علی اصغری

Grain yield, physiological and phenological traits in seven generations of maize using the generations mean analysis method under controlled conditions and, moderate and severe water deficit stress were studied. Evaluation of the generations drived from a cross between two inbred lines of maize including B73 and MO17, SC704 (as F1 generation), F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 using a randomized complete block design with 20 replications was conducted during two crop years of 2018-2019 at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz. The results of combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons of data under three different irrigation regimes showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced grain yield and physiological traits, and a significant increase in phenological traits. Generation mean analysis showed a high contribution of non-additive gene effects in the genetic control of the studied traits. This indicated that the necessity of selection in advanced segregating generations and the production of hybrid varieties in maize to take advantage of the dominance variance. Also, the significant contribution of additive gene effects in controlling the inheritance of the number of days to silk emergence indicated that selection in early segregating generations and inbred parents can be effective for breeding of this trait and taking advantage of additive variance. Based on the studied traits, inbred line MO17 and hybrid SC704 compared to other studied lines showed high tolerance to water deficit stress (from 5-6 leaf stage to silk emergence) and had the grain yield stability.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the widely-adapted crops for cultivation in the diverse conditions around Iran. Moreover, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the world in terms of economic importance after wheat, rice, and corn. Simultaneous application of several traits in selection of superior high-performing genotypes can be a difficult task, as each genotype can be superior in terms of some traits. With increase in number of traits, it becomes difficult to select the appropriate genotype, necessitating reliance on selection indices. Using the selection indices, all traits become one index and it becomes easier to rank and identify superior genotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to select superior hull-less barley genotypes based on grain yield and some morphological traits using different indicators.

To select superior barley genotypes, 69 genotypes of hull-less barley were evaluated in the non-repeating Augment design with three incomplete blocks along with three hull-less barley check genotypes (Loot, EH-85-9 and EH-87-4) in Darab Agricultural Research Station, south of Iran, during the 2020-2021 cropping season of. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines 6 m at length with a distance of 15 cm from each other. Seeding was done in 400 seeds m-2. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). Fertilizers were used as 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate in 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). All experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The studied traits included days to spike appearance (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), thousand kernel weight (TKW), length of grain filling period (GFP), grain yield (YLD), spike length (SL), awn length (AL), grains/spike (NGS), awn type (AT), peduncle length (PL), spike density (SD), spike weight (SPW), spikes m-2 (NSP), stem situation (SS), spike situation (SPS) and row type (RT). The multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) were calculated using 17 morphological traits to select superior genotypes.

According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant difference was observed between the studied lines for all traits (except TKW) at the probability levels of 5 and 1%. The results of factor analysis for the 17 studied traits identified five hidden factors that explained 72.7% of the total variance of the data. The results showed that low values ​​of the NGS, SD and RT and high values of the TKW, LS and DHE were effective factors in selecting superior genotypes using the first factor. Based on this factor, L66 was superior. In the second factor, high values of the DMA, SPW and GFP were the main factors in selecting genotypes, and based on this factor, L27 genotype was ideal. The third factor selected genotypes based on high values ​​of both trait YLD and NSP. L24 genotype was the superior one based on the third factor. Fourth factor selected genotypes based on low Al, PL, AT and SPS (L38 genotype was superior), and fifth factor selected genotypes with high value ​​of PLH and SS and based on this factor L38 and L61 genotypes were ideal. Based on the MGIDI index, genotypes L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 and L46 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, FAI-BLUP index identified genotypes L24, L37, L23, L32, L59, L29, L33, L27, L44, L41, L66, L46, L61 and L43 as the desirable genotypes compared with other genotypes. None of the check genotypes were among the superior genotypes based on both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices. The results showed that the MGIDI index has the most negative and significant correlation with grain yield (-0.91**), spikes m-2 (-0.91**), stem situation (-0.37**) and grain filling period (-0.25*). The results also showed that FAI-BLUP has a positive and significant correlation with spikes m-2 (0.86**), grain yield (0.84**), and grain filling period (0.38**), and on the other hand, it had a significant but negative correlation with grains/spike (-0.31**). Finally, a highly significant negative correlation was observed between MGIDI index and FAI-BLUP index (-0.82**).

In general, the results showed that the two-row genotypes were on average superior to the six-row genotypes in terms of the DHE, DMA, NSP, TKW, SL and PL. On the other hand, the six-row genotypes were superior to the two-row genotypes in terms of PLH, GFP, YLD, NGS, and SPW. Our results revealed that the MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices have ideal potential to identify the high-yielding genotypes with desirable traits. Hence, the use of these indices can be useful in screening the superior genotypes in the early steps of  breeding programs for barley. The results of both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices were similar and identified the same genotypes as superior genotypes and finally, L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 genotypes were identified as superior genotypes.

Teh present study was conducted in order to evaluate teh TEMPTEMPeffects of kaolin particle film on teh quantitative and qualitative characteristics of important commercial varieties of apple trees (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) in teh orchards of Bonab and Shahr Jadid Sahand, East Azerbaijan. dis experiment was factorial in teh form of a randomized complete block design wif 4 replications at 4 levels of thin membrane (control, 2, 4, 6%) on 2 apple varieties in 2 locations for two years. Teh year was done. Teh measured indicators included sunburn percentage, photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a, fruit surface temperature, fruit firmness at harvest, leaf calcium and phosphorus levels, and yield. Teh results showed dat wif increasing levels of kaolin concentration in both regions and cultivars, teh amount of damage, burn percentage and fruit surface temperature decreased. Teh lowest temperature limit (37.16 degrees Celsius) in teh treatment wif 4% concentration and teh highest limit Teh temperature (40.25 degrees Celsius) was observed in teh control. Teh highest percentage of burn damage was related to teh control treatment (19.95%) and teh lowest was related to teh 4% kaolin treatment (14.2%). Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a indices, fruit firmness at harvest, fruit calcium content, photocenter intensity and yield increased significantly wif increasing kaolin levels. Teh highest amounts of chlorophyll b and a were observed in 2% and 4% treatments, respectively, 0.97 and 1.95 mg/g of chlorophyll, and teh lowest levels of these plant pigments were observed in teh control (chlorophyll b and a, 1.28 and 58, respectively). / mg/g fresh weight). Teh highest amount of photosynthesis related to teh treatment of 6% kaolin (9.44 micromoles of CO2/m2/s) and teh lowest amount of photosynthesis was observed in teh control treatment .

To investigate the effect of black rust disease (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) on wheat yield and its components and to identify genetic resources resistant to this disease, 24 wheat genotypes were evaluated in 2020-2021 at the East Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources. The evaluation was conducted under both infected and non-infected conditions with the native race TKTTF of the black rust, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Talcum powder was used for inoculation, and after sprinkling distilled water and saltrol oil on the plants, inoculation was done using a mechanical sprinkler. The test results indicated a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of plant height, spike length, spike diameter, spike weight, number of seeds per spike, hundred seed weight, seed yield, biomass and harvest index was observed at the probability level of 1%. Additionally, the results demonstrate that pathogen infection causes a decrease in stem diameter, number of seeds per spike, hundred seed weight, seed yield, biomass and harvest index. Based on the studied traits, the Zareh and Heyran cultivars, as well as the C-98-14, C-98-13, C-98-12 and CD-94-5 lines, were identified as resistant genotypes. The genotypes were classified into four groups under infection and non-infection conditions and into three groups under medium infection conditions, based on cluster analysis and detection function analysis. The research results indicate that black rust infection has a negative impact on both the yield and its components. Additionally, the diversity between genotypes can be utilized to enhance wheat genotypes.

Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced in Ardabil province. Pathogens of sugar beet leaves and roots are among the factors that affect the quantity and quality of sugar beet products and in many cases prevent the development and even limit the cultivation of this product.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet (20 hybrids) in the research field of Nair using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019. For this study, 20 sugar beet monogerm hybrids that were produced in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station along with 9 paternal and maternal parents were used. To determine the effective traits on root and sugar yield and percentage of extractable sugar from cluster analysis and to determine the correlation coefficient Peberson method was used.

The results showed that the characteristics of the percentage of green cover of the field, the number of plants and the amount of sodium and potassium at the probability level of five percent and the traits of number of total and branched roots, amount of harmful nitrogen, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar percentage, gross and pure sugar yield, root yield and green-yellowness score had a significant difference among the hybrids at the probability level of 1%. Also, for the attribute number of hybrid plant number 17 and number of roots of hybrid number 7, they were superior to other hybrids. In the current research, the maximum infection with rhizomania disease (13.7%) was observed in hybrid number 9, and the lowest amount belonged to two hybrids number 10 and 12. The highest amount of sodium and potassium was in hybrid 15, while hybrid number 20 had the highest amount of harmful nitrogen. Hybrid 3 had the highest alkalinity coefficient, while the highest percentage of molasses sugar belonged to hybrid 15. The highest yield of gross, pure and root sugar (respectively 10.69, 8.193 and 85.59 tons per hectare) was obtained from hybrid 12 and the lowest values belonged to hybrid 3.

In general, in terms of performance indicators, hybrids number 3, 12 and 15 were the most suitable hybrids compared to other hybrids.

Aegilops species possessing the U genome are the most widely distributed species in the world. Considering the limitation in the genetic diversity in cultivated wheat, the use of wild relatives and other species of Aegilops can be provided a rich and diverse gene pool of new and ideal alleles for breeders. Therefore, the main goals of the present study were investigation of genetic diversity and population structure in Aegilops accessions collected from different regions of Iran using the CBDP markers.

In this study, the genetic diversity among 77 Aegilops accessions collected from 18 provinces in Iran and belonging to five species including Ae. biuncialis (UUMM genome), Ae. columnaris (UUMM genome) Ae. Neglecta (UUMM genome), Ae. triuncialis (UUCC genome), Ae. umbellulata (UU genome) , was evaluated using 15 CBDP primers. The obtained molecular data were subjected to statistical analyses using GenAlEx ver. 6.502, DARwin ver. 6, and Structure ver. 2.3.4 softwares.

A total of 189 polymorphic fragments were amplified using 15 used CBDP primers (95.27%). The PIC index ranged from 0.28 (CBDP15) to 0.42 (CBDP-2 CBDP-4) with an average of 0.35. The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the highest proportion of genetic variance referred to within species (76%). Among all species, Ae. triuncialis showed the highest values of genetic parameters. The highest level of genetic similarity was found between Ae. biuncialis with Ae. columnaris (0.905) and Ae.biuncialis with Ae. neglecta (0.879). Although cluster analysis based on CBDP data classified all accessions into three main groups the grouping pattern was exactly in accordance with the genomic constitution of species. Moreover, the clustering pattern was confirmed by a principal coordinate’s analysis (PCoA). The population structure analysis further confirmed the results obtained from the cluster analysis and PCoA, so all studied accessions were grouped based on their genomic structure, degree of genetic similarity, and geographic similarities.

Results of the present study showed a high usefulness of CBDP markers in evaluating the genetic diversity in the Aegilops germplasm. Therefore, it seems that this marker technique can be used in programs related to the preparation of genetic maps and molecular phylogenetic studies. Also, the existence of high genetic diversity among some Iranian Aegilops species can provides a significant prospect for breeders to use them in pre-breeding programs in wheat.

Black rust is one of the important fungal diseases that widely affects the quantity and quality of wheat in many regions of the world. The damages caused by black rust disease can be more than other pathogens in wheat and its importance is such that millions of hectares of healthy fields with high production potential can be destroyed in less time. Destroy it completely in one month. Resistance is one of the genetic characteristics of the host that plant breeders use to produce cultivars. Lines that are recognized as resistant in a survey can be used as a source of resistance in another breeding program. Genetic resistance reduces or eliminates the consumption of chemical poisons, and as a result, it is considered as the most economical and healthiest method of combating plant diseases. Accordingly, in order to statistically investigate some physiological markers related to resistance to black rust disease, 24 bread wheat genotypes including 8 cultivars and 16 promising lines were studied. In this study, two varieties MV-17 (disease-resistant variety) and Morocco (disease-susceptible variety) were selected as controls in this study due to their different behavior in resistance to wheat black rust.

Material and Methods: 

This experiment was carried out in 2019 in the greenhouse of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding and Seed Preparation under the conditions of infection and non- infection with the native race TKTTF of wheat black rust disease and in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Physiological traits including relative leaf water content (RWC), cell membrane stability (MP), electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured and recorded.

At the probability level of 1%, a significant difference between genotypes was observed and the interaction effect of disease x genotype was significant for all traits, which indicates the non-homogeneous difference of genotypes for the studied traits in two conditions of infection and non- infection. Also, for all measured traits, there was a significant difference between two different levels of disease infection, which shows the effect of the black rust pathogen on the relative content of leaves, membrane permeability, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll concentration, primary fluorescence, fluorescence It has maximum, variable fluorescence and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The results showed that pathogen contamination increases the relative water content, chlorophyll concentration, membrane permeability, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and decrease in electrical conductivity. Based on all studied physiological traits of genotypes MV-17, C-98-17, C-98-11, C-98-5, C-98-12, C-98-18, C-98- 16, C-98-3 and CD-94-9 were identified as the genotypes that showed more resistance to the disease agent. There was a high correlation between initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane permeability and electrical conductivity in response to stem rust. Based on Ward's cluster analysis and detection function analysis, the genotypes were divided into four separate groups in the conditions of infection and non-infection with black rust. They were placed in a group. While, in the condition of no disease contamination, 6, 9, 4 and 5 genotypes were clustered in four separate groups, respectively.

This study showed the effect of East Azerbaijan stem rust TKTTF race on the physiological traits of winter cultivars and lines of wheat. This race caused changes in the studied physiological traits in both experimental conditions, from this output it can be concluded that the resistant lines are more resistant to the disease than the commercial variety and are recommended as selected lines in breeding programs should be used. It is worth mentioning that according to the results of the grouping of genotypes and also the placement of valuable genotypes in terms of relative water content traits, membrane permeability index, chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, and photochemical efficiency. Photosystem II and electrical conductivity in the first and second groups in the conditions of disease infection and non- infection, it was concluded that the results of cluster analysis had a good relationship with the results of variance analysis and comparing the average of the studied traits. The results showed that the physiological traits measured in response to black rust disease have diversity. Therefore, possible genotypes with resistance to this pathogen can be identified by using the changes of these traits. Also, considering the relationship between the results obtained from the evaluation of physiological and pathological traits, the possibility of using physiological traits as indicators related to resistance to wheat black rust disease was benefited. In other words, the physiological indicators used were able to detect the existence of diversity and response to resistance to black rust disease and they can be used as physiological indicators related to resistance to black rust disease of wheat. Examining different traits in different environmental conditions has shown that the way the genotypes act and respond to the pathogen changes with the change of environmental conditions. For this purpose, these studies should be carried out in several years and in different environments. It is also recommended to carry out the above test using agricultural traits at the stage of the sorghum plant as well as biochemical traits related to the disease.

The Fe iron significantly affects the quantity and quality of agricultural production. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in iron absorption. Iron is one of the essential elements for plant growth and plays an essential role in chloroplasts. Due to iron deficiency, the activity of several enzymes such as catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and ferroxin is significantly reduced. The amount of iron in the soil is high, but plants only absorb two-capacity of soluble soil, which is negligible compared to the total iron. Soil environmental conditions affect the amount of iron by the plant, so it is difficult to control the uptake of iron by the plant. It has the highest ability to absorb iron and manganese at a pH less than six. For this reason, acetic acid was used to stabilize the pH of the solution. Acetic acid has all the properties of an acid. Acetic acid is a polar solvent and an organic compound. The use of inexpensive organic acid and citric acid in agriculture, despite its positive effects on calcareous soils and their reasonable price, is still not common in Iran. Acetic acid has a carboxylic group and therefore has all the properties of an acid.

The pH solution plays a role in absorbing iron elements. This experiment was carried out in the form of a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design on a strawberry plant of diamant cultivar in the research station of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during the years 2015-2017. Ardabil City in northwest Iran is located between Sablan and Baghrou mountain ranges. Due to its high altitude and mountainous nature, this city is colder than other cities in Iran and is considered one of the semi-arid cold regions. The average rainfall of this city is reported to be 400 mm. Factors included acetic acid (zero, one, two, and three percent), iron in two levels (sequestration 25 gr and nano one gr), and two levels of agricultural soap agents (zero and 7.5 %) as foliar spraying. Foliar application of pH nutrient solution from the three-leaf stage of the plant (mid-April) to the end of May, a total of five times 10 days apart in both years, was done. Two weeks after the last foliar application (June of the second year) plant growth indices included leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight. Root length, flower-to-fruit ratio, chlorophyll greenery a, b, and total, leaf iron content and fruit yield per plant were measured.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the three-way effect of treatments in all studied traits except root length and yield at one percent probability level on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll a, b and total at five percent probability level on fresh weight and root dryness, flower to fruit ratio and leaf iron content were statistically significant. The three-way interaction of acetic acid, iron, and agricultural soap data showed that the highest leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, ratio of flowers to fruits, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and the amount of leaf iron related to the treatment acetic acid two percent of sequestration iron in combination with agricultural soap (7.5 %) and in chlorophyll a, it was related to the treatment of acetic acid one percent of sequestrin iron in combination with agricultural soap. The lowest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh root weight and dry root, flower-to-fruit ratio, and leaf iron content were related to the treatment of acetic acid zero with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). The lowest Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were related to the treatment of acetic Acid three percent with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). In addition, the interaction between acetic acid and iron at the level of five percent probability on root length and yield was significant.

It can be concluded that acetic acid two percent on the absorption of iron fertilizer, along with agricultural soap (7.5 %) application, has better results than other treatments and qualitative traits of strawberry fruit. In general, it can be concluded that the pH of the nutrient iron solution can improve plant growth and crop yield. The iron level of sequestration iron with two percent acetic acid with agricultural soap 7.5 % due to increasing the bicarbonate of the soil in the Ardabil region has caused the absorption of nutrient elements, especially iron by strawberries. The shelf life of the solution on the leaf surface had a more favorable effect on most growth indices in the strawberry Diamant cultivar in Ardabil soil conditions.

Investment is one of the powerful levers to achieve socio-economic growth and development. Since investment is often associated with economic growth and prosperity, it can be expected that ignoring this issue can lead to stagnation or a decline in the company's financial situation. Also, risk is associated with managers when they do not make enough efforts to earn profits and attribute any failure in the company's performance to external factors from control or major shareholders. Therefore, based on this argument, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the impact of management characteristics and financial strategies on the risk-taking of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

This research is applied in terms of the type of objective and post-event in terms of the experimental research method. In terms of the reasoning method, this research is a type of inductive research that uses the observation of parts of the society (sample) to present a model for the whole society. The current research is theoretically among the proof researches and statistically, it is a correlational study that multivariable linear regression is used to test the research hypotheses. The quantitative data needed to test the research hypotheses were extracted from the audited financial statements published in the publishers' comprehensive information system (Kedal Network) and Rahvard Novin software. The socio-statistics studied in this research included all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2021.

The results obtained from the first hypothesis showed that the characteristics of management (management ability, management overconfidence, political connections, and power of the CEO) reduce the company's risk-taking. Also, the result of the second hypothesis of the research indicates that financial strategies (working capital strategy, investment strategy, and profit-sharing strategy) reduce corporate risk-taking.

In strategic management research, several factors can influence the company's risk-taking, one of which is the characteristics or personality of managers, as well as other factors such as financial strategies. Also, the behavior of managers can lead to different decisions that affect the company and investors. In this regard, the results obtained from the first hypothesis of the research indicated that managerial characteristics reduce the companies' risk-taking. This means that the more a company's managers have high personality traits (for example, capable managers or powerful managers and managers with high politics), they reduce the company's risk for shareholders through their abilities. Considering the second hypothesis of the research, it can be stated that financial strategies have an impact on the companies' risk-taking. Valuation of companies is a necessity of planning for managers and investors. Valuation shows how the strategy and financial structure affect the stock market value of companies. The value of the company is very important for the shareholders, investors, managers, creditors, and other stakeholders of the company in their evaluation of the future of the company and its impact on the estimation of risk and return on investment and stock price. Thus, the acquired outcome suggests that, from a strategic management perspective, financial strategies that establish long-term company goals, make informed decisions aligned with these objectives, and allocate resources accordingly can also mitigate the company's risk exposure by overseeing projects with a net negative impact on the organization. Therefore, appropriate financial strategies can reduce the corporate risk-taking.

In order to estimate the heritability and genetic diversity of some seedling biometric traits in response to black rust (stem rust) disease, 24 wheat genotypes in the 2020 at the research greenhouse of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute was evaluated in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications under the conditions of infection and non- infection to the native race TKTTF black rust. Based on the results, the genotype ´ disease condition interaction, was significant for all traits at the 1% probability level. Also, a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of seedling height, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio was observed. The results showed that pathogen infection causes a decrease in seedling height and an increase in seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio due to the presence of pustules caused by disease. Under black rust infection, the highest heritability was observed for seedling dry weight (42.85%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height trait (8.78%). In the absence of black rust disease, the highest heritability was observed for the ratio of fresh weight to dry weight of seedlings (53.66%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height (51.25%). The results showed that black rust infection affects seedling traits and the diversity between genotypes can be used to improve wheat genotypes.

Corn is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. One of the major factors limiting the plant growth is lack of water, which reduces plant growth and survival in arid and semi-arid areas. For this purpose, evaluation of the effect of drought stress on plant cultivars and identification of the tolerant genotype is of particular importance.

In this research, nine corn hybrids (including three promising hybrids H1 (SC01; TS01×MS02), H2 (KLM77021/4-1-2-1-2-4-1× K47/3), and H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) and six commercial H4 (NS640), H5 (SC703), H6 (SC704), H7 (SC720), and H9 (SC715) grain corn hybrids as late and medium maturity groups) were planted in split plots in the form of a complete random block design in three replicates at Research Unit of Moghan Agro-Industry and Livestock Company, Ardabil in spring and summer 2022. The main plots include two levels of normal irrigation (10 times of atmospheric and stack irrigation according to the region's custom) and drought stress (interruption of irrigation during the flowering and seed filling stages: eight times of atmospheric and stack irrigation so that the interruption of irrigation at the end of flowering continued to grain filling for 18 days) and the sub-plots included six varieties and three hybrids of corn. In both irrigation conditions, yield and seed yield components were evaluated. To identify the tolerant genotype based on grain yield under stress and normal conditions, stress tolerance indices (STI), stress sensitivity (SSI), tolerance (TOL), mean productivity index (MP) and geometric mean yield (GMP) were calculated. Correlation and grouping was performed based on tolerance indices of drought stress in different corn hybrids.

Dehydration stress significantly reduced the yield and yield components of corn cultivars. The H7 (SC703) and H6 (SC704) hybrids were the ones with the highest plant height, hundred seed weight, number of seed rows in cob, and number of seeds in each cob row. Further, the hybrid H1 (SC01), H6 (SC704), H7 (SC703) and H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) have the highest seed yield in both conditions of normal stress and dehydration. The correlation between grain yield and grain yield components was significant and positive. The data obtained from the evaluation of drought tolerance indices showed that there was a significant difference between different corn hybrids. As the hybrid H6 (SC704) and promising hybrid H1 (SC01) allocated the highest MP, GMP and STI, and the promising hybrid H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) showed the highest SSI value. Correlation analysis between drought tolerance indices also showed a significant positive relationship between STI, SSI, TOL, MP and GMP. The cluster analysis of the studied corn hybrids based on drought tolerance indices divided the corn hybrids into three separate groups, such that the hybrids H1 (SC01), H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17), H6 (SC704) and H7 (SC703) were classified as drought tolerant hybrids within the same group.

It seems that by simultaneous trait evaluation of the grain yield and grain yield components along with drought tolerance indices, it is possible to identify the genotype with high grain yield under water deficit stress. The information acquired by the study might be applied in the future remedial programs.

Stem rust or black rust is one of the most important fungal diseases that widely affect wheat yield and quality in the world. Therefore, the selection of genetic materials resistant to stem rust in the breeding programs is necessary. In this study, 24 winter wheat genotypes including eight varieties and 16 elite lines were evaluated at the adult plant and seedling stages using a randomized complete block design under the influence of local stem rust race TKTTF. Disease indices including the type of infection, the severity of infection, the coefficient of infection, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and genotype reaction were recorded. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all disease indices. Based on all indices, MV-17 and C-98-17 were resistant and C-98-14, C-98-9, Bolany, and Morocco were susceptible. Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed a significant positive correlation between field type of infection, the severity of infection, the coefficient of infection, AUDPC, and rAUDPC at the field, and between greenhouse type of infection and genotype reaction at the greenhouse. Based on cluster analysis by Ward’s method, all the genotypes were classified into four groups (R, MR, MS, and S) in the adult plant stage and into two groups (R and S) at the seedling stage. The resistant genotypes can be used in the breeding programs for improvement of the stem-rust-resistant genotypes.

Species belonging to the Aegilops genus are one of the most important genetic resources of wheat. This germplasm due to its breeding potential usually is served in wheat breeding programs. In the present study, genetic diversity among 60 accessions belonging to Ae. crassa and Ae. cylindrica were investigated using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) markers. The obtained banding pattern showed that in total 171 fragments were amplified across all investigated accessions, out of which 156 were polymorphic. The average values for polymorphism information content (PIC), resolving power (Rp), and marker index (MI) indices were estimated as 0.30, 16.27, and 3.18, respectively. The results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) indicated that the most portion of genetic variation was belonged to within species than between them (79% vs. 21%). Based on the genetic variation parameters, Ae. crassa species showed greater levels of genetic variation compared with Ae. cylindrica species. The results of cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity matrix grouped all investigated accessions into two main groups, so that the grouping pattern was in accordance with their genomic constitution. Moreover, the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) confirmed the grouping pattern obtained by cluster analysis. In conclusion, our results revealed considerable efficiency of SCoT markers in grouping the studied germplasm; hence the use of this marker system could be recommended in other genetic studies.

Considering the importance of maize production and the impact of water deficit stress on reducing the yield of maize, estimating the genetic components and heritability of traits for determine the breeding method under water deficit stress is essential in breeding programs. The generations drived from a cross between two inbred lines of maize including B73 (maternal line) and MO17 (paternal line), SC704 (F1) as well as F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 generations in order to estimate the genetic effects and heritability of yield, yield components and morphological traits were studied. Seven maize generations using the generations mean analysis under the full irrigation, mild and severe water deficit conditions were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with 20 replications per experimental unit during two cropping seasons (2018-2019) at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz. The results of two-year combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons under three different irrigation regimes showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced all of the studied traits (except root/shoot ratio). The generations mean analysis showed the high contribution of non-additive gene effects for the genetic control of grain yield, ear diameter, number of kernel row, ear weight (in full irrigation conditions), 100 grain weight, plant height, fresh shoot weight and biological yield traits. According to these results, selection in the advanced generations and the breeding method based on hybridization can be effective to improve these traits. Also, the significant contribution of additive gene effects in controlling the inheritance of ear length, ear weight (in both stress conditions) and root/shoot ratio traits indicated that selection in early segregating generations and inbred parents can be effective for breeding of these traits and taking advantage of additive variance. Hybrid SC704 and inbred MO17 compared with the inbred B73 showed the lowest variation percentage under the water deficit stress conditions, which indicated their high yield potential and stability in the stress conditions.

Chickpea is one of the most important plants of the legume family and is very important in the diet. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely randomized block design. After acclimatization of plants to cold, freezing treatment was applied at temperatures of -6, -8 and -10 and their 50% lethality temperature (LT50) was determined by probit transformation. Before and after the habituation stage, a leaf sample was taken and the relative content of leaf water, photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugar, protein percentage, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and greenness index were measured. Genotype number 5 with the lowest LT50 (-8.86) and the highest survival percentage (80%) was the most resistant genotype and genotype 10 with the highest LT50 (-3.57) and the lowest survival percentage along with genotype 15 were recognized as the most sensitive genotypes. In order to evaluate genetic diversity, DNA extraction was utilized and 21 different ISSR primers were used in the investigation. The results showed the presence of polymorphism among the cultivars studied. A total of 101 clear bands were produced, of which 94 were polymorphic bands. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.332 (initiator 7) to 0.049 (initiator 16). The amount of gene diversity was between 0.126 and 0.977 changes. Cluster analysis of genotypes was done using Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that have harmful effects on plant performance and quality. So that according to the predictions made until 2050, 50% of agricultural lands will lose their ability to be cultivated due to salinity. Due to the complexity of salinity resistance traits, there is little information about the number of genes, their chromosomal location, and the relative contribution of each gene in the incidence and phenotypic distribution. Locating quantitative genes can break down this complex genetic model into individual genetic components, in which case quantitative traits will also be investigated like monogenic traits.

In order to identify QTLs controlling some root and shoot traits under salinity stress in bread wheat, 148 recombinant inbred lines of spring bread wheat obtained from the cross of Yecora Rojo cultivar (early and dwarf as a parent of American origin) and genotype No.49 (late and tall as a parent originating from Sistan and Baluchestan) were studied with the parents. This research was carried out in 2020 in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University under salinity and non-stress conditions in pitmas and perlite culture medium and factorial based on a completely randomized design with five replications. Traits measured in this experiment included root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, fresh and dry weight of shoots. In this study, linkage map was used based on 202 markers (177 SSR markers and 51 Retro transposon Markers). The map length was about 691.36 cM with the average distance of 3.42 cM in every marker pair, and 21 chromosomes covered in bread wheat. QTL analysis was done based on composite interval mapping (CIM) method, and additive effects were estimated for the identified QTLs.

The results of QTL analysis showed that in stress-free conditions, one QTL for root dry weight and shoot dry weight, two QTL shoot fresh weight and three QTL for root wet weight and root length were identified. Under salinity stress conditions, one QTL was identified for root dry weight and root length, two QTLs for shoot dry weight and three QTLs for shoot fresh weight. Among the QTLs identified, QRFW6A.n had the highest additive effect under normal conditions and QSFW2A.s under salinity stress conditions. For shoot dry weight and root fresh weight under normal conditions and shoot fresh weight under salinity stress, the positive additive effect of the located QTL s showed the inheritance of the desired allele at this site from Yecora Rojo's parent. The phenotypic variance justified by these QTLs varied from 5.43 to 8.97 under normal conditions and from 5.51 to 7.43 percent under salinity stress.

In this study, the number of QTLs identified for root and shoot-related characteristics was low, which could be due to the high number of low-impact QTLs, interactions, and environmental effects.

To evaluate the effect of Fusarium verticillioides on fresh weight, chlorophyll index, the activity of superoxide dismutase isoforms, and leaf proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in two corn lines, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications was performed with two corn lines B73 and MO17, infected with and without F. verticillioides under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the effect of F. verticillioides on fresh weight was not significant, but it was significant on chlorophyll index in both corn lines. Electrophoretic analyses were carried out using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels. Superoxide dismutase was observed in three isoforms into polyacrylamide gels, and also these isoform activates were increased in plants infected by F. verticillioides. Leaf tissue proteome analysis of two corn lines showed that eight reproducible protein spots had significant alterations under F. verticillioides. These eight differentially expressed proteins were involved in the defense system and regulation processes. Isoform 2 of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 and Peroxiredoxin-2E, chloroplastic proteins involved in the defense system had overexpression under F. verticillioides in both corn lines. It seems that increased superoxide dismutase isoforms and proteins involved in the defense system can reduce F. verticillioides damage in the corn seedlings.

Barley is one of the most important crops after wheat, corn, and rice. Barley is an excellent source of food for humans and is also used to feed livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and select superior genotypes with high grain yield and desirable agronomic characteristics and also to investigate the application of MGIDI in selecting superior genotypes based on morpho-phenological different traits in the warm and dry region of southern Fars.

To select the best barley genotypes in the southern regions of Fars using the MGIDI index, 108 pure lines in the non-repeating Augment design with four controls (Nowruz, Auxin, Nobahar, and WB-97-11) in the Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Darab station) were evaluated during the cropping year 2020-2021. MGIDI index was calculated to select superior genotypes using 13 morpho-phenological traits. These traits include grain yield, number of spikes per square meter, number of grain per spike, weight of spikes, 1000-grain weight, spike density, filling period length, peduncle length, awning length and spike length, plant height, days to flowering and days until the maturity.

According to the results of variance analysis, a significant difference was observed between the studied lines for all traits (except awning length and 1000-grain weight) at the probability levels of 5 and 1%. Also, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the lines and experimental controls in all traits (except peduncle length). The results of factor analysis for the 13 studied traits identified five hidden factors that explained 80.2% of the total variance of the data. Based on the MGIDI index, L110, L99, L88, L51, L56, L108, L63, L33, L50, L112, L52, L36, L20, L69, L68, L94 and L35 genotypes, respectively, with the lowest value of this index were superior genotypes. The highest and lowest values ​​of differential selection percentage of MGIDI index were related to grain yield (11.5%) and 1000-grain weight (-3.62%), respectively. The results showed that low values ​​of the number of grain per spike and weight of spikes and high values of the number of spikes per square meter were effective factors in selecting superior genotypes using the first factor. Based on this factor, L20, L94, L110 and L88 were superior. In the second factor, high values of the number of days to maturity, grain yield, and grain filling period were the main factors in selecting genotypes, and based on this factor, L112 genotype was top. Third factor selected genotypes based on high values ​​of both trait plant height and peduncle length. L88 and L94 genotypes were ideal based on the third factor. Fourth factor selected genotypes based on high awning length and spike length (L33 genotype was superior), and fifth factor selected genotypes with low values ​​of spike emergence length and 1000-grain weight and based on this factor L50, L35 and L51 genotypes were ideal.

Overall, the results showed that none of the factors could classify the superior genotypes based on the ideal value of all their internal traits. Therefore, genotypes are selected that have the lowest MGIDI value, and also their grain yield is higher than the average grain yield of unselected genotypes. So the results showed that among the selected genotypes using the MGIDI index, L99, L88, L51, L56, L108, L63, L20, L69 and L94 genotypes ​​were the top genotypes in this study. On the other hand, proving the efficiency and development of a new index such as MGIDI requires more research in other plants.

Cotton is one of the world’s most important industrial products, grown for fiber and oilseeds. The evaluation of agronomic traits, especially early maturity and yield in cotton, is valuable and can be used to select better varieties. The purpose of this research is to obtain early and high-yielding varieties in Ardebil province.

In this study, 35 cotton cultivars and genotypes were evaluated for early maturity and yield in two consecutive years (2018-2019) in a three replicate randomized complete block design at the Moghan Agricultural Research Station.

The results showed that percentage of earliness and seed cotton traits were significantly affected by plots and varieties over two years. Among the varieties, the highest seed cotton of the first crop seed cotton and total seed cotton was 3454 kg/ha and 5431 kg/ha observed in the variety Shayan, while the highest second crop seed cotton and the earliness percentage were 2323 kg/ha and 74%. in the avant-garde variety. Based on the cluster analysis according to the Ward method, cotton varieties were divided into three different clusters. In cluster 1 were the varieties K8801, Sahel, Bakhtegan, Khorshid, Mehr, K8802, BC244, SKSH249, Avangard, Opal, N2G80, SKT133, Khordad, Sajedi, GKTB113, Latif, NSKB23, NSK847 and Varamin, in cluster 2 were Sk- G (A-4), Shirpan 603, O10, Tabladila, Belizovar, Shirpan 533, Tashkent, Olatn and 4-s4 varieties, and in Cluster 3 were Nazili, No. 228, No. 200, B557, Armaghan, Golestan and Shayan varieties. Cluster 2 cultivars were the best in terms of earliness and cluster 1 cultivars were the best in terms of first-pick seed-cotton, second-pick seed-cotton and total seed-cotton. Third cluster cultivars excelled in seedcotton.

Evaluation of the results showed a wide range of variability in terms of early maturity and seedcotton in the studied cultivars. Among the cultivars studied, Avangarde genotype was better in terms of early maturity, Shayan cultivar in terms of first harvesting and total seedcotton. Therefore, Avangarde genotype and Shayan cultivar can be recommended for Moghan region.

Given the growing rate of population and its consequences, such as hungrier people and more demand for food, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has introduced potato (Solanum tubersum L.) as a food security plant. Thus, the need for expanding potato production is globally felt to manage the increase in food demands and food security (4, 10). The interaction between the genotype and the environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. This study was conducted to achieve a stable high-yielding genotype that is adaptive to climatic conditions of potato-producing regions in Iran.

A total of 20 potato hybrides along with five commercial varieties (Savalan, Agria, Caesar, Luta and Satina) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in the agricultural research stations of five locations (Ardabil, Hamadan, Isfahan, Karaj, and Razavi Khorasan) in Iran, for two years (2016 and 2017). Each of the hybrids and control cultivars were planted in two rows with six meters long. The rows with inter row spacing of 75 cm and plant spacing of 25 cm was taken. The genotype yields were measured after the harvest. Combined analysis of variances was done and comparison of means was done by LSD at one percent probability level. The principal coordinate analysis was used to analyze yield stability.

The results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effect of genotype, year, location and year – location, location – genotype, year – genotype and year - location – genotype interactions were significant at 1% level of probability. Therefore, the analysis of genotype - environment interaction was performed using multivariate analysis of principal coordinates. Compared to the grand mean, 10 environments under study were divided into two groups including three environments with higher performance than the total average and seven environments with lower performance than the total average. The most stable genotypes based on the MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) and distance from the center of plots were hybrids 1, 8 and Savalan cultivar in low cycles and hybrid 5 was identified in high cycles.

The hybrids 1 (35.57 ton/ha), 8 (35.05 ton/ha) and Savalan cultivar (33.52 ton/ha) which could be recommended for environments with the yield lower than the average mean of all studied environments. Also, hybrid 5 (41.21 ton/ha) was identified for environments with higher performance than the total average.

Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Rapeseed with the scientific name of Brassica napus L. is ranked third in the world in terms of grain production after soybean and in terms of oil production after soybean and oil palm. Plants are always exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, both biological and non-biological, that strongly affect their growth and production. Cold stress and frost are one of the environmental factors that affect crop production and other important agronomic traits in many plant species. Frost in the early stages of germination causes the destruction of the whole plant. The amount of frost damage depends on many important factors such as the duration and severity of frost stress, different stages of plant growth period and the amount of air humidity. Rapeseed is sensitive to frost stress and shows a yield reduction of up to 70%.Identifying cultivars that tolerate low temperatures can help researchers improve new cultivars and increase the flexibility of choosing the right planting date for farmers. Various studies have been performed to evaluate canola genotypes against cold stress in terms of morphological or physiological traits, but few studies have been conducted to study the combined traits. This study was designed to identify frost stress resistant genotypes, evaluate the effects of frost stress on yield and yield components as well as physiological traits to identify and modify the traits affected by the stress.

In this experiment, 24 autumn Rapeseed genotypes were obtained from the oilseeds section of Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. Selected genotypes included a number of promising lines and free pollen and rapeseed hybrid cultivars, including: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, L62, Nima, KH4, Talayeh, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101, L1008, L83, L120, Natali and Hydromel. Experiment with two different planting dates as normal sowing on 10/6/1397 and delayed sowing on 6/25/1397 in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397-98 crop year It was implemented in the agricultural lands of Tikmeh Dash city of East Azerbaijan province. Morphological traits including number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, yield per hectare and physiological traits including leaf chlorophill, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage percentage and superoxide dismutase were measured.

The effects of frost stress were significant for three traits: number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and yield at 1% probability level, and this indicates that delay in planting all cultivars tested caused a decrease in yield and its components. The mean squares of genotypes were significant for two traits: number of seeds per pod and yield at 1% probability level. Mean stress squares were significant in terms of chlorophill b, proline, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase at the level of 1% probability. There was also a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of the above traits as well as chlorophill a and total chlorophill at the level of one percent probability. The results of comparing the mean of genotypes together for stress-free and frost stress conditions showed that KS7 line with 1699.9 kg ha-1 had the highest average yield and the lowest was related to L62 line with 107 kg ha-1. According to this study, the decrease in yield is due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant as components of grain yield. Both under stress and non-stress conditions, the total yield showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. In non-stress conditions, no correlation was observed between yield and physiological traits, while in frost stress conditions, there was a positive and significant correlation between yield with proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, so this can be Introduced traits as positive traits for selecting frost-resistant cultivars. Based on the results of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified for each of the conditions without stress and frost stress, which in the non-stress state was 77.52% of the total variance and in the frost stress state was 81.06% of the total variance.

According to the results of the correlation between the studied traits, it was found that in non-stress conditions, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod can be used to improve grain yield. In terms of frost stress, in addition to the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase had the greatest contribution in justifying the diversity of studied genotypes. Due to the low heritability of the yield, it is usually difficult to improve. As a result, other aspects of frost stress resistance, such as physiological parameters, should be considered. In general, physiological traits provide more complete information and are a good alternative to functional traits.

This study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic diversity of 108 pure barley lines in Augment design with four controls in six blocks in the farm of Darab Agricultural Research Station (2020-2021). In order to select the best lines in terms of yield and other traits, SIIG index was used. The results of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis showed that the lowest and highest levels of broad-sense heritability were related to the number of days to the spike emergence of (0.21) and the number of days to maturity (0.97), respectively. Based on the SIIG index, the studied lines were grouped into five categories. The results of SIIG index showed that L86 and L38 lines with the highest (0.640) and lowest (0.249) values of SIIG were the best and weakest lines, respectively. The results of grouping the lines based on SIIG index showed that group one and two lines and lines L22, L62, L80, L64, L51, L10, L96, L73, L81, L100, L69 and L97 from group three, were the best in this study and can be considered for further investigations. Overall, the results showed that SIIG index was able to classify genotypes based on grain yield, spikes/m2, seeds/spike, spike weight and plant height simultaneously, and also there was a relative compliance between the SIIG index and principal component analysis. Therefore, SIIG index is a suitable method for selecting ideal genotypes based on several traits simultaneously.

Today, due to increasing public awareness, the use of eggs as a source of essential amino acids in the human body has expanded. Since the egg is a packaged food, the quality and mechanical integrity of the shell are of great importance. In this study, a number of healthy eggs were selected and then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation. After this step, half of the samples were smeared in sunflower oil and stored for 2 days. In the next step, the fracture force of the eggshell was obtained with the help of the Instron device. The results of this experiment showed that a number of levels of ultraviolet radiation factors were able to cause changes in the amount of fracture force of the eggshell. In the study of the effect of infrared light on the fracture force of the eggshell, it was observed that with increasing the number of bulbs and irradiation time, the amount of breaking force has also increased and this had a direct relationship with the factors of number of lamps and irradiation time. Also, in the study of the effect of infrared samples and impregnation of the shell with sunflower oil, it was concluded that impregnation of the eggshell with the oil reduces the amount of refractive force from 30.3 to 26.5 N. Finally, it was observed that the infrared samples had a higher average refractive index than the ultraviolet samples.

In order to investigate different lines of durum wheat for water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out in the greenhouse in the form of a split plot design in a Randomized complete block design with three replications using 20 lines of durum wheat at two levels of water stress (40% and 70% of the amount of available water was completely drained in 0.4 and 0.7 levels of stress, respectively and re-irrigation was performed) and a control level (complete irrigation). Also, water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins were extracted and SDS-PAGE was done. Measured traits were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), soluble sugar and prolin content. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the studied lines at different levels of stress. The results of comparing the mean of the studied traits showed that in total, lines 16 and 5 have the highest value in most of the traits and lines 10 and 18 have the lowest value in most of the traits. Also, the results obtained from the cluster analysis indicated that due to the higher mean values compared to the other lines both in stress-free and stress conditions, lines 16 and 5 (Mra-1/4/Aus1/3/Scar/GdoVZ579//BitI, TRN//21563/AA/3/BD2080/4/BD2339/5/RASCON_37/TARRO_2//) have a higher performance stability in the different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the results of molecular analysis of the studied proteins showed that in water and salt soluble proteins based on matrix similarity and genetic distance of straw, the lowest genetic distance was between genotypes 18 and 19 (0.32) and the highest genetic distance was between genotypes 16 and 8 (0.98). Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity between the studied cultivars and this diversity can be used in plant breeding.