رضا اشرف زاده

Iran has a rich cultural and historical background, and many of today's cultural moods and human behavior are from the distant past. "Death" as an important subject has occupied the human mind and thoughts in all eras. Death has received a lot of attention in the remnants of ancient Iranian myths and culture. Since the culture and believes of a nation could not be easily forgotten and remained permanent, so there should be similarities between these two parts of Iranian literary works, mythology and mysticism. My thology and religious myths have given mystical poetry more depth and has contributed to its richness. This article deals with the types and types of death, namely: emergency death and optional death in the myths and ancient section, as well as mysticism. Given that the Qur'an and hadiths have not been separated from mysticism, a brief look is taken at it.

The sun, this fiery sphere, this life-giving and existential element, this eraser of darkness and a refuge to overcome internal and external fears, was so valued, respected and sanctified by the ancient people that it was called a deity. The purpose of writing these lines is to understand the thoughts and beliefs of those people in the field of this great celestial phenomenon and a comparative study of those beliefs in Sohrab's poetry; Hence, the author first opens a window beyond ancient ideas and then deals with the meaning of some of those thoughts in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri.Sohrab, as a naturalist poet who sees the divine manifestation in the phenomena of creation, connects the sun with the religions of the Orient on the basis of his resurrection. ; Especially seal and lotus. The use of the name Gardoneh, the discoverer of the morning mine, and the chicken of the sun is a sign of his attention to the rituals of Mehr and Mazdisna. In this article, the position of the sun in the religions of ancient Iran and the reflection of those beliefs in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri have been analyzed in a comparative-analytical way.

One of the oldest dreams of mankind is to achieve an ideal and desirable life, which is reflected in the scope of contemporary Persian poetry and literature. Because it is considered a human desire and literature also reflects a part of the human kind's desires. Among the contemporary poets, Forough Farrokhzad has spoken about an ideal world that has various moral components. The aim of the current research, which was compiled based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method, is to investigate these components.

Forough's intended world becomes objective and attainable when morality appears in it and people behave according to moral and clerical standards. The most important moral characteristics of this utopia are: condemnation of this world and praise of the ideal world; realization of security and social justice; Attention to transcendental love and condemnation of earthly lovers; condemnation of patriarchal anti-moral culture; Condemnation of hypocrisy and lack of sincerity; The internal union of people with each other.

The examination of the works of poets and literary and mystical writers of this land shows that storytelling, which is the process of using reality and narrative, to communicate with the audience, is used in a very subtle way. Sheikh Attar and Maulana are two poets who have benefited from storytelling and allegory in explaining mystical points and sending their messages many times. But despite the difference in the time period of these two poets, there are significant points of commonality and difference in their common stories and anecdotes, which require to be explored from a literary point of view.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, the data of which is collected from two Masnavas of Attar (Palehannameh, Elahinamah) with Masnavas of Rumi, during twenty common stories of these poets, by documentary and library method and by taking a survey.

In this study, the influence of Rumi on Attar was completely revealed and it was concluded that, despite similarities in terms of story characters, time, place of occurrence and the style of presenting the stories, there are also differences in terms of the literary style and the way of presenting them. And from the point of view of the morphology of Molavi"s stories and the analysis of his fictional actions, it shows a more logical order that governs his stories. Therefore, in terms of innovation, Molavi"s mind is more attractive in creating expressions and concepts.

The subject of storytelling and allegory in Persian literature, especially the poems of Attar and Rumi have been of special importance, who have chosen this type of artistic format to convey ideas and remind their audience. Although Attar has a great influence on Rumi in defining his line of thought and mystical approach and teaching its teachings, Maulavi has a higher position in the art of developing stories and drawing conclusions from them, and despite the similarities in terms of the structure and content of the common stories, there are significant differences with Attar"s stories.

This essay seeks to examine and explain the pattern of analysis of mythological symbols in selected mystical texts based on the theoretical basis of the semiotic analysis of the American semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce (1914) and also to prove that Peirce"s intellectual structure and system has the ability to analyze symbolism through myth. Based on this, we try to analyze the interaction of myth and mysticism in the linguistic field from the perspective of semiotics. We should study Manteghoteyre Attar Neyshabori, Ghazliat e Hafez and Nafahat Alons Jami.

This research will be done by the method of library studies and the method of sand analysis, using Peirce"s semiotic theories and relying on the selected important mystical texts Manteghoteyre Attar Neyshabori, Ghazliat e Hafez and Nafahat Alons Jami.

Mythological themes and themes are ancient and long-standing manifestations that have the power of manifestation and expression in other religions, including mysticism, with the passage of time without losing their original origin. Arbaeh elements are among these mythological elements that have been expressed as a two-way whole in connection with the sky and the earth while preserving their mythological meaning in the mystical poetry of Attar, Hafez and Jami.

The four elements of water, wind, earth, and fire are among these mythological symbols which, from the semiotic point of view of Peirce, have been metamorphosed in the form of new codes in mysticism, and have preserved their self-efficacy and nature by passing from myth to mysticism.

Statecraft, or what is called modern politics in the Shahnameh, has prosperity and authenticity combined with knowledge and insight. The foundation of Shahriari and governance is based on the two principles of truth and justice. Ferdowsi′s Shahnameh is one of the greatest and most influential epics works of Iran and the world. This great work can be studied and researched from different aspects. In many stories of Shahnameh, a manifestation of positive psychology can be explored.
One of the most outstanding literary works in the field of Persian literature is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which contains characterisations, depictions of lofty and ideal human goals, references to desirable solutions to improve the quality of life, and so on. In his literary masterpiece, Ferdowsi has mentioned the human being and its positive dimensions, and has provided extensive explanations in relation to idealistic figures such as Ky Khosrow - who go beyond the usual norms of society. In this regard, the present research, by applying Seligman's psychological opinions, will examine and analyse other aspects of Shah Kiani's personality and Shahriari's and Pahlavi's actions in order to answer the following questions: a) Which of the characteristics of positivist psychology emphasised by Seligman are prominent in the character of Khosrow? b) By approaching Seligman's intellectual foundations, can Shah Kiani be considered a positive and self-fulfilling person?

In the fifth and sixth centuries, romantic poems had become one of the important aspects of Persian literature. Every romantic story is formed in the social background of its era and it is impossible to analyze the romantic story separately from the factors, beliefs and social traditions of the time and place of its occurrence. Pact is one of the beliefs that are placed as romantic, political and social contracts between the characters and moves the story forward. This article examines the role of covenant in the structure and systematization of these poems with respect to prominent love poems such as Zal and Rudabeh, Vargheh and Golshah, Weiss and Ramin, Khosrow and Shirin, Sheikh San’aan and Christian girl, etc. The importance of the agreement in the communication and relationships of the characters, its effect on the flow of the story and the changes it brings about are also examined.

Using text analysis and stylistic methods, the present study examines the role of covenant in the structure of romantic poems in Persian literature of the fifth and sixth centuries and confirms and interprets the results of the research.

The frequency of covenant's presence in creating stories and maintaining romantic, political and social relationships is very significant. A major part of the plot of the investigated poems is indebted to this social and internal belief, and the contract and breach of contract have the function of unraveling knots, conflicts, throwing knots, etc. in the story.

Covenant is very important in the structure of Persian romance poems of the 5th and 6th centuries. This concept establishes the structure of the story, shapes the relationships of the characters and contains important moral and social messages. The poets of the mentioned two centuries have benefited from the importance of this belief in the social context not only to keep the main characters of the story alive and to create interactions and relationships, but also as a tool to show personality changes, story developments and maintain story order have been used. As the fulfillment of the agreement has an effect on the structure of the poems, the violation of the agreement by the fictional characters in the stories causes tangles and conflicts with contradictions and inconsistencies and the complexity of human relations due to the emergence of ambiguities, lack of trust and a decrease in emotional connection. It happens between the characters.

In his preferences, Mowlana has established a profound connection with the audience and describes his educational approaches to them. The link between the creator of the work, the text created and the listener in these poems seems prominent. In contemporary times, many theorists have discussed the connection between these components, of which Roman Jakobson and his theory of verbal communication are more valid. Investigating the teachings of Mowlana's teaching and how it is represented based on the foundations of these theory is the main purpose and issue of the present study with the basics of the theory. This research is based on library resources and descriptive-analytical method.

The role of the language of language has been to lead the audience to carry out moral necessities and to avoid mental deficiencies. The emotional role reflects Mowlana's social domination over his individual. The poet has used sounds such as "Ajab" to represent his personal emotions. The literary role is the power of Mowlana's illustrations to tangible the manifestation of moral conflicts and conflicts in society. Overall, Mowlana's preferences for representing a variety of ethical teachings such as: "God's centrality, trust in transcendence, avoiding bad habits, tendency to good habits, self -care, self -sacrifice, explanation of the greatness of transcendence, human weakness against God's power Being love at the beginning of the road, the usefulness of love after enduring its hardships, turning see the seeker from a passive person to a perfect human being because of the benefit of divine attention, love has become the factor of dignity to man, expressing servitude to God.

 Security, as one of the key concepts in the opinions of the experts of the Copenhagen school, has been reviewed in recent decades and has expanded its meaning, which includes the combination of "social security". In this context, what is emphasized is the principle of identity and ways to protect it. In the literary culture of Iranians, Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh is known as the main epic book of Iranians, in which the category of identity as a subgroup of social security is mentioned in its various parts, and various explicit and indirect solutions are presented to preserve and strengthen the components of identity. For example, during the reign of KeyKhosrow, one of the people"s concerns was the ability or lack of ability of the kings to provide security and identity. The issue and purpose of the present research is to investigate the actions of this king in order to establish the components of social security in the country"s borders with emphasis on the category of identity.

 The present article was compiled based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

 The main components of social security in this period of the kingdom are: trying to ward off military and civilian threats; providing group identity and social security; Establishing social security by creating a distinction between "us" and "them"; maintaining common bonds between community members; Establishing financial, life and political security for citizens.

 KeyKhosrow is one of the kings who created identity and created security in the history of ancient Iran. With a unique will, he changed the unfavorable political conditions and the economic, social, military and cultural crises that have been the result of Keykavoos statehood into a favorable and pleasant way.

In creation myths narrated by many human races, creation itself begins with "word" and "speech". Myth and archetypes accompany the human viewpoint from the beginning to infinity and beyond. Among them, birds have a place in the symbolism of the archetypes e.g. the hawk archetype is related to the sun. In Attar’s and Rumi’s point of view it is a symbol of human movement in herbal and animal entities, an index to fly to the sanctum, and a journey into the unknown. In the following study Attar by using the symbol of hawk, pays attention to the two dimensions of good and evil and deals with man in an instructive way and wants men to leave his attachment to the world and then go into a higher stage than accompaniment with kings and their position, even the position of their heart until he reaches Simorgh. Rumi completes the human dimension in his mystical- Didactic view by looking at the myth-archetype and the way Attar's stories are processed. In completing the journey, the birds are given as examples and the hawk provides the example of a perfect human. According to Rumi’s works the perfect human being including the people of his time such as Shams Tabrizi, Hosam Al-Din Chalabi and religious myths that originate from the Mohammadiah Truth, such as Ali (AS). In this paper, by mentioning the evidence, we have done the library method inductively.

In the field of narration, Gerard Genet has innovations that have been distinguished from two categories of language and tone. Emphasizing the aspect and tone of a fictional work reveals new aspects of it and is an indicator for assessing the quality of literary works. In the Persian literary range, many prose narrative works have been created, one of which is the DarabNameh for Beyghami. The author has succeeded in creating a great work by applying various techniques of narrative. This feature is especially featured in the story of "Firoozshah Among the Fairies and jinns". The review of the story based on the opinions of the Genet analytical method shows that in the narrative context, the inspiration in the domain of the narrative is not limited to the total knowledge capacity of the whole and, by interfering with the characters in the narrative process, on the concrete and concrete dimensions of their work It is infected. Also, the establishment of multiple dialogues instead of focusing on the monologue has been made possible by the use of the second narrative focus, which has had a positive effect on the process of communicating the audience with the production text. The use of the subjective mode at a limited level suggests that the characters in the story are more extroverted and dynamic than introverted and passive. In sum, the tone of the narrative in the story, while animating the characters of the story, has created an appropriate context for various readings of narratives..

Analyzing the symbolic concepts of animals in the poems of Madi Akhvan based on Jakobson's theory of verbal communication Polysemy elements are one of the most widely used indirect methods of expression in contemporary poetry, and among them, the symbol is the main artistic technique of modern poets, which is always used by committed creators to express social and political purposes. This study analyzes the critical and social symbols of animals in the poetry of Akhavan while examining linguistic roles based on Jacobson’s verbal communication pattern. Akhavan has given a special character to poetry due to the use of symbols that are rooted in the culture of ancient Iran, and because animals in the poetry of Akhavan are often used in a symbolic sense, the basis of the work is the role of metalanguage. The most important purpose of this article is to receive abstract messages and social and critical concepts embedded in animal symbols and to express social corruptions in the poet's homeland poems. Findings show that the symbols of the Akhavan are a representation of the conditions governing society and social and political unspoken. The method of collecting information is library and documentary and the statistical population of the study includes the Book of Poems of Mahdi Akhavan- Sales. The present research has been compiled in an analytical and descriptive manner that is suitable for conveying educational, social and symbolic concepts. And the messages of Akhavan in most poems reflect the metalanguage, emotional, referential and persuasive functions.

Khamseh of Nezami Ganjavi includes various collections in the types of lyrical, mystical, moral, etc. literature. In each of the works, the poet deals with issues according to the audience's understanding and insight and describes some of the beliefs and rituals of human society, especially Iran. One of these rituals is covenanting and swearing, which sometimes has a two-dimensional aspect in the military intellectual structure and sometimes stops at the superstructure level. In the present study, with reference to library resources and descriptive-analytical method, the types of treaties and their functions in Khamseh of Nezami have been explored and studied. The results show that at a general glance, treaties are divided into written and unwritten categories. The written form includes a political and security pact, a marriage pact and a pact to retain power. The unwritten type has sub-branches which are: moral covenant (shame and loyalty), princely pact, motivational pact, cooperation pact, peace and subjugation pact, democracy pact, covenant pact, divine pact, secret pact and a pact of allegiance to the king. The diversity that exists in this category confirms that the pact in Khamseh of Nezami is beyond a purely social matter, and the categories of cognition and knowledge, moral and educational, political and security, religious and doctrinal, etc. are tied to it.

Dynamics refers to the change in the attitude and actions of the characters things like: legerdemain, journey, material and spiritual tools, the role of fairies, superhuman powers in the story, etc. which are among the factors that cause the dynamism of the character of the lover and the beloved. In this article, the authors describe the above-mentioned factors in the twelve love stories of One Thousand and One Nights. At first, it was thought that the beloved had less action and dynamism than the lover, but we found that the beloved uses all the factors to achieve the lover in "crisis" and "Infrastructure". Therefore, the present study, which has been done analytically-descriptively, with a look at the intellectual infrastructure of the work, is an answer to the question: why the narrator sometimes has a sociological and semantic approach (attitude) to the formation of characters and sometimes to the superstructure and functions and actions pays attention to the characters? The results of the research show that in the story of One Thousand and One Nights, wherever the lover reaches a state of stagnation, the lover with a clear plan makes him dynamic and active. Besides, whenever the lover loses the beloved somewhere in the story, he tries to include a helper like a fairy in the process of telling the story in order to encourage and motivate the lover to travel. However, the lover of finds his lost circle and flourishes from inside and is freed from "individuality".

Asadi's Garshasbnameh and Banoogoshasbnameh should be considered as important epic works in Persian language. Although the dominant approach in these two works is epic, the reflection of emotional components that are linked to the basics of lyrical literature is well highlighted. Singing and boasting are among the examples of lyrical components that Pahlavan uses to meet his various goals. The purpose of the present research is that by applying the theoretical foundations of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, the level of description in these brags and boasts has been represented in order to explore the various dimensions of these military tactics. The main question of the research is, what is the effect of boasting and boasting in the mentioned works in the representation of the discourse of "power" and in what discourse components has this category appeared?

This research was done based on library sources and descriptiveanalytical method.

Words are used in brags and jokes to start a psychological war by the wrestlers. Also, the words in the mentioned works show the approach of "shepherd and lamb" in the discourses proposed by the characters. In connection with the characters, by describing a series of actions and emphasizing their physical abilities, the wrestlers show the gap between the singer and the other person as high as possible. At the level of association, the commonality of word networks in multiple phrases and sentences is an extension of power hegemony. Pronouns in these systems have played a role in reflecting the hierarchy governing interpersonal and social relations. The form of the verbs in boasting and arrogance is often news, which indicates the certainty of the issues raised. Also, authoritarianism is one of the important messages obtained by analyzing verbs.

The analysis of idioms and boasting in the mentioned works at the level of description shows a conscious confrontation by the singers in introducing the characters. Also, alienation between the discourses of the parties is clearly seen.

In contemporary literature, "female language and writing" and "modernism" have related meanings. Rule-avoidance, basic mentality, internal monologues and the psychological state of the language are presented as the characteristics of women's writing, which are also the elements and provisions of modern stories. Modernism in literature can be seen as the result of the tendency towards democracy and polyphony, which in the 20th century, the time of breaking with traditions and collapsing contracts, had turned into serious human issues. The theory of women's writing was also the model proposed by those who were trying to disrupt the formed structures that reinforce patriarchy with grammar avoidance and discontinuity in language. Therefore, both allow the existence of polyphony, pluralism and democracy. The effort of this research is to cast a new opinion on Shazadeh Ehtejab's novel and find new story details in it. So that first by explaining the elements of the mentioned novel, its modernist nature is justified and then by analyzing the characterization of the women in the story, their verbs should be explored in order to examine the extent of their independence or dominance, traditional or modern, in relation to the modern structure of the story. The result of the research showed that in this novel, Golshiri has created coherence in accordance with the modern characteristics of the active and indomitable female character of his story by using modern storytelling methods. His narrative arrangements introduce the reader to the characteristics of women's writing in which patriarchy is reduced in the text and a suitable platform is provided for a female character like Fakhr al-Nasa to challenge the rule of discrimination and guardianship with her authentic identity and her unconventional and libertarian actions.

In order to create his poetry, every poet inevitably deviates from some grammar principles and rules, and he always tries to express the meaning in a clear way; Because otherwise, he has taken a step in the insignificance of poetry and poets. One of the ways to know the poetry of any poet is to pay attention to the syntactic and grammatical rules used in that poem, to examine how the relationships between the parts and elements of a sentence are considered, considering the rules that are considered within the structure of a sentence with a specific language. It determines the syntactic and grammatical structure of each poem.In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the use of syntactic and grammatical rules with a formalist approach in the poems of the Third Brotherhood and Adonis with a comparative and analytical method. In this regard, the shifting of sentence elements, deletion, use of verbs, etc. in the poems of the two poets in question were investigated. The results of the research show that Adonis is more advanced in the components of departure from syntactic rules, moving sentence elements, introducing and delaying, and deleting sentence elements compared to Akhwan, and Akhwan has been able to avoid more syntactic norms in the field of using old Persian and archaic words. Get from Adonis.

This research has been written with the aim of studying and comparing the reflection of music in the poetry of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj. In order to achieve this, the authors have studied words and terms related to music (instruments, musicians, Iranian original music, general musical terms, musical occupations, musical verbs). In addition, we examined the forms of imagination and literary function of the words of music in the poetry of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj. After examining the musical samples of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj's poems, we expressed the similarities and differences in the reflection of music in the poetry of these two poets.

This research is a library and has been done by descriptiveanalytical method.

This study shows that music has been an instrument for these two poets; A tool for conveying their intended concepts and themes.

One of the most important aspects of the similarity between the musical verses of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj is bio-music, addressing the poet's self and the high frequency of accompanying music with sadness. The most important aspects of the difference in the musical reflection of Shahriyar and Ebtehaj's poetry can be found in the musical view and attention to musicians.

In rich and epic texts, there is a broker or mediator who guides the main characters in the face of difficulties and promotes their growth in physical and psychological dimensions. In today's world, this role is intended for helpers in their daily lives. The key to resembling brokers and helpers is helping people in need. This study, which uses library resources and a descriptive-analytic approach, explores the role of Zale and Roodabeh in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, with an approach to Sindhokht's personality and the theoretical foundations of individual assistance. The results of the research show that the main mission of Sindhokht in the story is to ensure the connection between Zal and Roodabeh and to provide the necessary background for the birth of Rustam and the direction of the epic path. He has also prevented the formation of a bloody battle between the Iranians and the Kabulis, with a detailed personality and the pathology of the problem and crisis. In this story, the reinterpretation of the Siddiqui relatives illustrates the significant presence of women in transgender and social currents. Sindhokht represents a dynamic and influential woman in organizing interpersonal and social relationships. In addition to Sindhokht, another woman at the beginning of the story brings Zal and Rudaba together and ties them together.

The story of "Parrot and Merchant" is one of the stories that appear in the commentary of Abul Fattuh Razi and Asrar Nameh of Attar and Masnavi of Rumi. This story has been studied from different angles such as social, mystical aspects, moral teachings, etc. In this article, this issue has been analyzed from the perspective of personality psychology. The general atmosphere of the story is in the form of code or metaphor so that in addition to an entertaining story, mystical and moral thoughts can be instilled in the audience in the best way, and in addition to that, the psychology of the characters of this beautiful story can be analyzed. This article tries to answer the question: Does the trapped parrot, which is the searching soul of man, reach perfection from the point of view of psychology? And finally, it can be seen that by overcoming the problems and hardships of life and trust To God and ignoring the appearances of the material world and apparent peace and prosperity, he can overcome many of his problems and reach the stage of self-fulfillment, which is the stage of perfection or the climax.

"Khavaran Nameh" is a religious epic poem written by "Ibn Hussam" in telling imaginary stories about the struggles of Imam Ali (AS) and his companions in the land of Khavaran. Khavarannameh is of great value in the field of describing and creating epic images. In this article, the constituent elements of an epic work are discussed and then the imaginary forms for creating epic images that are effective are mentioned and that Ibn Hussam was able to use the elements and themes of epic and beautiful imagery to create scenes. Make it tangible and objective. In the construction of the epic, exaggeration is the strongest element of poetic imagination, which gives strength and dynamism to Ibn Hussam's poetry. The similes used in this work are more sensory and reach their peak when each of the elements of the simile depicts a kind of movement and greatness.Keywords: Ibn Hassan Khosfi - Religious Epic - Epic Elements - Image Creation

Research in ancient narrations requires both interpretation and comparison with the theories of the current century. In the perspective of ancient man; Narratives, stories and legends have been one of the most entertaining norms of human beings. Apart from the validity of the first narrations, the payment of narrations in the path of culture and civilization has had a significant application.Most of those narrations; Today, like metaphors, it is referential and has led to the creation of new stories and can be critiqued based on the tools of narrative, adaptation, balance and intertextuality.In this research extracted from the dissertation; In the framework of narratology and using comparative literature, the origin of ancient narration has been studied, which is somehow related to contemporary narration. Also The result of this research is the introduction of ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Sumerian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek, Persian, Indian, Japanese and Chinese works.Eventually the results show that the ancient texts are among the structuralist works due to the nature of narrative and the use of narrative elements of structuralism and storytelling techniques.

Dignity is one of the key concepts in Islamic mysticism and a genuine advocate for the recognition of the Sufi mysticism of the bad Sufi. Khaje Abdullah Ansari, in the Tabaghat al Sofie, mentions the names of many Sufis and explains their behavior, behavior and thought. To accomplish this goal, he has described many miracles and described the quality of the elders' submission to epistemological and cognitive principles. In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method and citing library resources, the duplicates mentioned in the above work are categorized and why they are frequented. Examination of Ansari's views shows that dignities have manifested in the mystic's lifetime and after his death. The wonders of life are: the knowledge of the unseen; the reading mind; the seizure of the forces and elements of nature; The dignities revealed after death were less frequent. These dignities include: speaking in the dream and dream; the role of closing the verse and mentioning the body of the deceased; The primary purpose of Sufis is to use these dignities, to discipline disciples, and to encourage them to follow the path of conduct. In this work, contrary to the tradition of popular mystical writing, there is no indication of the transcendent function of dignity to humiliate and suppress enemies and deniers, which can be attributed to the attitude of the author and his hopeful and romantic tendencies in the field of mysticism.