عاطفه صداقتی

The concept of "housing" as one of the most important buildings located in the city is doubly important; In fact, housing, in addition to covering a wider area among other urban uses, contains the most hours spent in people's lives. All this while, for a long time, "home" has been familiar to Iranians with traditional and original cultural values and has enjoyed a sacred status for every person. At the same time, the development of modern housing in the country, under the influence of Western architectural style, preferences and manner and, consequently, the contemporary needs of individuals, has undergone a significant conceptual change. The present study, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical method and with a qualitative paradigm and Islamic realism approach, has an inductive process that will explain the multiple factors affecting the impact and appropriateness of housing development and modern urban lifestyle. Thus, through semi-structured interviews at the expert level, it tries to study the changes in the concept of housing in accordance with the new urban lifestyle and in terms of the Islamic approach. The findings, which revolve around three key questions, show that the concept of housing today, rather than being influenced by its relevance to the content of the new urban lifestyle, is guided by economic factors, utilitarian views, personal interests and financial expediency of individuals. The result of such a process will be the construction of houses with a noticeable distance from the traditional concept of the house, which does not include many concepts of Islamic housing development. However, it seems that adhering to some of the original values and beliefs of society, such as privacy, avoiding overlooking other houses and respecting the neighbor, in any case, plays a role in people's preferences and in choosing a house, and people try to optimize their preferences by balancing their financial strength with such features in the chosen home. Finally, the modern concept of "home" is a social construct that reflects the identity of the individual today, his financial ability and the cultural values that govern society. This concept, in accordance with the economic capability of the individual along with the codified criteria of urban housing development, can include more original and appropriate values of "home" concept in the content of an Iranian-Islamic city.

Problem Statement:

The category of identity first includes areas such as Philosophy, Logic and Psychology, gradually, due to the fundamental developments in science and technology, the scope of identity topics was also extended to man-made environments. In simple terms, identity is a set of features and characteristics that distinguishes a place from other places. Identity includes the physical characteristics of the appearance and landscape and the vitality of the environment, which is understood from the environment with the presence of social activities and behaviors, ecological quality, natural environment, behavioral camps, collective memories and other effective contexts, and this non-fixed concept is formed and finally according to the inclusion of the mentioned dimensions, it includes a more complete conceptual dimension.Graphic tools can have different applications such as advertising and beautification, etc. Sometimes these applications are combined with each other and at the same time, in addition to being a suitable advertising tool, they also play the role of beautification and urban identity. The alignment of these goals causes the city to take on a proportionate image, and in this case, it can be said that graphic tools are involved in the narration of text and images and have been able to take a positive step in this direction. Sometimes graphic tools are used just to beautify and identify a part of the city so that the image of the city can be prepared according to the desired space; This space may be event-oriented and run for a short time in the city. Sometimes, a symbol based on the city's identity and narration is designed and implemented permanently in the city. Like urban furniture, which is another graphic tool, and if it is created according to the identity, art, culture, climate and weather, it can be very effective in narrating the city. In another case, these tools are only placed in the environment and have no role in the specific narration of the city, signs and boards which are the tools of advertising and their role is only as a place for various advertisements in the city environment, and as it was said, their visual role in the city is not taken into consideration and are only a place for advertising. In the sample under study, it can be seen that graphic tools are formed regardless of the identity of the city; Graphic tools that do not fit with identity, art, culture, localization, etc., do not play a role in the narration of Bojnord city and are only tools for advertising, in such a way that they don't even pay attention to the appearance of the city, the created disturbance and visual pollution.The recent developments of Bojnord city and sometimes lack of attention to the use of identity issues in it have caused the historical and cultural identity of the city to receive little attention and the new developments of the city, alien to it, continue to grow. The development of these traditional values sometimes continues as a point in the historical places of the city (such as Mofakham complex), while the spread of cultural and historical values can flow throughout the entire fabric of the city. Understanding the current situation and people's understanding and experience of it, along with the traditional and past concepts of the city that still exist in the minds of many citizens of the city (even if the narration of text and images in the contemporary city does not correspond to it) is a subject that has gained the researchers’ attention.  In this way, the identity, culture and values and the role they can play in shaping the concepts, meanings and somehow "heterogeneous perception of the past, present and future" of cities will be the main topic of the present research.

Research questions:

Apart from what is mentioned under the title of "concepts of identity" in the context of our cities with the aim of avoiding the uniformity of the development of cities or distance from the categories of "non-identity" of cities, the present research tries to make the use of graphic tools in the Bojnord downtown a basis for investigation to pursue a central question: To what extent have the graphic tools used in Bojnord downtown (between the Mokhaberat intersection and Shahid Square) been useful in reflecting the city's identity with an emphasis on text and image narration?

This research has been conducted through a survey study and it tries to explore the way of manifestation and reflection of the city's identity in Bojnord downtown (between the Mokhaberat intersection and the Shahid square) with the descriptive-analytical method and based on the observation tools.At the same time, the emphasis of the research is specifically on graphic tools effective in this manifestation, focusing on covering the discussion of the specific urban identity of Bojnord city. 26 graphic tools (including signs (guide signs, street names, provision of regulations, etc.), fences, hedge, murals, benches, etc.) have been examined, and at the same time, it has been tried to consider these elements by the researchers in the creation of identity. In addition, five core questions about the "narrative of text and image" have been asked by a random method and available samples, from a total of 50 people present in the study sample.In general, according to the descriptive statistics of the research participants, out of the total number of 50 participants in the research, in terms of education, 37% have a diploma, 54% have a master's degree, and the rest (9%) have a doctorate or higher. 95% of the activists have admitted that they have repeatedly used or referred to the space. The average age of the majority of respondents is between 15 and 65 years old (86%). Finally, 93% of the respondents are natives of North Khorasan province.

The results of the application of Kristeva's theory of intertextuality, along with the researcher's field observations and the results of the citizens' questionnaire, showed that in the investigated area, according to the researchers' field impressions, while there are some of the 26 graphic tools under investigation, predominantly, a unique identity of the application do not exist in space creation, identity creation and beautification (except for the limited use of statues and murals) and secondly, the citizens who use the space (repeated use of the space) have acknowledged the lack of inducing a specific identity from the graphic tools available in the city center. Meanwhile, it seems that the development of Bojnord city and especially the downtown, regardless of the cultural values of identity, cannot reflect the special narrative of Bojnord city over time, and the result of this is the physical development of the city uniform with other cities and far from the specific identity of the city. The continuation of such a trend will result in the development of the city becoming alien day by day to "Bojnord" and its cultural factors; what will grow the "new" Bojnord city against the "old" Bojnord without paying attention to it. According to the field impressions and observations made in the sample under study, out of the total of 26 graphic tools examined, 14 items are within the available range, out of which, only two items are "murals (in some cases)" and also "statues, Symbols and monuments (to some extent)", have a special identity. It is worth noting that many graphic tools are selected and placed in the environment according to environmental requirements. The design of these tools in accordance with the identity of the city can strengthen these existential needs, but the harmony and proportion between the set of graphic tools that are placed in a combined environment is another issue that deserves more attention and investigation. As mentioned in this article, since cities have a social and cultural identity and each city has its own values and traditions, preserving these things in the narration of the text and image of the city can be very effective. Therefore, paying attention to the issue of value and especially the values emanating from history and culture, which directly play a role in creating identity, remembering civilization and narrating, should be taken into consideration by urban planners and should be considered in urban development policy making. Also, environmental graphics with the aim of guiding, informing, beautifying, increasing communication and interaction and ultimately creating identity in this process (by emphasizing the adoption of an intertextual approach in order to highlight identity-making subjects and new and attractive narration) can facilitate many affairs.

Mythological and then theological and philosophical ideas of Iranians throughout history have been effective on the structure of art and architecture and have become a special aesthetic language and the reflection of the evolution of these ideas and beliefs in various ways has been reflected in various forms of Iranian art. Symbol is one of the tools of knowledge and the oldest method of expression. One of the most widely used symbols in the mystical, cultural, artistic and literary manifestations in the Islamic era is the "Peacock" symbol, whose role in Iranian art dates back to pre-Islamic times. In connection with the nature of this symbol, the question arises as to how the interpretation of the role of the "peacock" from the mystical-Islamic point of view and Iranian literature is manifested in the Safavid buildings? To answer this central question, this study examines the role of the peacock in the front of the Imam Mosque, Chahar Bagh School, Hasht Behesht Palace, the holy shrine of Razavi, the shrine of Goharshad and Haroon Velayat Imam zadeh, which are all Safavid buildings (or had repairs in this period) and its connection with the theoretical wisdoms governing the space, in a two-way process, according to the objective documents in the building will be examined by citation-interpretation method. According to the findings, the Safavid era and the revival of mystical-religious meanings, caused cultural influences on the architecture of its time and the use of mystical meanings in Iran in the construction of buildings. Findings collected through comparison and content analysis in relation to the symbol and role of "peacock", from both literary and mystical-Islamic perspectives, can indicate the Inner attitude to the symbol of the peacock in Safavid buildings and the need for Imamate in the Shiite belief, guidance for the guided, destroyer of the devil, increase blessings and also symbolize the cosmic expansion of nature which is related to the category of divinity. At the same time, the discussion of intuitive mysticism (unity versus duality) and the mystical themes of the perfect man can also be traced and inferred in the implicit meanings of this symbol.

Identifying factors affecting security and establishing a sense of security are prerequisites for any planning to improve the level of community security. Security can be analyzed at different levels, including social. The purpose of this research is to investigate the security sense based on variables of order and social control and individual components in the sample of University of Bojnord’s girl students’ dormitory-area.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative and survey in terms of implementation method. The research sample is estimated to be 278 people using Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Data after Using Goodness-of-Fit Technique were analyzed firstly, by one-sample t-test and secondly, with the correlation and regression analysis method simultaneously.

The significant difference in the values of control and social order variables was proved by using the sample t-test. Considering the importance of individual components in the model, variables of family support, media, level of education, attitude towards the police, observance of hijab, adherence to religion and economic and social status, in total, explain 75% of the variance related to the variable "feeling-of-security".

Research variables have been identified and prioritized in two stages according to their significance, which somehow is influential in the girls' security sense in the dormitory area. The planning and design of dormitory spaces should provide a context for the safe women presence, and this will require more attention to meaningful and decisive variables by the responsible institutions.

One of the most important problems of the urban network in Iran is the rapid expansion of cities and, consequently, the uneven development and growth of cities, which has occurred for various reasons, including increasing population and irregular migration. The first consequence of urban sprawl is land use change. The city of Bojnord, after being selected as the political-administrative center of North Khorasan province in 2005, faced a double population growth and demographic changes. The concentration of administrative, military, tourist, cultural and educational centers, along with the uncontrolled migration of villagers to the city, confronted the city with new urban development needs. The physical expansion of the city more than ever, the conversion of agricultural land into a city and the uncontrolled construction, is one of the main issues facing the city. In this regard, the use of cellular automation, as a technique with features such as simplicity, transparency and strong potential to simulate spatial dynamics, has caused more and more attention in modeling the spatial information system and urban affairs

The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and using cellular automation method by perceptron artificial neural networks and remote sensing data. Thus, satellite images related to the years 2011 and 2021 of Bojnord plain were the basis of the study and in order to image the spatial-temporal patterns of land use, the data of the remote sensing archive were used. Research data from satellite images related to 2011 and 2021 (a period of ten years) as well as topographic maps of the plain and the city of Bojnord along with some spatial data of the region including land price, distance from land uses, distance from fault, slope, Height, distance from the road and distance from the built areas are provided. The source and organization of this data is also related to the Surveying Organization, Google Earth and the Surveying Organization of Iran. In line with the objectives of the research, the multispectral images of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 in relation to the city of Bojnord (path 161, row 034) have been downloaded. In order to increase the validity of the results, the output maps were adapted to Google Earth maps. Also, in the 2011 classification, the overall accuracy was 86 and the kappa coefficient was 81, and in 2021, the overall accuracy was 88 and the kappa coefficient was 85.

The main findings include calculating and estimating land use changes and the share of each land use in the base years of this research, modeling and forecasting land use changes for 2031 based on mapping the potential for transfers for land uses and forming a Markov chain along with eight affecting factors: slope, height, Distance from faults, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices. In 2011, the largest area of the region was occupied by pastures, which accounted for 73.6% of the total land area. During this period, the built-up areas cover 4.2% of the area with an area of 53748901 square meters. In general, most of the pastures are in the southern and eastern regions of the area and the areas built in the central and northern part of the Bojnord plain, as well as agricultural lands are located in the central and eastern parts. According to the data obtained in 2021, the built-up areas include 65266522 square meters, agriculture 194519833 square meters, pastures 888136607 square meters and barren 130533045 square meters. The share of rangelands in land use of Bojnord plain is 69.4%, barren 10.3%, agriculture 15.2% and developed areas 5.1%. Decreasing pasture and agricultural levels and increasing built and barren levels are evident this year. In modeling land use change, the transfer force from one land use to another is modeled according to the variables; In the sense that each pixel of the image has the potential to change from one user to another. According to the calculation maps, it can be seen that the changes in the built areas in the central part of Bojnord plain and around the city of Bojnord have been mainly accompanied by changes in agricultural lands and pastures. In all parts, especially in the northwestern areas of Bojnord plain, rangelands have become agricultural lands and with the development of agriculture, these valuable lands, which are the habitats of animals and plants of different species, have been destroyed; Also, Bojnord-Esfarayen axis has become the most built areas.

This study to model and predict land use change in Bojnord, based on the two years based on 2011 and 2021 AD, divided land use into four main categories: constructed use, barren, agricultural and rangeland. The main findings with emphasis on the effect of eight factors affecting the slope, height, distance from the fault, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices, on the development of Bojnord based on data received from satellite images and the process of image correction to increase the validity and accuracy of research outputs shows that while the rangeland use level between 2011 and 2021 from 73.6% of total land uses decreased to 69.4% and agricultural land use level from 17.4%  decreased to 15.2%,  built-in (urban) user level increased from 4.2% to 5.1%. This increase has often occurred due to the greater impact of slope, height, distance from main roads and distance from built-up areas, and the greatest proportion of this change has occurred in the axis of Bojnord Esfarayen road (west and southwest of the city). Based on the formation of the Markov chain matrix and the created user class maps in 2011 and 2021, land use forecasting and modeling of Bojnord in the horizon of 2031 has been done.The results of the land use change forecast section confirm the increase of built-up areas and urban use and the decrease of agricultural and rangeland use in the horizon of Bojnord city development forecast in 2031.

Due to the constant changes in lifestyle, experts in various fields are always looking for the impact of this change on related fields of application. One of the major influences that policymakers and urban planners face is the reflection of the new urban lifestyle on people's preferences and components of housing development. At the same time, considering the characteristics of an Islamic society and the need for a solution to objectify the beliefs in the physical appearance of cities, it seems that a close relationship and inevitable effects, resulting from lifestyle changes on the pattern of housing development, especially "Islamic housing", happen; what is considered as a central concern in this article. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of lifestyle changes on the components of Islamic housing development by descriptive-analytical and applied methods, using library studies and random sampling, among 106 people and by completing questionnaire. The researcher-made questionnaire has 20 main items and its reliability has been proven with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.796. According to the findings, out of the eight components of developing a new urban lifestyle effective in the development of Islamic housing, including: Individual independence, crowdfunding and business, behavioral and cultural transformation, way of life, upbringing, values, means of living and fashions and advertising, the first three components, respectively, have the maximum representation in the development of urban housing and in fact guide the preferences of Respondents Today's housing is considered as a capital and complex commodity that is mixed with the themes of profit, capital, density, benefit, diversity, etc., and today's resident is a human being who, according to his financial ability and based on his preferences, tries to Optimize housing selection. In this process of housing selection, contemporary man has to change some of his desires or by changing the traditional housing and its effective dimensions, to provide maximum adaptation to housing (interaction of money, capital, preferences, tastes, customs, Values and ...). The complexity of the issue of how to develop housing increases when lifestyle also affects the preferences and priorities of individuals, so the diversity of people and individuals occurs in the development of contemporary housing. The tension and contradiction between traditional and modern values, during this complexity and entanglement, is another aspect of the issue that shows a new perspective; what can be a guarantee for the realization of this content in the development of modern housing in the content of Islamic thought and by applying Islamic values. Although more applied research will be needed in this area, it seems that the Islamic content of housing development has been neglected in favor of its material content and individual interests. However, the pattern of housing development can be a companion for human beings on the path of development and perfection by knowing Islamic values and being influenced by the new urban lifestyle.  Knowing the impact of people's preferences on the pattern of housing development and acknowledging the impact of preferences on the new lifestyle, it seems that these preferences should be identified and included in housing development planning. Thus, today's housing conflicts with the Islamic thought that governs society, will be evident that can be effective at the level of urban housing policy and planning.

Fakhr and Madin are the networks inside the fence and religious places that are repeated in the form of grids. Such walls are made with pieces of baked clay in geometric and non-geometric shapes, and because holes have appeared between them, they have tried to make their form beautiful as well. In the Islamic era of Iran, mausoleums and tombs after mosques are among the most important works of architecture and urban planning. The construction of this building began in the fourth century AH and continues with ups and downs until the Safavid era. According to the surviving works, the Ilkhanate period in Iran can be considered as the peak period of the popularity and prosperity of the construction of “Fakhr and Medin” in tomb buildings. In this article, a number of tomb buildings from the Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid eras are comparatively studied. The paper follows the main question of what evolution Fakhr and Madin have undergone in the Islamic period with emphasis on the three mentioned periods, and how its application can be explained and traced in comparison? This research is a combination of two types of qualitative and quantitative research methods and descriptive-analytical method based on logical reasoning. Data collection was done through library study and valid historical documents and review of images and documentation centers. In this regard, first, the historical background and theoretical foundations of the topic have been examined. Then, all the types of Fakhr and Madin in the tombs of the three Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid periods (a total of 25 case studies) have been analyzed according to the geometric patterns, location and materials used in their construction. The result of a comparative study shows that “Fakhr and Madin” has been compiled in the form of seven physical-semantic indicators. These characteristics include: spirituality, transparency, environmental comfort, security, visual interaction, privacy and beauty, and it was found that in the Ilkhanate period, the characteristics of “spirituality” and “visual interaction”, in the Timurid period, the characteristics of “environmental comfort” and “Visual interaction” and in the Safavid period, the characteristics of “spirituality” and “environmental comfort” have been emphasized..

Urban housing planners, following the presentation of a suitable and desirable model of urban housing, have not considered a  model outside the category of consumer values and housing suppliers. They have always sought to identify values reflected in the consumer and producer preferences in the purchase and sale of a residential unit in an interactive way to take a more objective view of values by taking measures to use it in urban housing planning and design. The concept of ‘value’ in urban housing planning is a construct that, together with the essence of the society, can pave the way for the interaction of the benefits of the urban housing development model with the interests of their beneficiaries. As urbanization and urban planning issues have become more acute and studies have been conducted on urban housing development policies, aspects of their inefficiency such as creating price gaps between different types of housing in the city, non-compliance with ecological and climatic requirements, non-compliance with religious considerations, and religion (such as the discussion of aristocracy and respect for compatibility, proximity, neighborhoods, etc.), spatial separation of cities, social justice, etc. have become apparent. In Tabriz metropolis, with the increasing growth in the last decade, we are witnessing the development of various urban housing development programs and the growth of different types of residential neighborhoods, which in a similar way, has caused a high-value gap between different areas and neighborhoods of the city. The average house price in the metropolis of Tabriz is estimated to be very high and almost on par with the capital. In other words, the concept of value in housing planning in Tabriz has various features and a hidden market that can not reflect the pattern of an Islamic city. This has led to various different housing prices in the process of supply and demand.  

The present study aimed to assess the concept of value in housing planning in the city of Tabriz based on Islamic culture and perspective as well as Islamic realism using Allameh Tabatabai's value theory and the research strategy of post-mining. Since many of the features explaining the value of urban housing are not directly traded in the market, the basics of the Hedonic model have been used to quantify values. The explanatory model in the City of Tabriz (using three samples: Rushdie, Ashkan, and Chamran housing complexes) was tested and analyzed by correlation and regression (linear and quasi-logarithmic) models. Given that the data of the study are both quantitative and qualitative, the analysis model is covariance analysis or ANCOVA. In order to perform correlation analysis, the Spearman coefficient was used for ranking data and the Pearson coefficient was used for distance data. To identify the variables regarding value urban housing, multivariate linear regression was used. Rushdie town was a well-planned example that covered both villas and apartments. Chamran complex was also a manifestation of the planned apartment complex. Ashkan neighborhood was considered as a guided neighbor (according to the detailed and comprehensive plan of cities).   

The findings of the research showed that structural-physical and environmental categories related to the ‘access to land uses’ were most significant in explaining the variable ‘value of urban housing’ in Tabriz.  Furthermore, in well-planned ones, such as in the Rushdie complex, many of the criteria were not met. It should be noted that although the same variables were included in the model in all three samples, due to different responses and inhomogeneous housing conditions in the samples, different results were obtained in the samples, but the structure of the variables was the same. In fact, the observations can be explained by a common structure. It should be noted that   each sample, in terms of significant variables, by itself can not conceptually expand the structure of consumer and producer housing preferences. Allameh similarly believes that values have a fixed structure (innate tendency towards good and true Goodness and escape from wickedness) but they can accept different examples and the goodness of such examples is not absolute and definite. In line with the results, it should be added that the physical and structural features of a building and its environmental and local location are included in the calculations as ‘variable’. The results depend on the type of the selected house (apartment/villa), the type of selected area, etc., which could also be affected by the time period and spatial scale. However, these variables are pre-designed and their repetition and frequency do not necessarily indicate their superior preference. For example, some previous policies of urban housing planners and city managers have created values ​​in cities that are not necessarily considered good. The value in the identified model does not necessarily have a positive semantic burden that should be considered as a credit structure in the housing planning process from now on. But these values, in fact, in a way summarize the cause-and-effect relationship in the city system. It is the urbanization and identification of existing disciplines that, as mentioned, are not necessarily considered valuable. The repetition of values ​​and obtaining the coefficient in the developed Hedonic model show that these variables play a role in the existing structure of Tabriz housing planning and have formed some patterns.  

Value is a cultural category and the housing planning derived from values is in fact linking urban housing development programs and policies with the culture that governs our society. From this perspective, in the process of housing planning, it is necessary to do more research reflection on the issue of its value and meaning in the society and from the perspective of expectations and preferences of individuals and beneficiarieswhich could  lead to more achievable policies. Considering that the housing development model is context- and value-driven in a given society and that value is a cultural phenomenon, it is necessary to identify community values first and the plan for urban housing using the values as a guide.  Islamic cities can become representatives of Islamic culture. According to the findings, in the city of Tabriz, it can be concluded that despite many similarities in the content of values, in terms of the value system, differences according to economic, environmental, social conditions, heterogeneous tendencies, and expectations of residents  exist. Therefore, a single version cannot be developed to explain the concept of value in cities. People are more likely to choose areas that are closer to their expectations. However, it depends on  their purchasing power; therefore,  customer's preferences for housing characteristics (values) could  be reflected in the spatial pattern of price and value of urban housing. The most important suggestion of studies based on the totality of what was discussed is that in the process of urban housing planning, before planning and formulating any urban development plan, a proper understanding of the values ​​governing the society should be reflected on and the values ​​should be more tangible. In this way, urban housing planning is looked at something more than   mere housing development; instead,  housing and its surroundings, along with the expectations and values ​​of residents, are seen as an interactive set.  

In the non-European world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, the process of formation of new social sciences was such that no serious foundations had already been formed for it. That is, the transfer of science to it, and especially in the realm of the Persian language, has been without regard to the necessary principles. The development and planning of housing and its guiding science and knowledge are no exception to this rule and have sometimes been used without localization and following the values ​​of the Islamic society and its specific culture. However, urban housing planners have always been looking for a suitable and desirable model of urban housing, and have found that this model is nothing outside the value concepts of the consumer and the supplier of housing and always seek to identify these values ​​that are interactively reflected in the preferences of the consumer and the producer in the purchase and sale of a housing unit. "Values" are actually considered to be rooted beliefs and opinions according to which society behaves about what is known as good, bad, superiority, or perfection. At the same time, the concept of "value" is a construct that every society is conceived in accordance with the essence of the society, so in this case when it is in accordance with the essence of the society, the content of "value" guarantees the guidance of society to human transcendent perfection which is desirable. In this regard, the present article carefully examines the concept of "value" in urban housing planning and tries to redefine the concept of "value" in housing planning in Tabriz under the essence of the Islamic society and culture. The epistemology used here is Islamic realism based on Allameh Tabatabaichr('39')s E’tebariat theory with an emphasis on his constructivism theory. In this regard, using the research strategy of post-mining, the conceptual model of value in housing in the city of Tabriz is tested in the form of three study samples. To test the samples, the theoretical foundations of the hedonic method have been considered in the text. Findings show that the most explanatory power of the variable "value" of Tabriz urban housing is related to the category of "structural-physical" building and after that, the category of "environment" about access to land uses is important and this has happened while, in none of the studied examples, a complete construct of the concept of value has emerged. Finally, since "value" is a cultural issue, it seems that to realize a comprehensive concept of value in urban housing planning, it is necessary to consider the process of localization of housing development, under Islamic culture and consequently the values derived from it by urban planners. Also, the redefinition of the concept of "value" in housing planning in Tabriz showed that its planned and developed housing does not meet the conventional expectations of values ​​from an Islamic perspective. Therefore, by recognizing the concept of value in this city and applying these values ​​in macro and micro strategies of housing development, a basis for objectifying it, will be provided. Thus, it is expected that Islamic culture will be preserved and strengthened in parallel, and in addition to the growth and development of the individual at home (individual benefit), the growth and development of society (collective benefit), will occur and so undoubtedly, the society will be guided under Islamic teachings and the values ​​of collective life.

Mulla Sadra, with his specific philosophical foundations, including the originality of existence and the intrinsic motion, considers the truth of man and the truth of the world different from the other thinkers and on this basis, a new conception of culture and urbanization can be seen in Transcendental wisdom; What has been described in this article as the main goal. In this article, an attempt has been made to use an analytical method to describe a Mulla Sadra's philosophical view of the concept of culture and its relation to the formation of a desirable city. Findings indicate that according to transcendental wisdom, man has a wide existential degree and accordingly, culture does not have a stable nature. A degree of a culture that has a solidity, goes back to human nature; but part of it is changeable and varies depending on the spatial and temporal needs. The research achievement is that if humans through the existential order of motion unite with the single truth, they have also been spiritually united among themselves and through this alliance, they will show a single behavior and customs and as a result, a single cultural entity will be available; a culture that takes into account the plurality of people and their desires. Finally, the formation of transcendental culture will be necessary in order to achieve the desirable city.

With the implementation of the "Mehr Housing" policy, in order to provide housing for the low-income groups, structural-physical and socio-economic problems emerged; Feelings of social inequality and spatial segregation (due to dependence on the neighboring metropolis) of residents are among the issues that have been less researched despite their importance. This study aims to identify the relationship between the physical structure of Mehr housing complex and its socio-economic structure, and explores the relevant responses of residents.

The research was performed by comparative method in two independent samples with a volume of 50 (Mehr housing in the new city of Sahand Tabriz and Golbahar city of Mashhad) by cluster method in different phases of the project. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS.20 software. First, to test the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and the test results confirmed that the data were normal. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research was tested by t-test.

According to the findings, there is a direct and significant relationship between spatial structure of Mehr housing development (25 main items) and its social structure (14 main items) (Pearson coefficient 0.68). The study of the samples with t-test shows that despite the significant difference in data in social and environmental dimensions (with more mean in Golbahar-sample) and service and economic dimensions (with higher mean in Sahand sample), but physical dimensions has a relatively similar condition in the samples. Also, in general, according to the computational averages of t-test, there was no significant difference between the components of "physical-spatial " and "socio-economic" structures, and despite the average to low computational score in both groups, in the Golbahar sample with a small difference, a higher score was estimated.

Based on the results, significant discrimination in providing services and access to urban facilities, along with spatial remoteness, has played an important role in the formation and intensification of feelings of social inequality and spatial separation of these complexes. Thus, by modifying the identified differences between the two samples studied and trying to obtain the satisfaction of residents in providing the services they need, we can take a step forward in the development of this type of housing pattern. Undoubtedly, since this housing model is commensurate with the income level of the households living in it, by providing ancillary services and especially meeting the easier transportation context, it is possible to provide the satisfaction of the residents of the complexes. Also, accuracy in terms of local requirements of each city and attention to the design of appropriate housing can be very important because as mentioned, it is not possible to implement a fixed pattern in different urban areas of the country and the need to localize the model always will be raised.

The present article aims to monitor the level of women's security in urban parks first and then identify the parameters affecting women's sense of security and its priorities. The research methodology is quantitative one and its method is a descriptive-analytic study with a specific application of environmental design approach (CPTED), among 400 women from the age 15 to 65 years in Bojnord, according to the cluster sampling method, a proportional and random systematic classification has been made. The results of the study, by verifying and validating the 360 questionnaires, showed that among all the indicators for the CPTED approach, only the social activity support indicator has no role in women's security. But readability, oversight and public perception of space among other indicators of lighting, maintenance management, isolation and population density, signs and overall design of space, which confirmed their significant relationship with women's sense of security, had the highest impact on Women's feelings of security. The isolation and population density also have an inverse relationship with the sense of security. Hence, the sense of women's security can be seen as the result of management and overall design of space that should not be neglected in the policies and urban development process; In other words, if women's presence in some of the city's public spaces is low, this is the result of management structures and its semantic systems in particular regarding the role of women in the development of the city and the physical formulation of it and, therefore, inducing low security feeling for them in these spaces

The urgent need of today's housing planning is not only the newest theories and techniques but also the localization of the above approaches in order to develop favorable housing in Iranian society. The "Hedonic" valuation method associated with identifying the housing value, has been used for numerous reasons. This paper, which is based on a comparative research strategy and logical reasoning method, is to examine the value concept of a Western-style housing "hedonic" model, compared to the "Allamah Tabatabai's" Value Regards. Tabataba'i, among the Islamic thinkers, with the Mental Understandings idea and the particular opinions that he provides about Mental Understandings and Practical Reason, has made it possible to achieve the concept of value in an Islamic society. Research findings shows the individual-based look in the "hedonic" model has led to the fact that value is actually the result of individual preferences, which are the most frequent, and a feature with more important coefficient, should be considered as a public interest; what, according to Allama's view, can't necessarily guarantee the perfection and ultimate Prosperity of Man. similarly, some of the values identified in the model are physical and environmental characteristics that have become popular in our cities as a model. In Allamah's value regards, the identification of the value in urban housing planning of Islamic societies, combined with thoughts derived from Islamic philosophy and the ethics, besides collective values governing the community and affecting the structure, can be a key factor in refining, supplementing, and adapting the "Hedonic" value model to the prevailing Islamic ideology.

“Home” as one of the main components of urban lifestyle has long been considered by different scholars, but the metaphor of “home” and its changes in adaptation to the new style of urban life is an issue that, despite its importance, has been researched little. We, Iranians, still live alongside the modern style of urban life with elements and attachments of the traditional style and adhere to many of our traditional values. However, imitation of the past will be futile as far as eradicating it. It seems that to preserve the ideas of Iranian housing, before coming to the future, it is necessary to identify possible scenarios based on different metaphors from the house and to map properly the subject literature, along with the underlying deconstruction and deeper investigation of the issue. The present study whit Future Oriented Approach by Causal Layered Analysis in four layers of analysis including litany, social causes, discourse/worldview and myth/metaphor, together with the identification of alternative futures, attempts to scenario, based on metaphors, and consequently, alternative discourses from the “home” and provides unified and evolutionary scenarios based on the metaphor of “home” in the future of cities. CLA was used by semi-structured interviews to identify the main themes of the analysis at the level of specialists related to the topic. According to the findings, four scenarios were presented in relation to the concept of home and the creation of alternative futures that include smart home, home as a digital cloud, human home and movable home.

The accelerated development of human society has faced them with a lot of problems, including environmental issues. One of these environmental problems is urban heat island phenomenon which is an increase in temperature of the surrounding urban areas. This phenomenon has been created many problems such as heat stroke, decreased quality of water resources, increased air pollution, and energy consumption and .... For cities and their inhabitants. This study is an applied one conducted by a descriptive method based on survey. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of heat islands in Bojnord city and providing recommendations for application-based solutions in accordance with the development of public transport. Thus in   first step, based on the analysis of data related to temperature between 1382 to 1394, in and around thecity, is trying to prove the heat Islands phenomenon in Bojnord. Since the main cause of urban heat Islands is changing in land cover in urban areas and the construction of human and given that, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) seeks to strike a balance between land-use system, land use and public transport, It seems after adjusting the implementation of development strategies based on public transport, we could take steps to reduce the effects of urban heat Islands. The findings show that there is heat Island phenomenon in             Bojnord. Research suggestion is using solutions of TOD in order to reduce the heat Island effect in cities (Bojnord).

Tourism industry is intricately linked to the economic, cultural, social, and environmental aspects of human life and has gradually become a means of understanding people's lives, understanding the world around them, and enriching the insights and attitudes of people to the concepts of life. Bojnord city has special conditions for enjoying the benefits of tourism, but so far has not been able to take advantage of these opportunities for sustainable tourism development properly. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to explain the sustainable tourism indicators and to prioritize the tourism elements of Bojnord city, in order to identify and explain effective measures in planning sustainable tourism development. So, this research is descriptive-analytical and based on library and field studies. The software used in this research is SPSS and Expert Choice and the results obtained from them on priority actions, specified the criteria of ‘creating and highlighting the attraction factor in tourism elements of the city’, ‘tourism-stimulating factors’ and ‘planning and investing in the tourism infrastructure’, respectively, in terms of their relative weight of 0.36, 0.27, and 0.171. Also, the evaluation of tourism elements of Bojnord shows that in the category of natural elements, Babaaman Park and Esfidan Village with points 0.104 and 0.072, Bash-Qarshas Cultural-Amusement Complex, Mofakham Mansion and Mirror House, Sabze Meydan Caravanserai, Husseinieh Jajarmi and local music with 0.064, 0.060, 0.058, 0.053 and 0.046 points, respectively, are considered as the basic elements of tourism in Bojnord city in the category of cultural elements, which can provide the basis for the realization of sustainable tourism in the desired context. Eventually, by planning and directing funds and development plans, these elements can be considered as an opportunity for the development and prosperity of sustainable tourism in Bojnord.

Visual relationship between humans and the environment is very effective in evaluating the quality of the environment. Today, with the unsystematic expansion of many cities, identity preservation of their visual aspect has been forgotten and this negligence has brought irreparable ecological and complicated consequences. The main objective of this study was to improve visual quality and urban identity. Study is applied research and has been done by descriptive-analytical method, based on survey. In order to analyze the data, combination of visual quality classification (Q SORT) and the goal achievement matrix (GAM) has been used. "Buffer" command is used to estimate the accessibility in geographic information system (GIS). In order to carry out research, at first photos of 24 parks which are studied, were taken ,then using a questionnaire with 100 people, ugliness or beauty standards of each photo, from the point of view of different people, was surveyed. In order to access visual quality, 16 main criteria were considered. Finally, to each of the criteria for visual quality of urban green spaces, points based on the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the criteria in the relevant space (according to GAM method), was awarded. The results of the combination of Q-Sort and GAM method was, the classification of city park on the titles "ugly" and "beautiful". So that the parks "Shahrebazi", "Afarinesh" and "Azadi", as beautiful parks and the parks "Masoumzadeh" and "Mirza koochakKhan" were as ugly Park, mentioned. Also, based on the findings, the most important criteria to improve the visual quality of urban parks are: order, legibility and scale. In the end, solutions to improve visual quality and identity of the city is presented

Urban regeneration, while paying attention to the city's framework, cares about the inner and social structure of cities and leads to its harmony with the social life of people in areas that need attention. On the other hand, strengthen the capital foundations, including social capital, for the cities development has a great importance. In this regard, urban areas, mainly on the margin of cities, with the rural background, which are the result of the annexation of villages to the city, due to their cultural, social and physical structure, require not only gradual matching of its distinctive structure with the city, but also Urban regeneration. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and is an applied study, social capital based on the parameters of trust and participation is the basis of studies and attempts have been made that in addition to identify the mechanism of urban regeneration in urban contexts, the relationship between "social capital", "participation" and "trust", and ultimately social capital explaination and the standards of public participation and trust status in urban regeneration, to be defined. According to the findings, the margins of cities and especially the surrounding villages to the city are considered as one of the most important sources of social capital in urban structures and with regard to rural social ties, there are many potential impacts. The need to strengthen social relationships in order to advance the city development, has made the need for attention to the concept of social capital more prominent and in this regard, the marginal areas and the annexed villages to the cities, due to the existence of stronger and more traditional social domains, can, with the formation of a comprehensive and strong trust, facilitate and accelerate the realization of urban regeneration objectives through effective and impressible participation.

Study aim is evaluating of Bojnord wastewater treatment location based on indicators in locating the wastewater treatment. 15 information layer contain 8 indicators affecting the location and 7 right privacy Is processing in GIS software. To identify the weight of each index, the questionnaire was distributed between 25 experts of related sciences. Then, using AHP hierarchical decision making final weight of each indicator was calculated. In final step of combining weights and information layer in GIS software and remove areas with restrictions, Bojnord wastewater treatment location was evaluated. "Slop" and "the height difference to the city" variables by the final weight of approximately 0/20 and 0/21, have the greatest impact on the refinery location. Also, wastewater treatment current location, based on the principles and indicators, is located in unsuitable zone. In conclusion, the 3 proposed options with regard to the established criteria and restrictions, for the Bojnord wastewater treatment location, with the help of SAW model, related to the MADM methods collection, were studied that alternative number1, by placing in petrology area of arjelity argillaceous with shale interlayers, contains ammonites, akinopad and numerous orbitolina, in terms of status of most of indicators and privacy, were identified better than other options.

The tourism industry is one of the most diverse aspects in which cultural tourism is one of the most important types of it, and it is the source of cultural and cultural interaction between nations and societies. In this research, we are going to outline the relevant theoretical foundations for explaining the relationship between cultural tourism and the sustainability of cultural identity. This research is a fundamental research that has been done by descriptive method and data collection tools are documentary and library studies. The results of this research show that Iran has many abilities to attract tourists and to develop cultural tourism in the field of cultural identity indicators and in various cultural-heritage, subcultures, historical-cultural, religious-religious, and so on. In addition to significant economic benefits for the country, it can be an important factor for the introduction and dissemination of a rich Iranian-Islamic culture on an international scale.  

Visual characteristics have an important contribution to the region's identity and sense of place. It helps people enjoy the nature, built environment, cause investment attraction, socio-economic development of the region and attract tourists and their desire to return to the environment. Finding landscape and its perception by humans, plays an important role in the perception and his knowledge of the environment. The aim of the study is to evaluate the visual quality of landscapes in the main routes leading to Bojnord city and ranking them. In order to analyze the data, compilation of conceptual approaches to evaluate the perception of landscape and visual quality assessment method (LPD) is used. First, all major routes leading to Bojnord city were investigated through field studies using tools such as GPS, compass, maps of city and photography. Total 129 photographs, from different checkpoints in the three main routes leading to the city, were taken to study the visual perception of landscapes and 24 photos were chosen for final review. The main indicators, including six items of "the position of the viewer", "distance vision", "landscape composition", "visual fragility", "the eye of the beholder" and "Best to see", in 17states, have been considered. According to the findings, route number one, with the highest points of view, under the viewer's feet and the lowest visual fragility, has a distinct perceptual quality from the other studied paths. The results of LPD method, show that this route, by the calculated of "P" (tourist's perception of perspective that is visible from all the sights in one place), is in the first level. Finally, qualitative analysis and perspective drawing of landscape perception rhythm in three directions, is provided.

At the present, along with the increase of public awareness, the city planners and policy makers, for the realization of public interests, try to produce & fund plans that cover society’s thoughts & interests. However, what specifically is important in the field of housing and planning, is how to link supplier & consumer in the housing market and planning and the evaluation process. Since house characteristics are of non-market ones, using methods other than analyzing supply & demand, are necessary. This study , puts the emphasis on hedonic pricing method which has become popular in housing studies in the recent decades. This method tries to study the effective factors on valuation of apartment residential units and finally build its hedonic model in the district. Here the selling price of 80 apartment units within a time period of one year (2010-2011) were randomly selected and their attributes were studied in Baghe Saba neighborhood in district 7 of Tehran. Analysis were made by using two forms of linear and semi-log regression in spss software environment. Results show that semi-log regression is more useful in the analysis for this context. Also, physical and structural specifications of the house are more effective in house valuation & within the 95% confidence interval, variables such as unit area, elevator, parking and the unit’s age are more significant although the unit’s age variable having a negative effect on the building value. In addition, on the 90% confidence interval, the distance from office land use is also significant( by negative impact) .