سهراب اسلامی

The historical texts of Safavid Middle time, from the beginning of the government of Shah Abbas I (978-1038 A. H) to the end of his life, have an approach towards social history different from the historical sources of the first period. The writing of these texts in time of peace, security and stability has made writers pay more attention to the social and cultural issues than usual. Tarikh e- Alam Aray e- Abbasi, compiled by Skanderbeik Monshi (1043- 968 A. H), is one of the important sources of historiography in the era of Shah Abbas I. This research aims to investigate its approach towards the various social issues such as the social classes, people's relations with the government and the social consequences of war relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research.

The conquest of Andalusia was completed during the caliphate of Walid bin Abdul Malik (86-96 A. H) and under the leadership of Musa bin Nasir (19-97 A. H) and Tariq bin Ziyad (101-50 A. H) during the years 92-95 A. H. As a result of this conquest, many tribes entered Andalusia. This article examines the report of Bayt Zul-Aqfal in Toledo aiming the how of different ethnic groups entering Andalusia and their influence in compiling historical reports.The findings of the research done through the descriptive-analytical method and analysis of historical documents, show that the conquest of Andalusia and the new ethnic and cultural composition of the inhabitants of this region led to the fictional stories and narratives taken from the historical culture of these people were added to the historiography of Andalusia. Therefore, the report of Bayt Zul-Aqfal in the conquest of Toledo is one of the fabricated narratives of the conquest of Andalusia, the story of which arosed from this cultural mixture and found its way into the historical sources.

By combining their ancient culture with Islam, Iranians have played an effective role in creating Islamic civilization. The presence of Iranians in the Abbasid caliphate provided a suitable platform for the development of science, literature and art. As Muslims liberated themselves from conquests, wars, and conflicts, and wealth and power increased, the tendency for a variety of fine arts increased among the caliphs, elders, and various classes of Baghdad society. They had conquests with other nations, opened the horizons of art to them, and created new works of art that were in line with Islamic law. In the meantime, the art of music had a special social status as an important tool to express the glory and authority of the Abbasid caliphs. This article seeks to explain the role of Iranians in the development of the art of music in the Abbasid period by means of explanatory-analytical method.Abbasid period .

The position of "Sheikh al-Islami" was one of the important religious positions of the Safavid era, which was established in the court, centers and provinces of Iran in order to spread the religious culture and teachings of the Twelve Imams and was able to leave deeply impact on various dimensions of the political-social system, especially the cultural structure of Iranian society.The basic question is, what is the status of "Sheikh al-Islami position" in this period and how did it influence the cultural-political developments of Safavid Iran? It seems that the cultural function of this position in this period left an important role in the cultural and political aspects of the Safavid era and was able to institutionalize the teachings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) among the social classes. The most important function of Sheikh al-Islami, which was the strongest and most effective factor in strengthening the spirit of solidarity among Iranians and increasing the growing sentiments of the Shia religion, also this religion became an important factor in creating new works in the field of various sciences, as a result, the continuation of mourning in this period became official. The result of two political and cultural discourses is that on the one hand, the Sufi ruling body made the Safavid sect to respond flexibly to the needs and realities of the time, so as to move away from the beliefs and culture of the disciple and the religious order of the monastery. And on the other hand, it has motivated prominent and scattered Shia mujtahids and thinkers to collaborate and establish fundamental efforts in the direction of developing and deepening the culture and teachings of Shia religion. The result of this partnership was that a deep transformation took place in the court and government apparatus of Iran during the Safavid era, which included the official announcement of the Shia religion, the explanation and expansion of the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), the development and expansion of the Shia culture at different levels of society, among the achievements and functions of this office which with the direct support of the Safavid rulers and the efforts of scholars, many symbols and religious ceremonies have been officially and publicly implemented. The following article examines and analyzes the cultural functions of Sheikh al-Islami's position in Iran during the Safavid era with a descriptive-analytical historical approach and using library sources.

The Berbers, along with the Arabs, played an important role in the conquest of Andalusia, and after the conquest of Andalusia, many Moroccans, especially the Berbers, left for Andalusia. The Andalusian society was formed during the period of conquests from conflicting elements in religious and cultural beliefs, and it was not long before interactions were established between the conquerors in the social and livelihood fields. What is the social status of the Berbers in Andalusian society and how did they participate in the administrative organization? The main question of the present article. Descriptive-analytical reports from historical sources confirm that the conquest of the Andalusians brought the Berbers and Arabs closer together in various social, administrative, linguistic, and lexical fields. The barbarians lived and mingled with the Arabs in some parts of Andalusia, and even took on administrative duties such as scribes, ascetics, oppressors, and provincial governors.

Among Iranian literary works, the Manshat contains extensive information on social topics such as establishment of schools, founders, teachers, students, curricula, and teaching methods. The purpose of this study was an analytical-comparative research of the situation of education in the Timurid period according to the content of existing Manshat. The data collection method was documentary by reviewing available Manshat and other sources (primary and secondary sources). To analyze the data, the researchers used only internal critique. Findings showed that while the Manshat have a variety of topics, about one third of them are dedicated to scientific / educational topics. According to the analysis of the content of the Manshat, the construction of schools in Timurid period is similar in four dimensions: Type of founder, method of establishment, selection of students and method of teaching. There is also a difference between the Manshat in the five dimensions of the founder's intention to establish the school, type of endowment (general or special), criteria for selecting a teacher, content of the courses and administrative structure. According to the findings, it is suggested that the participation of politicians in establishment of educational institutions based on "public endowment tradition” be again considered by educational planners in Iran

In Imam Ali (AS)'s intellectual dictionary, social security is a multiple and multidimensional concept, and for this reason, its roots can be seen from the world of politics to the world of economics and the heart of the social system. This research is carried out with an analytical approach in the political and social ideas of Imam Ali (AS) in order to discover his theoretical insight about the strategies of providing social security in the rule of Imam Ali (AS).In this research, library method and historical and narrative studies have been used to collect data. The qualitative method of contextual theory has also been used to analyze the data. The findings of this study illustrate the conditions and processes that are needed to ensure and maintain social security at the micro and macro levels.Analysis of historical and narrative data shows that Imam Ali (AS) has adopted various strategies to ensure social security in society. According to narrative data from the behavior and speech of Imam Ali (AS), it can be said that he has adopted four main situational, social, correctional and criminal strategies to ensure social security and deal with insecurity. In the field of social security in the context of society, examples of various social, political, economic and military contexts have been proposed, which show the complexity of social security and the need to use different capacities to provide it. Finally, the data show that in the security strategies of Imam Ali (AS), the comprehensive security domain is the most important consequence and security performance of the Imam.

The Islamic World is facing a variety of challenges nowadays. It is therefore necessary to pave the path for making the Islamic branches closer together in order to overcome the challenges. There is no doubt that all faithful Muslims know that one of the reasons of the greatness of Islam is the closeness and unification of Islamic religions despite the differences and disputes. The stronger this unification among Islamic branches including Shias and Sunnis get, there will be more chances and opportunities prepared for the Islamic world to face their enemies. But what is worrying is the ignition of adversaries, hostilities and spiting among different branches and cults of Islam. Actually the disputes in religious jurisprudence and some of the nonfundamental issues which are the natural result of free thought and the practice of religious jurisprudence are not innately dangerous and the goal of religious unification is not diminishing and destroying the differences themselves but its most important goal is not to let these differences cause adversaries and let brotherhood and closeness replace disputes and separation. The sayings, books and behavior of Imam Reza(AS) show that during his fruitful life he carried out serious efforts to unite the religions. The theory of this research is the effectiveness of Imam Reza’s teachings in religious unification according to holy Quran, sayings and his debates. This descriptive analytical research starts first by notetaking from different sources, then categorizing them and at last analyzing them.

With the coming to power of the Safavids, great political, cultural and social changes took place in Iran. With these changes, the role of religious officials was of special importance and importance, without which Iran would not achieve the necessary unity and cohesion. With the formation of Safavidism, there were few scholars in Iran who could explain and interpret Shiite teachings to the people. To respond to this need, top scholars from Jabal Amel, Syria and Bahrain migrated to Iran. This transfer is one of the most important issues in the field of influence in the history of Iran, the effects of which must be carefully considered. Mohaghegh Karki immigrant scholars had a special prestige and importance.The central question of the present study is what were the goals and functions of religious positions and the hypothesis of the research is that religious positions showed an important role in the political and social dimension. Reveal it secretly.

The basis of a civilized and law-abiding society is based on security. Of course, no component is more important to the development of society than the element of security. One of the security organizations is the police organization to regulate and enforce social laws. However, throughout Iranian civilization, numerous institutions have been established to maintain security; but the new system of internal security in Iran dates back to the Qajar era. The modernization of the structure of order in Iran can be considered as one of the achievements of Nasser al-Din Shah's second visit to Europe. By inviting a police advisor, he laid the foundations for a modern police structure in Iran. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the question of what was the necessity of the presence of a police advisor in the modernization of the structure of Nazmiyeh? And what were the consequences? In addition, how is the presence of this advisor in Iran explained in accordance with the three scientific principles of structure and organization management, namely formality, complexity and concentration? Historical studies based on historical documents and sources showed that his actions led to specialization, division of labor, multiplicity and diversification of levels in the organizational hierarchy and focus on decision-making in order and he can be considered the founder of the new police in Iran. Due to the historical nature of this research, the research method relies on the collection and accurate description of data and analysis and explanation of historical events.

At the international level, the evolution of higher education in Muslim countries has not received much attention from educational scientists. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of endowment-educational complexes in the two dynasties of Ilkhanid and Timurid kingdoms of Iran. The research method is historical comparative and researchers used documentary method to collect data and internal and external critique for content analysis. Findings showed that there are similarities in eight features between the endowment-educational complexes of the Ilkhanids and the Timurids. These features include: the influence of Iranian culture, social origin of the founders, role of endowment, curricula and content of courses, common teaching methods and welfare / educational facilities. Findings also indicate that the Ilkhanid period in terms of factors such as less influence of the religious system on the educational system, more modern spaces of educational complexes, academic freedoms, diversity in teaching methods, more scientific progress in sciences - such as mathematics, astronomy and Medicine - and use of more famous and creative scientists, has prevailed over the Timurid period. The findings of this research revealed the need for politicians and educational planners of Iran and Muslim countries to reconsider the role of endowment phenomenon and public participation to reduce the economic challenges of educational system.

Economic development is the concern of all schools and political systems. Given the importance of economic development, the present study examines its realization from the perspective of Imam Ali (AS).

The present study is of the basic type and method of collecting information with reference to jurisprudential sources and Nahj al-Balaghah. The method of data analysis is also inferential.

The realization of economic development requires the combination of opinion and action in the life of Imam Ali (AS) in the form of poverty and deprivation, justice, work and effort and human and moral development of society. Development can be a model for all when it promotes the spiritual and divine dimensions of human life and does not put worldly goals in opposition to human spiritual goals. This issue is evident in Nahj al-Balaghah as a model of economic development.

 The writing of this article has been done by considering accurate and scientific principles for using resources.

Development from the perspective of Imam Ali (AS) is focused on worldly and otherworldly happiness. Work and effort are very important in terms of quality. Justice and elimination of deprivations and creating welfare and equality for all are the pillars of economic development.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was sent by God to guide human beings, and with this responsibility, he was given the helm of human society. Whoever wants to lead the society must have a political strategy in order to lead the society in the face of difficulties. The main issue of the present article is what strategies the Prophet (PBUH) used to establish and promote Islam. The purpose of this study is to study the educational-political life of the Prophet (PBUH) regarding the development of Islam by creating unity and empathy among Muslims and attracting polytheists to Islam.

To write the present study, a descriptive-analytical method and collection of library data from first-hand historical sources have been used.

 

Presenting a realistic picture can only be done by describing and analyzing events, and it can be said that the clearest and strongest political strategy of the Prophet (PBUH) in Islamic society was the "component of their hearts" plan, which has various effects such as morality, brotherhood, consultation, justice, releasing the captives, giving property, zakat and booty to influential Arab people with the goals of including compiling and attracting and finally consolidating their hearts in Islam.

Interaction with religious minorities is considered important in all governments, and the rulers of Buwayhid (ruled: 322-448 AH) and Safavid (ruled: 907-1148 AH) to bring religions and use the science and knowledge of this group of residents of Islamic countries to this Whether the subject was given special attention or not, the present study is considered a historical research in a descriptive, analytical manner and its related topics have been collected from authoritative historical sources in the form of libraries. The present article tries to examine the treatment of religious minorities by these two governments and provide a realistic picture of the Buwayhid and Safavid treatment of minorities. The results of the research show that although Al-Buwayh and Safavid were Shiite and it was natural for Shiite rulers to treat religious minorities similarly, it was the Buwayhid government that administered justice between Muslims and minorities and in most cases used them in the works; But during most of their rule, the Safavids not only did not use minorities in their court, but in most cases did not respect their rights and even treated them inhumanely.

The Safavid era can be considered the period of consolidation of the tradition of womenchr('39')s rule in history, because they acquired the necessary tools and means to participate in the political and social issues. The question is, what role did the women of the ruling body play in the political developments of their society? Findings obtained using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources show that women in the governing body with titles such as wife, mother, sister of the king and rulers, were able to play an effective role in various fields such as the establishment of the Safavid state and political and foreign relations.  This role-playing became more effective, and sometimes more destructive, as the end of the Safavid rule approached. At that time, due to the training of the crown prince and other princes in the harem, which led to the rise of weak and incompetent kings, women gained power and influence and conspired to weaken the Safavids.

Historical sources or letters have been tools of administration of court affairs in the history of Iran. Recognizing the text of these works is a significant step in acknowledging the mysteries of the ancient administrative structure. One of the imperative pillars of the administrative structure in Iranian society in the Islamic period was the judiciary system. The establishment of justice is one of the most vital Islamic principles in the Muslim community and the kings, as the representatives of God's justice on earth, considered themselves responsible for the institution of justice; hence, this act became conceivable through religious positions, specifically through judging. This article examines the documents of appointment of judges in the Timurid period in Greater Khorasan via a descriptive and analytical method and relying on archival and library data. Findings show that according to the remaining documents and sources, the judges beheld a vast range of authorities in terms of Sharia and local customs in the society and according to the principals of judge selection, they were renowned for their direct relation with the people and courtiers in terms of a governmental and religious outlooks. A number of these judges, while supporting artists, were considered great poets, artists and writers of the Timurid period. Analysis of existing historical drawings emphasizes the importance of this position.

1. An analysis of the state of justice in the Timurid period. 2. A investigation on the role of origins in analyzing the position of judges and its reflection in painting.

Research questions:

 1. What was the situation of the Iranian judicial system in Timurid? 2. What is the role of sources in the powers of Timurid judges and the recognition of their duties?

The IRGC was important to the Sultan of the Buyids because of its militaristic nature and for maintaining its occupation and fighting the claimants of the government. Therefore, recognizing the position, role and function of the IRGC in the Buwayhid era is a matter of recognizing the structure of government and, consequently, the order and security of the society of the Buwayhid era. In this regard, the central question of the present study is what was the military strategy of the IRGC in the era of Al-Buwayh and what were its characteristics? The hypothesis is that the composition and military strategy of this period consisted of heterogeneous parts: this strategy, as long as powerful rulers were in power, led to the order and security of the country, and with the beginning of the weakness of the rulers, a wave of insecurity began. Learned. In the present article, an attempt is made to explain the role of the IRGC in the process of social order and security during the rule of Al-Buwayh by a descriptive-analytical method with a historical approach and relying on library studies.

The study of the role of woman in textile production cycle , which includes economic activities , in safavid period provides a more complete picture of how islamic civilization flourished in this era . the research question is how islamic - shiite approach of safavid era in preparing the essential Religioussubstrates , social and economic contexts for women economic activities in the field of textile production . the results obtained in this study showed that women in light of conditions emerged from islamic - shia laws could benefit from religious backgrounds like women 's separation from men in society in women related professions such as raw silk , Wool spinning and participation in producing textiles and handicrafts such as textiles , carpets and Embroidered gold. in addition , women by means of teaching such as endowment were able to create inns and roads to economic prosperity for commerce in safavid era

The purpose of this article is to study the position and function of schools and teachers in Greater Khorasan in the Timurid period and to assess the various information values ​​of Timurid inscriptions. The importance of this article is due to the fact that less attention has been paid to the issue of schools, teachers and educational values ​​of the inscription in the Timurid period in Greater Khorasan. The research method is library and documentary archives; moreover, an attempt has been made to increase the richness of the content by using documents, manuscripts and first-hand historical sources. The most significant questions of this article are how Timurid schools functioned what were the appointments and duties of teachers? What are the values ​​of Timurid inscriptions? Research shows that the Timurids' attention to school construction, especially in Herat, led to the fact that “teachers” became one of the elite and efficient social classes. The presence of teachers in various social, political, religious and scientific fields had provided the basis for their empowerment and influence in various developments. The schools of this period are divided into four main categories according to the type of administration and their function. The conditions for appointing teachers and receiving their salaries depend on the type of school. Living conditions and receiving teachers' salaries were determined according to the type of schools, their function and orders issued by the court. In addition, the living conditions of teachers and how they received their salaries were a function of the type of schools; in addition, orders were issued by the court. This period also has a variety of religious and historical inscriptions and the content of the inscriptions of this period are significant in documenting the economic, social and religious performance of the Timurid kings.

1- Investigating the function of educational complexes in the Timurid period 2- A comparative study of the differences and similarities between the educational complexes of the Ilkhanid and Timurid periods .

1. What were the characteristics of the educational complexes between the Ilkhanid and Timurid eras? 2. What were the functions and characteristics of educational complexes during the Timurid period?

Ethics and ethics are one of the important aspects of Islam and have been given great importance in the religion of Islam. Accordingly, in the Holy Qur'an, one of the goals of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is education and wisdom education. The Prophet (pbuh), who ruled the rule of Islam, had to act in a Muslim society in different ways in order to encourage Muslims to learn and adhere to ethical principles. The fact that the Prophet (PBUH), especially in Ghazvat and during hard times, met the principles of ethics and education, the main question of this research is to find an appropriate answer in this regard in a descriptive-analytical manner using historical sources and A hadith was possible and, by examining the documents and the evidence, it can be said that the Prophet (pbuh) even adhered to the principles of ethics and tried his best to provide moral and educational prayers such as kindness, devotion, patience and endurance to Teach Muslims.

This research aims at reflecting on political positions of Imam Sadiq (AS) against the Bani Umayyah so as to keep and safeguard the Shiite culture. This study is a historical research which has been done both descriptively and analytically. The topics have been taken from the Imam Sadeq’s (AS) sound sources in a library manner. The results show that a free political atmosphere was opened when the Bani Umayyah was on the verge of overthrow. Thus, at this stage, the pressure on the oppositions, especially on Imam Sadiq (AS) was reduced, and for this reason, Imam Sadeq(AS) got the maximum advantages of this opportunity for his own religious purposes a. This study reveals that Imam Sadiq (AS), as one of the pioneers of Islamic movement and the leader of genuine religious culture, did a series of political actions such as strengthening the status of Imamate and accepting religious leadership, creating political realism, rebelling against the oppressors, perpetuating the memory of Ashura and Taqiyah among the Shiites, which have been dealt with in this study.