فهرست مطالب علی رجبلو

Amidst Iran's confrontation with Western modernity and the subsequent discursive conflicts, women's lives, identities, and living conditions came to the forefront as prominent topics of discourse. This resulted in an extensive array of discussions concerning them, thereby transforming women into a subject of tension. This article analyzes the discourses that emerged concerning women in the writings of the Constitutional era. It employs critical discourse analysis to investigate how the modern woman subject was formulated in the most prominent discourses of this era. The objective of this study is to comprehend the ideologies that govern each discourse of the Constitutional era as they pertain to the modern woman subject. Additionally, the position and status of each discourse within the hegemonic discourse are examined.The results suggest that the progressive discourse presents the modern woman as a demanding and critical subject, having been formed in opposition to tradition. Conversely, the traditional discourse depicts her as a liberated and European-like figure. In the midst of these semantic disputes, the integrative discourse constructs the subject of a woman who is acknowledged as a conscientious, Sharia-compliant, and duty-oriented individual. The integrative discourse's construction of meaning, which avoided explicit conflict with religious traditions, attained a more advantageous position and has maintained its existence throughout subsequent eras.

Abstract
One of the less discussed aspects of corruption in the political-administrative structure of contemporary Iran is its habitual aspect. This issue, as one of the influential factors in the development process, has been going on in a stable way in the contemporary history of Iran; For this reason, the current research, focusing on the first Pahlavi government, which is the dividing line of the appearance of modernity in the structure of the government in contemporary Iran, and based on Norbert Elias's process theory and using the historical analytical method, investigates personal gain (one of the main components of political corruption). ) in the political structure of contemporary Iran. Examining examples of this behavior in the governments of the Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties shows its prevalence (multiplicity) at all levels of power and its continuity in the investigated periods. These findings, along with paying attention to the point that this behavior has continued in the Pahlavi governments - which changed the relations and formation of the government through modernization - also prove that personal interest is a habit that goes hand in hand with the changes in the structure of the government towards modernization. did not and as a result its habitual requirements have continued to reproduce this behavior in the political-administrative structure of contemporary Iran.
 
Key words: personal interest, atawarah, habitual requirements, political structure, modernization
 
Extended abstract
It is important to deal with political corruption in various research fields, including in relation to the issue of development. One of the main components of political corruption is "personal gain" and deviation from the pattern or rule related to political power must be for the personal benefit of the holder of political power to be considered political corruption (Golmohammadi, 2012). One of the issues related to political corruption in the public and scientific environment of Iran is the politicized view that this issue (political corruption) and in fact the hidden personal gain in it by highlighting the role of individuals (politicians and government officials) ) and explains based on their individual characteristics. Acknowledging the fact that individual characteristics such as class origin and character, personality type, the person's position in the power pyramid, etc. are effective on the personal interest of individuals in the government structure, it is stated that the mere or excessive emphasis, on the role of individuals and their individual characteristics prevents the understanding of the complex process of the occurrence of this behavior in the political-administrative structure, because the importance of dealing with the structure (network of mutual dependencies) that through behavioral-emotional patterns (social habits) not only allows the occurrence It gives people this behavior, but it is less likely to lead them to this behavior. The current research aims to investigate the personal interest in the political-administrative structure of contemporary Iran (among politicians and government officials) by focusing on the first Pahlavi government, which is the dividing line of modernism in the government structure in contemporary Iran. In fact, the question in this research is: How is the existence of personal gain in the political-administrative structure whose formation has been changed by modernizing measures explained? For this purpose and in accordance with the theory of Norbert Elias that "later states arose from previous formations and configurations" (Elias, 2012: 244), first the examples of this behavior in the states of the Qajar dynasty (without considering the constitution as a stream of modernization in The structure of the late Qajar states made some changes), and then we examine the modernist states of the first and second Pahlavi. This research is based on interpretative paradigm, and it was done with case-oriented approach and historical-analytical method. In this method, research is based on a type of context, temporality and causal conditions. The most fundamental difference that the historical-analytical method has with other methods is the type of research data and the way they are used. Although many sociologists and historians doubt the necessity of narrative in historical sociology, historical sociology recommends emphasizing the connection of a historical process that may not exist to reality, and this implies that the present includes the past; That is, the past that we intend to know more about is how the present has been reconstructed (Hamilton et al., 2008: 112). Based on this, historical analysis does not mean the use of data related to the past, but the narration of the sequence of events and contextual, temporal and processual analysis of historical events. Examining the examples shows the extent and continuity of personal gain in the political structure of the examined governments. Based on the extent (multiplicity) of this behavior, we concluded that this behavior is ongoing in the political structure of contemporary Iran as a habit that carries habitual requirements, and it should be explained accordingly. Based on its continuity, especially in the Pahlavi governments, which created a transformation in the relations and formation of the government with the strategy of modernization, we concluded by citing Elias' theory that this behavior (personality structure) has not changed along with the changes that happened in the government structure. , and as a result, its habitual requirements have persisted. The importance of explaining personal gain from the habitual aspect that leads to a more accurate understanding of the complex process of the occurrence of this behavior in the political structure of contemporary Iran is important because it is a necessary step in the direction of more targeted and correct intervention to correct this behavior.

Since the practical chemistry curriculum is one of the courses that curriculum designers want to combine with the principles of green chemistry, and this kind of attitude has become important in Iran for more than several years. In this study, we review several curricula designed by different universities in the field of practical organic chemistry  and examine the degree of compliance of designed programs with the principles of green chemistry and provide solutions to further adapt these programs to green chemistry. This research has been done by analytical-descriptive content analysis method. The statistical population includes five curricula in the field of practical training in organic chemistry 1 in the undergraduate course of the country's universities in the fields of chemistry, pharmacy, engineering, agriculture and natural resources between 1395 and 1398, which were randomly selected. Generally, among the five curricula prepared for the Organic Chemistry Lab 1 in the undergraduate course of the various branches studied in this study, the average number of more than 4 programs with seven principles of green chemistry shows a good compliance compared to previous curricula, one can take a serious approach to environmental protection and the impact that the introduction of the principles of green chemistry has on the practical chemistry education.

The construct of erotic woman in the history of Iran is a focal point in the history of sexuality. This study is designed to investigate when the woman become erotic using the genealogy. This article used two groups of historical documents: erotic pictures of the Safavid era, and written documents from this period. During the reign of King Abbas, the Great, a transition occurred from literary nudes to erotic nude in paintings. And since then, the images of women were presented with greater individuality in the organs. Towards the Late Safavid, nude images of women are continually symbolized the West. However, the question is not about the dualities of Western women and Persian women, but it is about the controversy between Christianity, Sufism, and Islam. Also numerous dissertations were written about this controversy. Therefore, nudity was attributed to the Western Christian woman. Through depicting female figures in solo paintings and murals, a new definition of femininity gradually began to emerge in the Persian man's imagination, and a kind of geographical shift in the Persian male desire was formed. The Christian woman become the object of Persian man 's longing, whose aftershocks were seen in the Qajar era more severely.

The field of chemistry education is one of the multidisciplinary trends that are defined in order to train a chemistry teacher for the second round of high school, which aims to acquire the knowledge, skills and competencies required for student-teachers. Teachers are the most important factor in preparing students in any education system, so teacher education reform is one of the necessities to improve the quality of the education system, including these reforms, revision of the education curriculum so that the teachers can acquire the necessary competence to teach. This article examines the topics discussed in the high school chemistry textbooks in the second round with approved topics in the field of chemistry education and its research method is descriptive-comparative in which it first examines specialized courses in the field of chemistry education. Then, the mentioned topics are compared with the topics mentioned in the textbooks of the second high school chemistry, and based on this comparison, the important topics in the chemistry education courses are identified.

Due to the importance of“the role of formal education institution in the socialization process” and “balanced attention between both rights and responsibilities in citizenship education”,the question is, how muchthe Social Civics textbooks, which define their main aim as nurture of the citizens, are successful in supporting the noted balance. Moreover, which items of citizenship are emphasized? And if there isa specific trend for citizenship education while student’s age, cognitive development and pages of the books are ascending? The following research will try toanswer this question, by utilizing the deductive content analysis method.Social Civics textbooks of primary school, third to sixth grade, and the first period of Secondary school,seventh to ninth grade, inthe year 2017-2018, form the Statistic society ofthe research which all of them were considered as sample.Findings of this research show that the citizenship teachings are responsibility-oriented. Moreover, between the multiple types of national citizenships, social citizenship is dominant player (42/4%) and gender citizenshipis the lowest share (3/8%). Moreover, civil (15%), environmental (13/8%), cultural (9/6%) and political (8%) citizenship lie between these two types respectively. At the same time, there is no specefic assending trend for citizenship education while pages of the books and age are assending

This study investigates the narratives of several chemistry teachers with different backgrounds about the positive and negative effects of textbook content change. The research in question is narrative and belongs to the notion of qualitative and interpretive research. The findings of this study, derived from the speeches and narratives of chemistry teachers, resulted from the question, "What are the positive and negative effects of changing the content of chemistry textbooks on the teaching process?" with 5 faculty members of Farhangian University and 10 teachers with more than 15 years of experience in chemistry. After collecting their opinions on the subject, these comments were reviewed and followed up. Some of the most important effects of changing textbook content are: mismatch of course content with class duration, multiple authorship of textbook content, inflexibility of teachers. Experience with new textbooks, increased student stress for entrance exams, more practical use of textbooks, and context-centered books that can affect the teaching process in various ways.

As the biggest metropolis of Iran, Tehran is among the most polluted cities of the world. Due to the detrimental effects of air pollution on health and environment, determining the exact pollutant and areas of pollution is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of MODIS data. This study measure particulate matter (particle pollution) in urban areas and make air quality maps using these data and the ground data. Data related to the pollutants pm10, o3, co, so2,pm2.5 in 1394 using simple kriging method as a method of  ground statistics in different modes were evaluated and maps of pollutants levels were drawn. In addition, satellite images of the first level and second level data of this sensor for qualitative and quantitative analysis of particulate matter was used in large areas. Then, using the Normalized Difference dust Index (NDDI) related to the first level data and parameters such as optical depth and Angstrom view related to the second level data, their correlation and RMSE with ground data related to the pollutant PM10was calculated. Results indicate that there was proper correlation between satellite images parameters and ground measurements. Discussion and This correlation indicates the images ability of this sensor to detect atmospheric dust. Also, in this study the role of meteorological parameters influencing air pollution was investigated and results indicate that the dominant pollutant index in the year94, was the particulate matter pm2—.5and PM10.Continuous stability of weather condition is among the effective factors that increase the density of pollutants that leads to the pollutants accumulation.

social safety feeling, in the era of globalization of information, as one of the most prominent features of the new age has had a dramatic effect on all areas of human activities, especially in using cyber- networks. Cyber- networks, as a wave which no space and civilization can resist them, have challenged social safety in societies. The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between interpersonal trust and social safety feeling in social cyber-networks among college students. This research is done by using survey method and researcher-made questionnaire tool. Statistical community of this study is women students of Shahid Beheshti and Alzahra Universities and the sampling size, according to Cochran formula, is 376 persons among 18097 people. research findings show that the amount of social safety feeling in cyber-networks is in a medium to low level, there is a medium direct relationship between interpersonal trust and the amount of social safety feeling in cyber-networks. The results of regression analysis show that 20.3% of changes occurred, in social cyber- networks, to the variable of social safety feeling amount has been explained by the interpersonal trust variable. More interpersonal trust, more safety feeling experience in social cyber-networks. As much confidence as possible between individual students at the highest levels of social networking experience will be felt. Otherwise, they will feel secure on them.

Today, the debate over the foundations of democracy good or not, but the debate over what is better and more efficient form of democracy? And what is the democratic criterion of individual actions. Global developments in the last quarter of the twentieth century until the present, given the breadth and scope that encompasses much of the world and also deepening it in different layers of society - both of which are features of globalization - reducing the role and functions of government and the emergence of new conditions for the transition to democracy and democratic government and is specialized. Nowadays patterns "participatory democracy and self-determination" as the latest theories on democracy patterns have emerged. Democracy is much wider than its previous models of these patterns and even patterns of liberal representative democracy, because more focus on the contributions of individuals to determine their destiny. This paper has reviewed and analyzed over the course of the evolution of the field of view of the great theorists.

There is an interaction between the society and language in which the sociocultural characteristics of different groups are reflected. Therefore, the language could be a tool for understanding these subcultural and social characteristics. This article aims at exploring the relations between colloquial language (slang) of youth and dominant discourse of the society and social institutions and examining the role and function of this informal language as well. Our theoretical framework is a combination of Bakhtin's carnival theory and the relations between language and power in Ferklauf's discourse. The gathered data is analyzed by using discourse analysis and Ferklauf's analytical pattern. The research population was the personal blogs (live blogs) of youths aged 15-29 from 2006 to 2009. Besides, we selected 30 blog texts as a sample by the use of a purposive sampling method. Finally, we came to the conclusion that the colloquial language is not used similarly and homogenously in youth subculture; conversely, based on the social space of its usage, this language is used differently. This informal language as a carnival language challenges the dominant order and social institutions and resists the dominant ideological norms and values in secret. This carnivalian resistance shows itself variously in different cultural and ideological spaces in the city.

Although most of reports on Bani Saede΄s Saqifa Exist in the primary sources indicating the political participation of Mohajers and Ansar, which is also the subject of the current paper, shows that the Mohajers and Ansar were unaware about the happenings in medina hence; they could not actively take part in the later political process. About 3000 people from elite Mohajers and Ansar who with the decree of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) required to serve under Osma΄s division, were camping at a place called "Jorf" about 5km away from medina and were prepared to dispatch to Syria. In the meantime, a messenger from Medina gave the news about the demise of Prophet Mohammad and Osama along with some of his companions returned to medina. Although some of the narratives quoting Wagedi and Ibn A΄sam tell that the whole army unit returned to Medina after the prophet΄s demise, however; the others like Khalifath Ibn Khayyat, Tabari, Ibn A΄sam, Abdullah b. Mohammad al -Baghavi, Maqdesi, Ibn Asaker indicate that the complete unit could not return at the point of time. This army unit, by the first measure of the Caliph, was immediately rushed to Syria and left unaware about the incident in medina. The absence of elite Mohajers and Ansar, brigade for about 40 or 70 days after the demise of Prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) was the most important factor that led to establishment of the caliphate as most of them were not present during the Caliph΄s dealing with opponents of allegiance in Medina.

Domination of thetraditionaldiscoursein Qajar era created the discoursesandsubdiscourses amongdifferent groupsof society that emerged as resistance against traditional discourse. Amongthese sub discourseswere sub discourses ofthe womenthatcamein the shadowof somediscourses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze women’s resistance sub discourses, their challenges and interactions from a sociological standpoint through studying their writings and publications in Qajar era. In this study we aim to address the following questions:What topics were the women concerned with regarding the rethinking of their situation during the Qajar era? To what categories and sub-discourses they belong and what ideologies govern their discourses?In succeeding the official discourse of the Qajar era what positions did they achieve? The analysisof women’s sub-discourses show that radical sub-discourse aims to createfundamentalchanges, while the moderate sub-discourse follows the available demands.

This paper tries to assess the strata structure of Iran urban society by using We berian approach in Islamic republic of Iran during the two decades of 1970s-1980s. Based on this approach, the strata structure is assessed in three dimensions: economic activity instrument, expert and capacity, and life opportunities. The historical methodology was used and data sources were 1986 and 1996 by Iran Statistics Centre. Investigation results showed, in spite of implementing the development programs after the revolution, traditional rapport has been dominated between the employers, and the independent personnel of this traditional rapport has been increased after the revolution. Medial strata has been increased as a result of medial expansion politics of the government, especially in the governmental section. But in the private section has come down because of underling staff and employee activities.

Public sphere and social ethics are always among the basic topics of sociology discussions. The main hypothesis of this study is that «action in the public sphere» is an effective factor on increasing the experience of shame as social ethics. For examining the relationship between these two, Hannah Arendt's «Public sphere theory» and Morris Rosenberg's «Reflective evaluation» principles were used. The model considered in this study includes freedom belief, plurality, private self-disclosure and public self-disclosure, which are participated as effective variables (in two forms: directed and indirected) on the experience of shame. Statistical population of this study includes the students of Tehran University at undergraduate, graduate and PhD degrees. 400 of them were selected by quota sampling for responding using proportional size method. The required data were collected using survey and questionnaire methods. The results of statistical analysis showed that student's public self-disclosure, freedom belief, plurality, gender and education degree have significant impacts on the experience of shame as social ethics. Only the significant effect of private self-disclosure was not confirmed statistically.

The collapse of Fatimids and the Ayyubid's coming to power in 567 AH was the beginning of a process which transferred a lot of achievements of Islamic civilization from Iran into Egypt. In other word, the replacement of Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate with a sunni
sultanate loyal to Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad caused constructive relationships between the sunni Iran and the sunni Egypt. An important aspect of this relationship was the migration of some groups of Iranian 'ulama into Egypt who were there mainly involved in the recently changed system of education and the new sunni court of Ayyubids. This migration not only transferred a lot of achievements of Islamic civilization into Egypt, but also caused some political, intellectual and social evolutions there and introduced a new class of sunni elite in Egyptian society.

This research is going to examine the amount of adaptation or non - adaptation of formal gender identity among the different ethnics and to analysis this, it wants to answer these questions that ''Do material and nonmaterial resources of identity relate with adaptation of formal gender identity or not''? And is there any difference between the ethnics of Turks, loves and Kords in the amount of adaptation or non- adaptation of formal gender identity? Experiential method was used for answering these questions. Statistical population of the project is 377 girl and boy students aged 18-29 years. The were in the in Bachelor's degree from among the three ethnics of Kurd/Lor/Turk residing in the dormitories of Tehran universities. The Sampling method was quota and questionnaires have were tools of information gathering. The results of analysis indicated that there is a relation between the identity resources and the amount of adaptation of formal gender the identity. Among identity resources, religiosity, ethnic gender stereotype and gender explained the most changes of dependant variable. Kurds had the least and Lors had the most adaptation of formal gender identity.

The present research is an effort to consider the impact of globalization on reflectivity of gender interaction of Iranian university students. The statistical society of this research consistsof University of Tehran studentsat three levels of bachelor, master, and doctorate. We selected 275 students through cluster sampling to take part in the survey and fill the questionnaire which was our data collection tool in this research. The main hypothesis was exploring a significant relevance between the reflectivity of gender interactions of Iranian students and the globalization which has been supported by four sub hypotheses of personalization and individualization of gender interactions, acceptance of new patterns, experiencing different level of sexual relations, and, friendship with the opposite sex. We indexed and examined the sub hypotheses too.According to calculation of Pearson’s correlation, research findings are very explanatory for a strong impact of the globalization (mainly through visual medium) on gender interactions of university students in multi-aspect elements and compilations.