess the historical formation of the military health care- named Behdari- system.
The study was conducted using a qualitative and historiography approach. Purposeful sampling of primary and secondary sources was done. At the end, 11 books, 6 articles and 5 participants were selected for an interview. Participants were asked to describe their experiences about military clinics. Then, all interviews were taped and transcribed word by word. For analyzing, all books and transcribed interviews were read by the research team members several times and significant statements were extracted and eventually historical trends were identified and historical periodization were done.
Results showed that military medicine with primary backgrounds at prewar periods has passed difficult path to complete during the war in a non-classical and non-customary manner.
Finally, it seems that the formation of military clinics during the war period in Iran has been affected by political, social and professional factors. This has eventually created a unique structure for military clinics.

The aim of this review was to introduce cardiac cachexia for health care team, especially nurses. Acquaintance of health care providers with cardiac cachexia may lead them to pay more attention to this phenomenon when taking care of heart failure patients with cardiac cachexia. Heart failure is a systemic condition starting with heart dysfunction followed by dysfunction of most body organs including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, renal, neuroendocrine, immune, haemostatic, and inflammatory systems. Heart failure is already considered as a multisystem disease which can lead to such morbidities as anemia, insulin resistance, autonomic nervous system imbalance, and cardiac cachexia. Despite the importance of cachexia phenomenon in people with heart failure, it seems that it is not sufficiently considered by health care providers in the treatment and care program. In this paper, a review was conducted on the studies published between 1999-2016 about cardiac cachexia. The studies were searched out through scientific databases, including PubMed and Science Direct by the keywords heart failure and cachexia. The search resulted in 493 papers out of which 41 paper were considered in this review. In the last two decades, many attempts have been made to determine a unified definition of the cachexia. An anabolic/ catabolic imbalance with the dominance of catabolism which is the result of a combination of immunologic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine processes has been considered as pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia. In the early period after development of chronic heart failure, most of these processes are activated to protect heart and circulatory system from damage and also, to compensate for decreased cardiac muscle performance. Mechanisms of cachexia development are multiple, and it is necessary for treatment to consider several mechanisms simultaneously. Therapeutic management is based on prevention, exercise, nutrition, and drugs. Cardiac cachexia as a complication of chronic heart failure has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life and outcomes. The success of strategies for prevention or treatment of cardiac cachexia greatly depends on patients adherence to therapeutic regimen; multidimensional nature of strategies makes it necessary to be implemented in a comprehensive and right way.

Professional socialization is a critical aspect of nursing students’ development. This process begins with entering into the nursing program and continues after graduation and beginning of professional practice. This paper aimed to introduce the professional metamorphosis theory of BSN students and its application in the nursing education.This study was conducted with the aim of the introduction of the professional metamorphosis theory of BSN students. For this purpose, a search was performed on scientific databases (Pub Med, CINAHL, SID & IranMedex) using the key terms “professional socialization”, “professionalization”, “nursing education”, and “metamorphosis”. Ultimately 27 scientific articles and 2 Textbooks selected and reviewed. The results were compared with the present theory. In this study, the professional metamorphosis nursing students as a grounded theory was introduced. The theory was compared with related models and theories in the nursing literature. The applications and practical suggestions were provided in the nursing education. This study introduced "professional metamorphosis of nursing students" as a grounded theory in the sociocultural context of the health system of Iran. The nursing student's experiences during these stages (dependence, disintegration, and integration) and surrounding professional and extra- professional contexts help the nurse educators and administrators to develop effective educational interventions.

Optimum mental health status of students in the university ables them to deal effectively with numerous stressors that they experience; especially in students of medical sciences. Social anxiety can disturb academic performance، weaken their intellectual abilities and threaten their mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social anxiety and some demographic variables in undergraduate nursing students of Medical Universities in Tehran. In this descriptive-analytic study، 400 nursing students of medical universities in Tehran were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected during the first semester in 2010. Students completed two-part questionnaire including Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and demographic form. Using descriptive statistics of frequency، mean، standard deviation and inferential statistics of one way ANOVA، t-test and Scheffe determination tests data were analyzed in SPSS v. 16. Social anxiety was statistically related with students’ work experience (p=0. 02) and schools they were educating (p=0. 01). There was no statistically significant relationship between social anxiety and gender، semester، total mean grade، accommodation place، marital and economic status. According to the significant relationship between social anxiety and the students’ work experience and the schools they were educating; it seems an educational system is required to improve the coping skills، mental health and also providing facilitations; and encouraging the students to work during academic period can able them to influence and control the level of social anxiety.

A lot of various factors influence professional socialization of nursing students. Consistency and compatibility between the expectations of these factors facilitate the socialization process. This paper aimed to report part of a main study, and it introduces the factors and the conditions affecting professional socialization of Iranian BSN students. The data were collected from 12 BSN students in two large nursing and midwifery schools and two new graduated students. In-depth semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of participants during their clinical placements and after graduation. The data were analyzed using the Straussian version (1998) of grounded theory method and the technique of constant comparative analysis. Professional (educational settings, educational programs and human factors such as educators, care providers, patients and classmates) and extra-professional (society, media, family, friends and personal predispositions) factors and conditions abstracted and introduced as the context and structure affecting the professional socialization of nursing students. The impact of professional factors with varying degrees on professional socialization of students was generally direct and obvious throughout the educational course. Extra-Professional factors had often indirect and hidden influence starting before the initiation of the course and eased up over the years. The study findings showed that the socialization of the students rested on the direct or indirect effects of the professional and extra-professional factors. The interaction between the students and these factors determined their socialization in the nursing profession.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of 5-Dimension Personality Test (5DPT) -Persian version. The sample consisted of 1040 female/male students from the universities in Tehran who were selected through multistage cluster sampling. For gathering the data، in addition to 5DPT، the subjects were asked to complete one of the eight instruments including: Iranian Students’ Mental Health Scale (ISMHS)، Mental Health Inventory (MHI)، General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28)، Symptom Checklist-25 (SCl-25)، Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (KPDS)، The 33 item version NEO- Personality Inventory (NEO-33)، Self-Talk Scale (STS)، and Beck Hopelessness Inventory (BHI). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. The 75-item short-form of the test was composed of five saturated factors fitted to the data. These factors were neuroticism، absorption، orderliness، extroversion، and insensitivity. Internal consistency of the factors were between 0. 81 (extraversion) and 0. 68 (insensitivity); items’ correlation coefficients with the whole scale score were satisfactory. Factors’ reliability coefficients and all accompanied instruments were in accordance with the literature. The 5DPT-Persian version has suitable psychometric properties to be used in research and clinical settings.

This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use among College Students of Ministry of Sceince, Research and Technology in Iran. Seven thousands, three hundred and thirty student in academic year 2011-2012 were selected by random stratified sampling method from thirty Universities In Iran, considering their sex and level of education. We used Drug Use Prevalence Questionnaire (Taremian, Bolhari and peyravi, 2007) which were modified according to objectives of this study. The most prevalent drug of abuse in life time period was Qalyan (classical pipe), 28.7%, followed by cigarette, 20.4%, and alcohol, 11.9% and Trayak (Opium)(3.1%). Among the llicit drugs, the most prevalent drug are codeine substances (19.8%), Diazepam(3.6%), Fluxetine(1.9%), and Tramadol (4.2%).Use of different substances was significantly more prevalent in male students. There are five independent (predictor) variables which predict using most of drugs. These includes aggression (100% of drugs), using drugs among close friends (more than 77% of drugs), belief in using drugs among students and positive personal attitudes to drugs(each 69% of drugs) emotion seeking (61% of drugs). These variables are the strongest in predicting use of different drugs. Using soft drugs (Qalyan, cigarette and alcohol) was more prevalent than hard drugs (Hashish, taryak, heroine Kerack) among Iranian students. Similar to drug use pattern in society, use of all drugs were more prevalent in male students. We should pay special attention to use of drugs such as Codeine, Diazepam, Fluxetine and Tramadol. Based on our findings, it is reasonable to emphasize on these prevention plans in counseling offices of universities: 1- Attitudes correction of students and disseminating true facts. 2- Considering stress and anger management programs. 3- Empowering students associations and stressing positive role of peers 4- considering the unique role of families it seems is is so important to empower the relationship of universities and students families.

The aim of this study was to develop a tool which measures protective and risky factors in students. The current research is a distributive survey. The population of the study was comprised of the students from most the universities of the country from 2010 until 2013. In order to standardize the study’s tool 13 tools were used, some of which were examined in this study such as: Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS); Life Orientation Test (LOT); General Self Efficacy (GSE); oblique to religious behavior; Beck Hopelessness Scale; Ahwaz Perfectionism Scale (APS) and Perceived Social Support Scale. Two methods of the Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were also used in this study. This tool has 42 items and 6 subscales included family atmosphere, perfectionism, religious orientation, self-efficacy, perceived social support, suicide tendencies. Validity and internal homogeneity coefficient for subscales was between 0/59 (perfectionism) and 0/86 (suicide tendencies). Validity coefficients of tool’s subscales which produced were accordance with the theoretical. The Risk and protective factors scale is a suitable tool in order to screening problem related to effective factors in student's mental health.

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of intraoperative progress report on anxiety of family members of patients under cardiac catheterization. Backgroun: Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for CAD produce considerable anxiety in family members of the patient. Simple and clear explanations about physical and emotional status of the patient may decrease family members’ anxiety. Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 90 family members (45 in control and 45 in experimental group) of patients referred to angiography department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. Intraoperative progress report was implemented for experimental group. Data collection tools were demographic form and Spielberger questionnaire. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 17, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between anxiety scores for experimental (57.64±6.52) and group (50.11±8.32). After intervention, anxiety score in experimental group (46.22±5.18) was significantly lower than that of control group (57.48±7.20) (P<0.0001). Within-group comparisons showed that changes in anxiety score was statistically significant in both groups, it is to be noted that changes in anxiety score in experimental group was decreasing, while for the control group was increasing. Conclusion: According to the findings, intraoperative progress report during angiography in a simple and clear manner that is understandable for family members may decrease their anxiety. It is suggested to include this supportive intervention as part of nursing care delivered by nurses in angiography departments.