علی افشار

Some people are exposed to injury due to specific occupational and organizational reasons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training on the psychological capital and psychological flexibility of special unit employees.

The research design is semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the rank-and-file employees working in the special unit in 1401. The statistical sample of the research consisted of 30 men who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method and were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups (15 people for each group). The experimental group was exposed to resiliency training and no training was provided to the control group. To collect data, the standard psychological capital questionnaires of Mag Kay et al. Data analysis was done using the statistical method of univariate analysis of covariance.

The test results showed that there is a significant difference between psychological flexibility and psychological capital between the two groups, and resilience training has a significant effect on increasing psychological capital and psychological flexibility.

The results of the research showed that in order to promote psychological flexibility and psychological capital and reduce psychological problems of special unit employees, arrangements should be made to increase resilience in the form of training courses and psychological services.

Good and effective commanders have the ability to manage emotions, so that they feel good about working with them and are sure that under the commander's supervision, they have higher emotional intelligence. Manage data crises appropriately. The present study was carried out with the aim of "identifying the research factors on emotion management of the commanders of Shahid Chamran Faraja Specialized Scientific School" in 1402.

The current research is a qualitative-exploratory research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of identification method and nature. The participants in this research were selected using the purposeful snowball sampling method and the sample size continued to 22 people. In this research, the content analysis method was used to identify the factors affecting the emotional management of the commanders, and then the Delphi technique was used to identify and screen the influential indicators from the experts' point of view.

The most important components of preventing mental conflict are: 1- Not doing something that causes resentment or embarrassment to others. 2- Don't go crazy. 3- Giving thoughtful tasks most of the time. The important components of emotional restraint are: 1. Being calm and not being agitated; 2. Not being quick-tempered. 3- Being a conversationalist to solve problems. The important components of aggression control are: 1- Not showing emotions in times of discomfort and anger. 2- Avoiding stinging and teasing others. 3- Not changing thoughts about issues. The important components of benign control, respectively, are: management of understanding towards uncertainty and vulnerability. 2- Trying to overcome failures. 3- Control emotions rationally.

The general results of the present study indicate that for emotion management, commanders should consider Roger and Najarian(1989) four emotion management methods, which include preventing mental conflict, emotional inhibition, aggressiveness control, and benign control in dealing with students.

The current research aimed to identify methods of utilizing clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking.

The present research employed a qualitative approach based on the phenomenological method. The research community consulted experts from Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2023. Through purposeful sampling and employing the data saturation technique, 15 individuals were selected. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews, and data analysis was performed using the directed thematic analysis method in MaxQDA software.

The study revealed 8 organizing themes, consisting of 32 basic themes that proved to be effective as informational and operational methods. Additionally, two inclusive themes emerged regarding the utilization of clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking. The organizing themes of this research on tribes and clans included attracting information agents, utilizing information, motivating, informing, equipping with new tools, promoting border knowledge, operational training, operational use, infiltrating them among gangs and networks, and creating operational teams.

Recruiting from tribes and clans, motivating and raising awareness, providing them with new tools, enhancing their knowledge of borders as information methods and operational training, infiltrating tribes and clans among gangs and networks, and establishing operational teams from within the target community are effective methods for combating substance trafficking.

 Studies show that cyberspace sites and networks have become a safe haven for drug dealers and criminals. On the other hand, dealing with it also faces many challenges. The present study aimed to identify the challenges of police confrontation in the fight against drugs in cyberspace.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of type and method. The research method in this study is based on the method and nature of descriptive-analytical. Reliability above 70% responded.

The findings showed that among the existing challenges; Geographical challenges; Cultural; social; Political and economic issues are among the most important police challenges in the fight against drugs in cyberspace that need to be addressed.

The results of this study showed the challenges of geographical challenges; Cultural; social; Political and economic have the most impact, respectively.

Cycle of motivation- lifelong learning of police students is affected by specific pattern of relations among various factors of individual, educational, social and organizational.

Methods & Materials: 

The statistical population of the study included police students with a grade point average of 19 and academic motivation, 16 of whom were purposefully selected as a sample until reaching the stage of data saturation. This research was performed in 2018 in Amin Police University using qualitative method of framework analysis and coding for data analysis.

Data analysis using coding showed that the individual factors  had been consisted of 14 themes and classified in three comprehensive concepts of "brought of the person", "the crystallizer" and "strategies", instructional factors of 6 themes containing the professor and his purposeful activities, social factors of the 12 themes containing "career prospects" and "importance of education" and Organizational factors of 6 themes containing concepts of "climate" and "environment" and finally the model of effectiveness of these themes on cycle of motivation- learning designed in format of causal factors, conditions, context, strategy and output.

University identity factors, which are divided into several sections: individual, educational, social and organizational, affect the individualchr('39')s academic motivation, activate participation in learning, appropriate study approaches and metacognitive skills, and thus lead to lifelong learning and ensuring physical and psychological health.

The main purpose of this study is to design a personality model of qualified police officers in NAJA mission categories. In terms of purpose, the present study was an applied research and in terms of nature and method, it was a combination of quantitative (descriptive-survey) and qualitative (exploratory) research.

The statistical population includes all law enforcement personnel in various job categories who are serving in 1397. In order to determine the personality traits of a worthy police officer after studying theoretical literature, a sample of 53 NAJA experts, experts and professors was used. Then, the opinions of experts (208 people) were used to perform confirmatory factor analysis and confirm the proposed model.

The findings of the present study, through a review of the theoretical literature and the views of experts, indicate that 38 personality traits are appropriate for the police. Subsequent studies showed that these traits fit into the theoretical framework of the five-factor personality model. Also, the content validity of the enumerated personality traits questionnaire shows that all the items considered by the experts are considered as appropriate components of the police personality, so that the t calculated for each item indicates its significance. In addition, based on factor analysis, the components of resilience, responsibility, life expectancy, gaining experience and courage are aproved factors. Based on the calculated alpha, the mentioned indicators separately and in general have an acceptable reliability coefficient.

The characteristics of resilience, responsibility, vitality, gaining experience and courage are among the most prominent characteristics that play a role in the success of the police.

As one of the types of social media, social networks, on the one hand, provide significant interactive opportunities for Internet users and are effective in increasing citizen participation in some processes and on the other hand, they are widely harmed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies and strategies of Yazd police command to control and mitigate the damages of social networks.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose, in depth, in terms of purpose, and in terms of implementation and control of research conditions, a qualitative study using semi-structured interview and balanced questionnaire was used. Regarding the subject, the present study has two different statistical populations: the first part of the commanders and law enforcement experts in Yazd and Naja Police Headquarters (Fatah Police) and the second part of experts in computer science, information technology, computer science and Telecommunications were the command, which was collected by snowball sampling until theoretical saturation.

According to the research findings, among the three current strategies of Yazd Police Command to reduce social harm, government strategy with average of 4.23 had the highest and non-governmental (private) with average of 3.64 had the least effect on prevention. Damage to social networks.

In the context of Yazd police commander's strategies for controlling and reducing social harm (virtual) social networks, the police with the participation of all individuals and institutions with skills and responsibilities in preventing virtual social network damage from proper planning and implementation Take action

"Spiritual intelligence" is one of the concepts that has been proposed and developed by some psychologists in the light of their attention to the field of spirituality. Ever since managers realized the need to instill a sense of purposefulness and meaningfulness in employees, and some studies showed that strengthening this intelligence can improve the quality of job performance and help organizations achieve their goals, spiritual intelligence found its way into organizational domain, too. Given the importance and necessity of this issue for military and law enforcement organizations, the main purpose of this study is to explain the effect of spiritual intelligence on the performance of police staff.

The present study is based on the descriptive method and collection of field data. The statistical population includes 350 staff of Boroujerd Police Command. A group of 182 individuals was selected as the sample, and the data collection instrument was Sohrabi and Naseri's valid questionnaire (2013). The data were entered into SPSS 20, and the analysis was performed in descriptive and inferential areas.

"Transcendent consciousness", "spiritual experiences" and the spiritual attributes of "forgiveness and patience" are the components of spiritual intelligence that, according to the findings of this study, have a significant relationship with the performance of police staff. Among these components, the spiritual attributes of "forgiveness and patience" have the greatest impact on the performance of police staff, and "spiritual experiences" and "transcendent consciousness" are in the next ranks, respectively.

Considering the research findings, it can be accepted that spiritual intelligence is effective in improving the performance of the police, and the higher the level of spiritual intelligence in police staff, the better their service provision.

This study titled Use of non-lethal cartridges in police missions with the SWOT approach to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of non-lethal cartridges in police missions. This is an applied research that has been carried out through a survey method and its results are descriptive Has been. The method of data collection in this research was conducted through library and field studies (questionnaire) and Delphi method was used to prepare the questionnaire and interview with experts. The statistical population of this research was (N = 250) members according to the mission of the Tehran Grand Police Command, which was determined using Cochran relationship and simple random sampling method. 110 samples were selected. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been evaluated by calculating alpha-coronbach. The total Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 941 In this research, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, single-sample t-test, using SPSS software were used. Answering the five questions, what are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of using non-lethal cartridges in police missions, and their ranking in terms of significance and responding to them. According to the results of the tests carried out on the responses provided by the statistical community to the sub-questions, the significance level of the test regarding the components of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and Threats are less than 0.05, which indicates a rejection of zero hypothesis. But the positiveness of the confidence ranges indicates the importance of the abovementioned factors in the use of non-lethal cartridges in police missions. Also, according to the ranking on the importance of the components, the strengths with an average of 4.2065 ranked first and threats with an average of 3.6585 fourth rank.

One way to improve the quality of the human environment is to clear its spatial hierarchy. For this purpose, public, semi-public, semi-private and private areas should be clearly separated, and their border areas should be distinguished. This will increase the sense of attachment to the environment and gives identity to the residential environments. This article aims to investigate the concept of territory as one of the factors affecting the quality of the human relationship with the residential environment. To achieve this objective, the concept of territory and the factors affecting it are defined. According to the theoretical foundations presented, it can be stated that the territory is a mechanism to monitor the border between self and others, and is a mean to achieve the desired privacy. The main feature of the territory is its high dependency on culture. It also has features such as a sense of identity and possibility of personalization.
Many factors affect the territory, including social factors, cognitive-psychological factors, physical factors, functional factors, geographical-cultural factors, as well as time. The concept also has human systems such as the primary territory (on which individuals have full and extensive monitoring), secondary territory (with less central and exclusive role, and acts as a bridge between the primary and the public territory), and public territory (is quite temporary and almost anyone has access to and the right to use it); according to the research objective, these human hierarchy will be studied in Noghan district.
In the early Islamic centuries, the holy city of Mashhad was created by combining the ancient city of Noghan and the surrounding villages. After the martyrdom of Imam Reza (AS) and joining of Mashhad-al-Reza and Noghan, the name Mashhad became widespread. However the physicality and name of Noghan still remained in the vicinity of Mashhad until today and for a thousand and two hundred years. Therefore, Noghan is one of the oldest district in the city of Mashhad. Despite the importance of Noghan district in historical studies, beliefs, architecture, and urban planning as an intertextuality document, large part of it disappeared after recent implementation of modernization and reconstruction projects in the fabric surrounding Imam Reza holy shrine. With regard to the physical progress of the project in other sectors, the least amount of manipulation and progress happened in Noghan district. This represents the necessity to protect the identity of the district. One of the salient features of this district is placement of holy shrine in direction of Qibla, pointed to as bi-qibla feature of the distrcit. This unique feature causes accommodation of pilgrims from Arabic countries in Noghan and sense of attachment of most of the resident to the area.
In this district, because of accommodation of pilgrims in the houses of people residing in the fabric, certain type of life has been formed, and the area classifications and spatial hierarchies have been changed. Therefore, this study examines the spatial hierarchy and the area classification in the district, and finally, provides recommendations to improve the quality of shelter design in the district. This study applies, its variable is qualitative, and its practical method includes document-based studies, questionnaires, and field observations. The results show that the human territory system in Noghan district has taken a special form for simultaneous presence of pilgrims and residents in the same residential house. In fact, due to this coexistence, the initial territory is limited. Secondary territory in this neighborhood has found dual and fluid nature, so as due to the characteristics of its audience (reference culture, length of residence, type of residence etc.) is moving toward the public or private sphere.
This fluid nature is less aggregated to physical dimensions, and more related to perceptive-psychological dimensions. Therefore, due to the simultaneous presence of self and others, the secondary territory in this area is divided into the semi-public and semi-private spaces, where the scale for the area classification varies according to the target audience. Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (AS) is one of the most important factors leading to increased length of residence and satisfaction of residents, and hence affects the perception of territories. In addition, the district due to be near to the holy shrine has a 24 hour living, resulting in increased security. Finally, it can be stated that the nature of the territory in this neighborhood is exposed to a kind of transformation. Thus, since identity of residential hierarchy in the district depends on mixing of residents and pilgrims and its recreating should be performed based on the lifestyle of its residents and the existing territorial system, to preserve the residents of the fabric and enhance local identity.

One of the effective factors in preventing crimes, is self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is important because it reduces the necessity of prosecution and punitive methods and makes the efficient management easy, and prepares individuals to accept responsibility and increases the ability of employees to perform tasks. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of police officers' self-efficacy on their crime prevention. This research has been done using quantitative method, scanning technique and questionnaire tools. The statistical population of study consisted of five county police officers included Shahrekord, Farsan, Saman, Ben and Boroujen counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. By using the Cochran formula the sample size considered 265 people and the sampling method was multistage cluster sampling. Correlation test results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy variable with employees' crime prevention variables (0.27), contemplative behaviors (0.28), behavioral prediction (0.19) and retrospective behavior (23 / 0). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the self-efficacy variable, work experience and age predicted 16 percent of the variables in the prevention of employee crime totally.