داریوش کریمی

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Eimeria that affects the poultry industry worldwide, having major economic impacts on poultry by reducing performance and decreasing productivity. This disease not only hinders the growth of chickens but also facilitates other epidemic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis in native poultry compared to industrial poultry in Sanandaj City. In this study, in order to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis, the feces of 200 industrial poultry and 200 native poultry were sampled in this city. All samples were examined microscopically in the laboratory using the floatation technique and were evaluated. Then, the intensity of infection with Eimeria oocysts was determined based on the number of oocysts per gram of feces(OPG). The results of this study showed that the average number of Eimeria oocysts per gram of industrial poultry feces is 1.52 ×102, and the contamination rate of native poultry feces is 6.45 ×102 oocysts per gram of feces. The infection and death rates were significantly higher in native poultry compared to industrial poultry (P<0.05). Also, the percentage of infection in hard and compacted beds was significantly lower than in damp and wet beds (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that due to the high prevalence of coccidiosis in native poultry of Sanandaj city, it is necessary to take control measures to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

According to the law of hunting and fishing, the law of protection and improvement of the environment, and the conventions and regulations of the IUCN, some parts of the country are classified as four environmental areas (national parks, national natural monuments, protected areas, and wildlife refuges). By the end of 2021, a total of 309 areas with 18.9 million hectares, equivalent to 11.5% of the country's area, have been approved as four areas, which can be considered in the field of public ownership (Anfal), government, private or a combination of them and be exploited with a specific use. While examining the effect of determining the four regions on the ownership and its documents, the ownership rights and exploitation, the adequacy or inadequacy of the existing regulations that need to be amended or supplemented to the system has been investigated. The relevant executives should follow up their approval process through the Islamic Council or the Board of Ministers, it is suggested as follows:- Adding two notes to articles 2 to 5 and one note to article 12 of the Executive Regulations of the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law.- Adding a note to Article 6 of the aforementioned law.- Adding a note to Article 9 of Hadnagar Law.- Amendment of Note 4, Article 31 of the Law on Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Ranges.The result shows that if these suggestions are applied, the ambiguities and challenges related to obtaining the ownership documents of natural resources located in the four regions and the system of its exploitation along with the problems between the two organizations of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources and Watershed Management regarding judicial and administrative measures, especially issues related to damages caused by public and construction projects in the mentioned areas, will be resolved

The protection of wildlife has a special place, as in the domestic laws, various solutions have been considered, including the option of fines for the violator and the cause of damage, but as a deterrent, it has not been able to act effectively. The human factor does not always lead to the loss or destruction of animal species and harming the wildlife, but natural factors can also lead to disease or accidents for the wildlife according to the climatic conditions of the place. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate, adjust and adjust the ways to reduce the conflicts between people and wildlife, and by allocating appropriate funds, the field for the restoration of wildlife habitats should be provided in order to prevent further destruction of wildlife and support endangered species. One of the ways to control risk is to transfer it to insurance institutions, and these risks should be in line with insurance laws and regulations, and in other words, they should be insurable. The vastness of the field of wildlife and the costs of its maintenance and protection require the support of the government as the guardian of wildlife protection and supervisor of the insurance industry. The loss of a species covered by insurance, like any other insurance coverage, can be supported by the insurance company, although in the insurance industry due to the challenges of wildlife risk assessment and the wildlife guardian organization due to the lack of financial resources, so far this issue has not been addressed. It has not been addressed seriously, and it may be due to the lack of sufficient knowledge in this field, or due to a correct assessment of the risk of losses of this type of insurance coverage. Currently, addressing this issue is an unavoidable necessity, and the trustees of the life insurance industry The country's wildlife should take the necessary care in this field.

International environmental law examines and systematizes the manifestation of space, recognizing its status and formulating the evolving legal system, human and state contributions to the atmosphere, the fate of the earth and the sky, and the damage to the layers of the sky. This study is a descriptive and theoretical study of the status analysis of the legal system of environmental and air pollution, the principles governing outer space activities in exploration, exploration and exploitation, as well as nuclear and nuclear weapons activities. And military and mass destruction in the face of the peaceful use of space and the prevention of harmful activities and the abandonment of space debris and the approaches and actions of advanced and developed governments and developing states and the study of the factors of convergence and divergence and justice between Generation and Trans generational in Responsibility and Responsibility for Trans boundary Injuries and Responsibilities State International on Damages, In particular the Common But Different Responsibilities of Governments, the Common Interest of Humanity and the Common Inheritance and the Concern of Humanity. Investigations indicate that, with a set of structural and environmental measures regarding astronauts, spacecraft and rockets and spacecraft, referring to their components and objects and objects thrown into space, as well as recording these in exploration and exploitation, Satellite recording and communications and remote sensing, in keeping with the principle of freedom over territory and space at various levels, are examining the challenges ahead of the assumption that the current legal system has been able to fill all the gaps in pollution.

Undoubtedly, the environment is the bedrock of human individual and social life. The purpose of this study is to extract legal tools and look at the hidden angles and gaps of environmental law to enable the establishment of a broad interpretation of the stakeholder position in order to be able to file environmental claims regardless of climate and nationality. Violation of the environment should also be legalized. In the field of environment and at the macro level, most environmental damages are issued with a legal permit. It is also possible to file an environmental claim if the claimant has proven damages. The existence of these two obstacles at the macro level either does not allow the principle of prevention to be fully established, or does not allow for damages and, through the first, environmental protection. If the outcome of accepting the right to the environment and a broad interpretation of the stakeholder position makes the possibility of providing this protection and damages a share, it will reciprocally make governments more accountable and, of course, more cautious in formulating legislative policies, implementing laws and judicial measures. It also increases the ability of individuals and non-governmental organizations to protect the right to the environment and demand environmental damage.

Today, environmental law is mentioned as one of the important tools for Natural spaces management and environmental protection. Applying legal aspects and considerations to natural geography requires comprehensive laws and guidelines. The right to a healthy environment is recognized as a fundamental right in the human rights community, although it has not yet been fully recognized. Special attention to this right has led to the recognition of the potential of civil, economic, cultural and social rights. The aim of this study was to identify the indicators related to the right to the environment of Iran. The research is of applied type. Initially, based on the classification of vegetative regions of Iran, the natural geography of the country was divided into five regions. The statistical population of the study included experts, managers, professors in the field of environment and natural resources. A statistical sample of 400 people was determined. SPSS21 software and information layer overlay system were used for data analysis. A total of 4 main indicators and 17 sub-indicators were identified. The "Ecosystem Health" indicator had the highest score (1397), after that "vegetation" indicator with 1305, the "animal wildlife" indicator with 1267 points and the "environmental quality" indicator with 1181 score were. The highest weight for sub-indicators belonged to "land use change" with 5.78 and the lowest weight belonged to "noise pollution" with 2.11. The "land use change" indicator was introduced as the most important indicator in all regions and the "noise pollution" was introduced as the least important indicator. According to the average score obtained for the seventeen indicators of environmental law, it was found that these indicators are the most important in the Zagros ecological region (4.37) and in the Irani-Turani (4.197), Hyrkani-Caspian (3.974), Arasbaran (3.93) and finally, Persian Gulf - Omani (3.178).

With the approval of the Hunting and Fishing Law, a government institution called the Hunting and Fishing Supervision Organization was established in 1346. Laws regarding the establishment of this organization as an independent governmental body under the supervision of the Supreme Council for Hunting and Fisheries Supervision, the possibility of allocating parts of the country to national parks with specific definitions Provided. The first cornerstone of protected areas in Iran was laid in 1346. The proposal to establish two national parks and 15 protected areas was immediately approved by the Supreme Council as the first protected group in Iran. In view of Iran's environmental diversity and different climatic zones, the government, in cooperation with the Environment Organization, in accordance with international standards, prepared this quadruple classification in a bill in 1353 and presented it to the parliament. National Heritage, National Conservation Area and Wildlife Sanctuary were approved. In each of these regions, different types of lands can exist in terms of type and use, so that the determination and establishment of a special legal system for the four regions, on the exploitation, occupation and use in areas. Enclosed is effective and the legal system governing the property rights of the lands located in that area has affected and led to numerous legal claims. Reviewing laws and regulations, implementation of previous and current laws, conflicts and possible disputes between the mentioned laws and providing legal solutions is an issue that can pave the way for some legal conflicts and disputes.

Due to the significant growth and development of industries in Iran, including mines, oil and gas, and agriculture, in proportion to increasing production, the country is now faced with a large volume of industrial, mineral, and hazardous waste. The improper management of hazardous wastes affects the basic resources of the environment, water, soil, and air, and cause environmental pollution. The present research will be addressed the legal challenges of implementing waste management regulations in Iran, detected the problems with the existing regulations, examine the opportunities and threats, and identified the legal gaps and It’s weaknesses in order to propose the required amendments to the Waste Management Act, its bylaw, and other legal and managerial actions. In this research, current status of waste management in the country was first identified, evaluated, and analyzed.A supplementary the supplementary survey was then completed by experts and managers, the data were normalized, and the QSPM model was adopted to identify the superior strategies and approaches according to a SWOT analysis. The results demonstrated that the most important waste management problems included the incomplete implementation of the duties entrusted by the Act to most of the responsible organizations and institutions; the managers’ low level of knowledge, awareness, and competence in making the necessary decisions; legal gaps and the lack of legal enforcement guarantees; the low levels of punishment and penalties provisioned in the Act against the offenders; and failing to exploit the private sector’s investment capacity for waste organization and management.

In many developed countries, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which is among the successful waste management programs, has been adopted and implemented as a policy approach. EPR is aimed at reducing the financial load that waste collection and management imposes on local governments, especially waste that requires complicated and costly treatment and recovery processes. It is an efficient tool in resource management according to which the responsibility for goods and products rests with their producers until the end of their life cycle. In Iran, in accordance with Article 4 of the Waste Management Act and Article 12 of its Executive Bylaw, the National Environmental Fund is responsible for collecting taxes levied on producers and importers of goods and products that produce waste and for offering facilities to units engaged in resource recovery. Yes, it has not been implemented for various reasons. The present paper seeks to implement the responsibility of producers to manage waste from the consumption of goods in Iran.  

In this research, using a questionnaire, the opinions of 60 experts and domestic experts in the field of research were used. First, the data and information received from the individual survey forms were validated, and then the best strategies were analyzed according to the SWOT model. To determine the attractiveness, the data entered the QSPM quantitative planning matrix and the priorities were determined accordingly. By examining the legal challenges of implementing waste management regulations and identifying the obstacles of the implementation of expanding the responsibility of the producer in the country, and the results of this research, appropriate strategies for its implementation were also presented.

 The most important problems causing the failure to implement EPR in Iran were (1) the lack of an effective and efficient legal mechanism to require cooperation and coordination between the governmental agencies for collecting the taxes levied on producers and importers of goods and products, the consumption of which leads to the production of waste that is dangerous for the environment, (2) the failure in the timely establishment of the National Environmental Fund, (3) the all-encompassing list of goods and products subject to EPR, (4) a large number of goods and products subject to EPR and (5) the identical tax levied on the various goods and products subject to EPR. However, if EPR is implemented in Iran and the National Environmental Fund offers facilities for setting up industrial waste management centers, especially in resource recovery, and investment by the private sector in the industries and technologies related to waste recovery is supported, the environment will be protected and waste will be managed systematically. In addition, business activities will flourish and sustainable jobs and income will be created. Moreover, economic growth will result from resource recovery and conversion of waste into energy and new products. This will play a substantial role in self-sufficiency, resulting in independence from foreign countries for the provision of raw materials and prevention of foreign currency outflows to procure them. Therefore, it is necessary to take the required measures to resolve the problems and difficulties in the way of EPR in Iran and also to launch a comprehensive and integrated information system for producers of goods and products subject to waste management. Moreover, the list of such goods and products should be more limited and more transparent, and the Department of Environment and other related organizations should also supervise the way of levied taxes collection and how the facilities are granted by the National Environmental Fund. They should also supervise the environmental performance of those engaged in resource recovery.

When designing products, manufacturers of goods and consumables accept their legal and economic responsibility in order to minimize the environmental effects and take action to reduce the destructive effects of products and waste management of materials and goods in the environment

The purpose of this study is to extract legal tools and look at the hidden angles and gaps of environmental law in order to establish a broad interpretation of the stakeholder position in order to be able to file environmental claims regardless of climate and nationality. Violation of the right to the environment should also be legalized. In the field of environment and at the macro level, most environmental damages are issued with a legal permit. The beneficiary is in the case and with this interpretation, environmental lawsuits, if possible, if the plaintiff proves the damage to himself in order to be able to file lawsuits, the existence of these two effective obstacles at the macro level or allow the comprehensive establishment of the principle of prevention. Does not allow or does not allow the claim for damages and in the first place the protection of the right to the environment Legislative policies, enforcement of laws and judicial measures, It makes you more responsive and, of course, more cautious. An increasing form significantly increases the ability of individuals and, of course, non-governmental organizations to protect the right to the environment and to demand environmental damages

Due to the conservation value of Bamu National Park, there are some uses within and around the park that have direct and indirect effects on the park. The park is one of the most important wildlife habitats in southwestern Iran that has been threatened by human conflict. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal-environmental status of the Bamu National Park, especially for its destruction and aggression. In reviewing the laws and regulations governing Bamu National Park, the legal provisions and regulations that provide the requirements and guarantees for the implementation of this national park protection are evident, but certainly with the increasing complexity of environmental issues in the country and the challenges and challenges involved. The dilemmas in protecting national parks are clearly evident in the legal problems in Bamu National Park. The results showed that due to weaknesses in some cases such as inadequate crime and penalties, insufficient enforcement was guaranteed to prevent the encroachment and demolition of Bamboo National Park and their transfer to government departments and ultimately lack of coordination between the departments. This National Park had to be thoroughly revised and guaranteed.

Environmental protection is accepted as one of the legal and scientific requirements in the country. This research has been done with the aim of developing criteria for identifying beneficiaries in lawsuits and environmental crimes. Its type is analytical and library method. For this purpose, in-depth study was used to collect and screen data. Experts (Delphi panel) were used to confirm the data. In the following, the factor analysis method (SEM) was used to fit the incorrect model. The results showed that a total of 18 components including 10 types of beneficiaries and 8 types of crimes were identified. The types of beneficiaries are: public persons (custodial and non-custodial organizations), private persons (real and legal). Also, the types of crimes are: intentional, inadvertent, repetitive, non-repetitive, compensable, irreparable, forgivable and non-forgivable. The results of the goodness of fit evaluation of the model show that GFI is equal to 0.942, RMR is equal to 0.079, TLI is equal to 0.959, CFI is equal to 0.903, and IFI is equal to 0.911. are in the acceptable area. Real private organizations have the most weight (82 percent), followed by non-trustee type public organizations (77 percent), legal type private organizations (64 percent), and finally, trustee type public organizations with a weight of 51 percent. are located Also, environmental crimes were measured with a total weight of 77% in the model, which shows the high validity of the model.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of Aras River pollution.

First, the physicochemical properties of river water were measured in the vicinity of industrial zones. This is an applied survey carried out through sampling and laboratory experiments. Sampling was performed from mid-2018 to mid-2019 and at selected stations. Three water samples were taken at each station. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite, and TDS were measured with a spectrophotometer. Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium concentrations were measured using Flame Photometer and the remainder were measured by professional devices. All sampling process was repeated four times and the average number was recorded for each station.

The results showed that the lowest recorded electrical conductivity was 0.789 while the highest was 2.346 ds / m, unsuitability of soil, and water for irrigation. The measured total solids content was 1211 mg / l indicates a moderate limitation in terms of salinity. The average recorded pH was 8.17, which is within the national permitted range and standard of the World Health Organization. The concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite is more than the maximum amount of the permitted range. The concentration of Potassium is in the standard range. According to the obtained mean (64 mg / l), the concentration of Calcium and Cadmium is within both national permitted range and international standard range, eith64mg/1, and 0.8 μg/1, respectively. While that of Lead (μg / l 0.09) is just within the standard range.

Discharge of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewater into the river in upper parts of the study area is the biggest threat to the lower parts environment.

Today, ecotourism is referred to as a tool that seeks to realize the pleasures and benefits of tourism, but strives not to diminish the natural and ecological value of the area. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective criteria for ecotourism site evaluation and ecological board capacity to plan for ecotourism in Shahrood protected areas.

In the first step, site evaluation criteria were compiled and rated by experts. Fitting was done by LISREL software. The data layers were then weighted and overlapped by pairwise comparison. Subsequently, zoning was carried out to determine the area and capacity of the physical real and effective range for ecotourism.

The final model of ecotourism evaluation consists of 8 dimensions and 20 criteria. The model fit was good and acceptable (GFI 0.942). It is also suitable for ecotourism at 66474 hectares. The study area consists of 3 areas of mountain forest, mountain and plain and desert. The effective range for the mountainous forest area is 1743 and for the mountainous and plain area is 1765 and for the desert zone is 3123.

In Shahrood city protected areas, environmental board capacity is not observed and is more than threshold tolerance. As a result, ecotourism needs to be at the forefront of tourism planning in the area of ​​conservation principles.

Human life is rooted in the material world. Humans are capable of making a difference in nature. Managing, maintaining and protecting human society as well as the environment is essential. Because humans and other living things need a clean earth for their lives. A number of industrial developments as well as armed conflicts with the use of non-conventional weapons in recent years have endangered human society and the life of living things. The wars in human society are inevitable, and the development and use of unusual weapons, including depleted uranium weapons, has caused irreparable damage to humans and the environment. Many studies have shown human and environmental damage caused by the use of this weapon, including chromosomal and maternal abnormalities, cancer, and reduced crop yields. It is therefore necessary, while carefully examining the harmful effects of DU weapons with the development of legal knowledge, to develop deterrent legal rules to prevent the use of such weapons. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on the methodology of international law. This article seeks to answer the question of whether existing international legal rules are sufficient to prevent the use of depleted uranium weapons in regional and international hostilities. During the review, it appears that the existing legal rules do not have the deterrence to prevent the use of depleted uranium weapons and there is a need to establish and enact new legal rules in international law and international environmental law. What is certain is that international law and international environmental law have been evolving over time, and the international community has come to believe that using legal instruments can protect the biosphere.

In this study, the advantages and limitations of implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach given the rules and regulations in Iran are analyzed. As IWRM does not exist at the level of basin in Iran, eventually the legal framework of establishment of IWRM is suggested considering the structural complexities of the water management systems at a national level. Accordingly, establishment of such an approach is generally missing in Iran so that sustainable solutions are obtained for all round development of the country in the area of water. The values of water basin sustainability Index are low while water deficiency index is high in basins. In addition, the environmental degradation of water and soil in basins has resulted in migration of rural people to urban regions. All these factors have contributed to development of a great complexity in the IWRM in Iran. In this study, considering the principles of IWRM establishment across the water basin, proposals and solutions for modifying the rights and rules of the water in basins have been presented. The results indicated that the best solution for solving the problems associated with IWRM is ever increasing interaction between the beneficiaries and the available tools for achieving a sustainable strategy for the IWRM in Iran.
Management; Water Resources; Law; Legal Framework

Air pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the environment, they have raised the concerns of authorities to take specific measures to prevent contamination of air and environmental degradation. In recent years, in Iran especially in major cities, such pollution has increased significantly and it has caused irreparable damage to the health of individuals and the quality of properties. It seems that laws and regulations are somewhat sufficient to meet air pollution in Iran. In fact the problem of continuity of air pollution is not due to laws and regulations, but the law enforcers who are not doing their duties properly are the main problem. On the other hand, since the possibility of compensation for damage caused by air pollution, because of its nature and characteristic, is somehow low, much of this damage remains uncompensated. However, there are still some solutions to effectiveness of laws and regulations for air pollution, at the local level. Thus thispaper attempts to addressair pollution in metropolises of Iran in terms of effective laws and regulations and also to introduce applicable methods in this regard.

The project of fishery regional development studies in north alborz was conducted to establish regional development program in North Alborz Area (Provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran & Golestan). The research had several phases and was done on a survey and library-based study. Using SWOT analysis method to analyze current situation of sturgeon fisheries and aquaculture is investigated and internal and external environmental factors of shilat activities are considered. We used Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) for priority setting of strategies.
In current paper as a part of project’s outcomes, all activities of fisheries and aquaculture environment were cosidered, then, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats of internal and external environment are analyzed.
At the end, a considerable number of tables and matrixes were prepared and four types of strategies including 20 strategies for sturgeon aquaculture and 17 strategies for sturgeon fisheries were carried out.

Environmental education can be called a new discipline by which human being can continue his living by nature better. In this discipline, principal, values, personal responsibility, professional even behavior customs should move in according to nature and develop. In order to establish this educational and intellectual system, the current investigation attempts to analyze and assess the environment’s educational needs of students in Khouzestan province. This study is an applied and descriptive type of survey and from the study method perspective has employed a synthetic need assessment model. Sampling population consisted of the girl and boy students of secondary schools and high schools of Khuzestan province, in academic year 1386-1387(2007-2008). Sample of investigation consisted of 1067 students which selected through cluster sampling from Ahvaz, Behbahan, Masjed Soleiman, and Bandar-e-Emam cities. The questionnaire for gathering information was prepared based on experts’ opinions in environmental education and has had considerable validity and reliability. The research data analysis was done whit the help of descriptive statistic, including various distribution tables, mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistic F test , chi-square test, Analysis Of Variance,correlation coefficient, Duncan test, and factor analysis. Some of the findings of the research are as follows:1)The textbooks’ contents do not provide the students with adequate information and stimulant about the student’s living environment. 2) School teachers in Khouzestan don’t supply the students with information and stimulant in accordance with the area’s environment. 3) Extracurricular and side activities related to environment are rare in Khouzestan province’s schools, and the students lack enough information and stimulant about their living environment and surroundings.
4) Extracurricular activities proved more effect in stimulating the students to environment and their knowledge than the two other variables: textbooks’ content and teachers.

Following the Earth Conference in 1992 and the preparation of Agenda 21 and Its 36th chapter which is about environmental education and training for sustainable development, and regarding four main themes of this chapter, all implying the stability of training, and also, because we are in the decade of education for sustainable development now, all countries have tried to design and suggest ways for the stability of education. Therefore, in this conference all countries unanimously agreed upon “training of sustainable development in schools as a whole”. This approach put emphasis on implementation of what has been learned to reduce the gap between values in action through integrating formal and informal training programs. In “schools as a whole” approach which is sustainable school in essence, it is necessary to consider a framework for sustainable school with emphasis on its dimensions and indexes. In this article, all of these items have been described completely, and in the end, it has been concluded that training for sustainable development in schools is in it’s initial phase and the managers have come to understood it’s necessary, but there is no clear framework for its implementation.