علی زنگی آبادی

Economic resilience to natural disasters, which is actually how economic capacities affect disasters, is one of the issues that must be considered in any society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards economic resilience and how to analyze it on the one hand, plays a key role in how to recognize the current situation resilience and its causes, and on the other hand also affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to rank the economic resilience of new urban Habitations in the ​​Isfahan Metropolitan against earthquake risk. Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is "descriptive-analytical". The statistical population of this study includes 6 new urban Habitations of Shahin shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan shahr, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Shahid Keshvari. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in the research literature section, information has been collected through the library method. According to the results obtained from ASI in this study, the new urban Habitations of Baharestan, Majlesi, Fooladshahr, Shahid Keshvari, Sepahan Shahr and Shahin Shahr have the first to sixth ranks in terms of economic resilience to earthquake risk, respectively. In order to reduce the adverse effects of earthquake risk, pay attention to the economic capacity of the studied Habitations and reduce the economic risk factors in each community, economic resilience should be considered to avoid financial losses caused by these possible accidents.

The present study aims to identify the key drivers effective in medical tourism development inIsfahan metropolis. The applied study employed documentary and survey data collection methodsand analytical and exploratory research methods. The statistical population consisted of 35 expertsin urban tourism planning, city managers and researchers in the field of tourism who were selectedvia a snowball sampling technique. Delphi method was used to collect the data of this research, andMicMac software was employed for data analysis. The results of the distribution of variables in thecause-effect (x-y) axis of factors indicate the instability of the system in medical tourismdevelopment in the study area. Finally, according to the high score of direct and indirect effects, 9main factors were identified as key drivers in the future development of medical tourism in themetropolis of Isfahan.

Considering the importance and position of rural tourism and creative approach in the development of the future rural of Iran, and also considering the lack of a study in the field of Creativity-Based Rural Tourism based on a future-oriented perspective; How to conduct such a research is questionable. Therefore, the main goal of article is to present the framework of the proposed model for the strategic foresight of the development of Iran's Creativity-Based Rural Tourism in horizon of 2045.

This article based on the purpose, is developmental and applied type and is among qualitative, interpretive, exploratory, inductive, survey and descriptive researches. The statistical population includes literature related to the research title published from 2000 to 2020. Information sampling method and representative sampling method were used. The statistical sample consists of 40 studies. To collectting data and information, the survey and qualitative trend extrapolation methods were used, and meta-analysis method was used for analysis.

The proposed model consisting of 3 stages. The input phase is intellectual and software in nature and with the purpose of preparation. The intellectualization stage includes knowledge acquisition, integration and intellectualization, and finally creation as an output that includes two tangible products and intangible.

In the mentioned proposed model, the intended platform for the realization of the model is a collaborative, networked, flexible and sliding platform, creativity-oriented and based on continuous education (pluralism and connoisseurship), and the factor of imagination and creativity plays a prominent role in design and implementation.

Resilience can provide the necessary platform to create a safe and appropriate environment against environmental hazards for all citizens. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of good urban governance for the realization of earthquake-resistant city in the new urban Habitations of Isfahan metropolitan area.

Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is "descriptive-analytical". This research is applied in terms of purpose and in the research literature section to collect information from documentary and library methods and to collect information using the field method, a questionnaire has been distributed among experts and managers of the studied Habitations.

The results of the partial ranking show that in terms of the feasibility of the resilient city based on the components of good urban governance in the Isfahan Metropolitan, Majlesi Habitation with the sum of option 3 in the first place and Baharestan, Shahin Shahr, Sepahan shahr, Shahid Keshvari and Fooladshahr 6, 9, 12, 14 and 17 are ranked second to sixth, respectively.

Paying attention to good urban governance as a suitable platform for the realization of a resilient city is one of the most important issues that should be considered in the field of urban planning.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The air pollution is caused by different factors such as centralization, increased traffic and incorrect location of the spatial pattern, consumption of fossil fuels, lack of rules and regulations for limiting industrial areas and nonobservance to the environmental guidelines. Sometimes, these factors are intensified because of the climatic factors. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between the residential urban factors and Tehran's air pollution and to determine the extent of their importance. The intended techniques found through radar data showed that the physical pattern and the consequences of the urban planning system are considered some of the effective structures in increasing the air pollution in Tehran. Hence, the correlation coefficient between the height environment of urban buildings and constructions (the third dimension of the city) and Tehran's air pollution was calculated to be 0.86. In other words, in the case of proper planning or with the possibility of modifying the structure of the height environment in city up to 86%, it is possible to adjust and control the air pollution. The results were in line with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles and carbon monoxide regarding urban land use, industries, commercial centers, transportation, organizations and health centers and had the highest coefficient of determination with the spatial pattern of Tehran' air pollution. Considering the traffic, the index had the highest correlation with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles. Meanwhile, in the dangerous and unhealthy parts of the spatial pattern, a large number of nodal points with little distances formed traffic channels. Thus, by identifying these channels and managing urban traffic, the air pollution can be controlled to a larger extent. It should be mentioned that because of the impossibility of decreasing or eliminating driving forces in the creation or intensification of the air pollution, the residential environment of Tehran can be directed toward an appropriate environmental pattern by changing or maintaining the structures and functions through a change in the patterns of macro-urban management and the urban planning models consistent with the human functions and spatial pattern.

Resilience Against Earthquake, which is actually how geographical, societal, economic, institutional, and so on societies are affected by disasters, is one of the issues that should be addressed in every society. It is important to note that the type of attitude toward resilience and how it is analyzed on the one hand plays a key role in how resilience is understood and its causes and on the other hand it affects the policies and measures of risk reduction and how to deal with it. The purpose of this study was to classify new urban Habitations of Isfahan city against earthquake hazard. According to the investigated components and the nature of the issue, the approach that is used in this research is "descriptive-analytical". The statistical population of this research consists of 6 new Habitations of Shahin Shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan Shahr, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Shahid Keshvari Township. The purpose of this research is practical and has been done in the literature and Library of research for data collection through library method. In this study, the authors sought to answer the question of what is the level of resilience of new urban Habitations in Isfahan urban area against earthquake? Based on the results of this study, the new Habitations of Shahin shahr, Shahid Keshvari, Baharestan, Fooladshahr, Sepahan Shahr and Majlesi with desirable functions of 0.889, 0.335, 0.300, 0.279, 0.275 and 0.272 respectively have Ranks 1 to 6 in social resilience against earthquake risk.

One of the problems that has always threatened the life of urban communities for centuries is the occurrence of natural disasters that if left unattended and unprepared, cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life, including residential, social, economic, etc.. In the world, 40 types of natural disasters have been identified, 31 of which have occurred in Iran. Among these natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters that pose a threat to the development of society and as one of the major disasters, causing various physical, social, and economic damages around the world every year. Until the 1980s, the prevailing approach to global crisis management was based on reducing vulnerability, but since the 1980s, efforts have been made to change the prevailing crisis management paradigm; the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing disaster resilience. In this new paradigm, the shift from reactivity to deterrence and participation has changed. In the meantime, managerial-institutional resilience against natural disasters (earthquakes), which is actually how the administrative and executive capacities of societies are affected by disasters, is one of the issues that should be considered in every society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and the way of its analysis, on the one hand, plays a key role in how to recognize the current situation of resilience and its causes, and on the other hand, affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it.

The purpose of this research is to compile effective scenarios for improving the resilience of new Habitations in Isfahan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method; it is a combination of documentary and survey methods and future research. Investigations have shown that based on possible situations, 10,040 scenarios have been identified to study the resilience of new Habitations in the Metropolitan Isfahan Isfahan against the risk of earthquakes. Of these scenarios, 9999 weak scenarios, 36 high compatibility or believable scenarios and 5 strong scenarios have been identified. Thirty-six scenarios with high compatibility can be divided into four groups according to their proximity, and each group includes several scenarios with almost common characteristics despite the small difference in one or more situations among the 15 key factors. These four groups represent the general framework of the situations governing the future resilience of the studied habitations. According to the results of the examination of different groups of scenarios in this research, scenario number 1 in the first group of scenarios has been introduced as a favorable scenario due to having favorable and complete conditions. Also, among the key factors studied, the collective justice factor, with an average of -4 and a total score of -144, is the most critical key factor in the studied scenarios.

The formation of balanced pattern of urban network based on the small cities is a basic step for suitable distribution of facilities and services and leads to a spatially arranged distribution of the population and human settlements on the national scale, as well as, with the forming of such cities, the chain of big cities, towns and villages will be completed. The purpose of this research is to investigate and spatial analyzing the status of the urban spatial system of Ilam province in the periods from 1355 to 1395 by using the evaluation models of urban system analysis such as; Ziff's rank- size law, adjusted rank- size model, entropy coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, two-city index, Mehta index, first city concentration index, Herfindahl concentration index, Henderson centralization index. The method of collecting information and data was done using the non-field method; a library based on the necessary data from Statistical Centre of Iran between 1355 to 1395 years. The results of the research shows that the spatial system of the cities of Ilam province has an unbalanced pattern; the low role and position of small cities in the urban hierarchical system of the Ilam province despite low population and high numbers of small cities, the superior political-administrative position of Ilam city are the most important characteristics of urban network of ilam province. These factors cause to move of population from small towns to Ilam city to access the few facilities and services available in Ilam city, therefore this factor has exacerbated the gap in the hierarchical system of Ilam province between small-towns and Ilam city. Interventional actions of the government in order to strengthen small towns through increasing provincial credits in order to strengthen small cities and develop educational, health-care, infrastructure, IT technologies, road infrastructure, creating job opportunities, housing development, decentralization Administrative and political orientation are the most important solutions in order to adjust the urban system of the province.

Among natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters that pose a threat to the development of the society. Each year, it causes various physical, social, and economic damage around the world. The consequences of an earthquake, both in terms of recurrence and in terms of the damage it causes, affect society. Because, on the one hand, earthquakes contribute to the lack of security for residents at risk, and on the other hand, they reduce the risk of achieving sustainable development. Therefore, earthquakes, both psychologically and financially, due to the speed of occurrence and the volume of destruction, have devastating effects and are at the forefront of natural disasters. Until the 1980s, the dominant approach to crisis management worldwide was based on reducing vulnerability, but since the 1980s, efforts have been made to change the prevailing crisis management paradigm. Thus, the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing disability resilience. In this new paradigm, the shift from reactivity to deterrence and participation has changed. Meanwhile, analyzing the interaction of earthquake resilience variables to identify key factors is one of the issues that should be considered in any society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and how it is analyzed, on the one hand, plays a key role in how resilience recognizes the current situation and its causes, and on the other hand, affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. Therefore, analyzing the interaction of resilience variables against earthquakes and reducing their effects according to the results will be of great importance.

The aims of the present study were 1) to investigate and analyze the tools of urban management that affects the integrated management of the historical texture of Shiraz City and 2) the effects and role of each of these tools, such as organizations, rules and regulations, financial resources, infrastructures of information, and human resources, on urban management of this part of Shiraz metropolis. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical. Furthermore, required data was extracted through field study and library research techniques. The research instruments were interview and questionnaire, which was distributed through the snowball method among the statistical population. Statistical analysis of the data was also done through SPSS, Amos Graphic and Smart PLS software using the Variance- and Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). The findings of this research show that the mean score of variables in the current situation is lower than the average. The results of the structural equation also illustrate that all urban management tools have direct effects on the integrity of the historical texture of Shiraz city. In this regard, the role of organizational and legal agents is more significant than other tools. To realize integrated urban management in the historical texture of Shiraz metropolis, all urban management tools should be improved and enhances. In particular, the gap of existing laws should be resolved and inter-institutional co-operation should be strengthened, furthermore, information and information infrastructures such as Web GIS and SDI should be improved and then be used to facilitate purpose of interest.

 The mission of scientific journals is to publish scientific articles and disseminate information and the results of research about current developments in a scientific field. Today, the quantity and quality of scientific articles and journals published in a country are considered indicators of development and scientific credibility at the international level. One of the development main factors in any country is the amount of production and impact of scientific publications in that country. The Geographical Researches journal is one of the most credible journals of geography that has an important role in the expansion of this science. Therefore, the function of this journal and its strengths and weaknesses are the effective step in its development and progress. The purpose of this study was to review the articles published in the Geographical Research Journal in terms of thematic orientation, duration from reviewing to publishing, number of authors, and analysis of quantitative and qualitative content of articles.

  All articles were reviewed from 2010 to 2020. The research community contained 500 articles. Data were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS 22, Excel, and ArcGIS software and qualitatively by MAXQDA software.

 Findings of the research include two parts: a quantitative and descriptive review of the submitted articles and classification of them in the first step and then qualitative studies and content analysis of the articles' keywords in different fields and sections.

 The results indicate a reduction in the time of acceptance to the publication of articles and a high share of provinces such as Isfahan, Tehran, and Khorasan Razavi in ​​submitting articles to this quarterly, other results were presented along with statistical analysis.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing and dynamic industries in the world. Destination branding is a means to obtain competitive advantages, highlighting and differentiating destinations and companies from their competitors. A strong and lasting image in the tourist mind of the tourism destination can lead to the creation of a tourism brand.The current research examines the factors influencing brand equity of Isfahan tourism from the perspective of domestic tourists by emphasizing the brand's image. The statistical population comprises the total number of domestic tourists in Isfahan in the period from August to November 2019. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire, the data analysis is carried out by using Amos 23 software; moreover, the method of factor analysis is confirmatory. The results of the study show that the factor loading of categories related to the whole brand equity of Isfahan tourism questionnaire are in a relatively favorable condition. In other words, the correlation of the total brand equity of Isfahan tourism with the factors related to this average variable is high. In addition, the coefficient between brand image and Isfahan brand equity shows that it has had the greatest impact on Isfahan brand equity. Moreover, the three components of brand awareness, perceived quality and brand loyalty are in the second rank since there are no significant differences between them. Isfahan brand image is the main factor in the Brand equity of Isfahan tourism brand. Isfahan historical landscape is the highest evaluated item in Isfahan brand image.

Traditional bazaars in Iranian - Islamic cities are considered as the backbone and beating heart of the cities. Isfahan’s bazaar, like other traditional bazaars of Iran, is the most important center of trade and commerce in Isfahan, and even Iran, which is located in the center of the old texture of the city. Today, the continuously increasing population and urban development, together with the old texture of bazaar as well as its intertwined and narrow paths have all increased the vulnerability of bazaar. This situation would get even more complex and complicated if some hazards such as fire, water pipe explosion, gas line explosion, earthquakes or human disasters such as social crises happen.

The main purpose of this study is to review and analyze the vulnerability of the buildings of Isfahan’s traditional bazaar.

The research method is descriptive - analytic and survey. This study was done in the area of commercial and service units of Isfahan’s bazaar, from Hassan-Abad bazaar in the southeast of Imam Square to Jame’ Mosque in the northwest of this part of the city.

Data were collected through library and Internet resources and field survey of the commercial units. Then, through applying these elements into the base maps of Isfahan’s municipalities and using 6 indicators (exhaustion, age, population density, building density, number of floors and compressed texture), the vulnerability status of bazaar was analyzed within the Arc GIS area by Spatial Analyst technique.

The results of the study showed that: According to the indicators used, Isfahan’s Bazaar and its surrounding areas have high vulnerability, and most of the physical space of bazaar is not in good condition. 70% of the buildings around the bazaar ages more than 30 years. The physical quality of the area is not good (only 7.2% are new). Network access in this area is not efficient enough at crisis times. Based on the findings of the present study and the bazaar’s vulnerability map, we concluded that the Bazaar’s texture has a high vulnerability at times of crisis and the most important factor that increases its vulnerability is the quality, the age of the buildings and the inefficient access to the network.

Introduction:

 In the face of the increasing competitiveness of the tourism industry, destination tourism brand emerges as an important asset determining tourism destination identity. Attention to the urban landscape and planning is one of the most important factors that can greatly impact the urban brand. Urban landscape initially attracted the attention of the tourists. In a competitive environment, cities try to gain more market share, outstanding talent, and global attention. The main resources and attractions that are the key motivators for traveling and visiting a destination are divided into eight categories: 1- Environmental attractions (natural and human-made landscapes) 2- Culture and history 3- souvenirs and handicrafts 4-customs 5-celebrities 6-food 7- festivities and events 8-Tourism infrastructures. Apart from their role in shaping the form of the city, good and prominent urban landscapes serve as a tool for governments to increase their ability to attract tourists and global investments. Cities with a favorable visual environment can enhance their mental image and strengthen civic pride by expanding the audience's aesthetic experience. In such a competitive environment, paying attention to the urban brand is more important than ever. Urban and tourism managers have realized that to promote tourism, they must pay attention to various aspects of urban branding. The urban landscape is one of the factors that greatly impact the urban brand and its development and progress. This study investigates the role of the Isfahan urban landscape in the tourism brand of this city. This study investigates the role of Isfahan urban landscape in the tourism brand of the city. The main purpose of this study was to Explain the Interaction of Tourism brand equity and Urban Landscape from the Perspective of Foreign Tourists and prioritize the factors affecting the Isfahan tourism brand equity.

Data and Method:

 With a rich historical, cultural, artistic, natural background, Isfahan city is one of Iran's most important tourist destinations. The present study is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytic and survey concerning the method. The statistical population of the survey includes all foreign tourists who visited the city of Isfahan in 2019. The study sample based on Cochran's formula is 383 foreign tourists. In this research, by using the brand equity model, we validate the Isfahan tourism brand by emphasizing the city perspective from the view of foreign tourists. The data collection method is a questionnaire, and that of data analysis is by using Amos 23 software; In order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Gronbach's alpha was used, which is 0.89 for this questionnaire and indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. The method of factor analysis is confirmatory.

Results:

 Brand image is the closest step to brand formation. A brand image is a perception of the brand reflected in the customer's mind by brand associates. A brand image does not have to be an objective image. The study results indicate that Isfahan's brand image has the most role in Isfahan's tourism brand equity. Also, historical attractions, cultural attractions, and handicrafts sequentially show the Isfahan branding image from the perspective of foreign tourists.

Conclusions :

The image of Isfahan tourist destination in foreign tourists' view is an image of a historical tourist destination. Historical landscape, natural landscape, and handicrafts in the case of Isfahan are considered competitive advantages; Especially the first one is a distinctive and unique feature of Isfahan compared to competing destinations. Improving and increasing the quality of the landscape affects the urban brand directly and has high power in attracting tourists and different investors. The urban landscape is one factor that greatly influences the urban brand and its development and progress.

Paying attention to urban landscape is one of the main and most significant factors that can have a great effect on urban brand. Compared to other cities, tourist cities depend more on the quality of the urban landscape. Since what initially attracts individual's attention is the urban landscape; moreover, it makes the first judgments about the city in the minds of tourists. The city of Isfahan with a rich historical, cultural, artistic, natural background, etc. is one of the most significant tourist destinations in Iran. With the purpose of explaining the urban landscape tourism brand, this research investigates 100 landscapes of Isfahan by an expert evaluation including historical landscape, natural landscape, cultural landscape and so on from two objective and subjective dimensions and based on 25 indices. Cluster analysis method has been used for clustering landscapes; furthermore, clustering analysis has been applied by using SPSS software in order to analyze the objective and subjective characteristics of landscapes. The results indicate that the historical-natural landscape of Isfahan has the highest score among the clusters; in addition, there is a significant relationship between the objective dimension of the landscape (physical and functional aspects) and the semantic (subjective) dimension of it.

The most important factor in the urban textures vulnerability during an earthquake is the physical characteristics such as the age of the building, materials, number of floors, width and the degree of vulnerability. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the vulnerability analysis of Gorgan texture in terms of physical indices and comparison of the its central and peripheral regions against the earthquake. In this research, cluster and Rao method (R.H.C) was used. The research statistical population consisted of 400 buildings in Gorgan which is determined by the Cochran formula. The findings of the research show that Based on the results of regression correlation test, the relationship between the vulnerability variable and width of the passageway is direct and medium, with type of materials is strong direct, with the number of floors is strong direct. Finally, the relationship between the variable of vulnerability with the number of units in buildings is the direct and poor. Based on regression method, the building materials and number of floors, the age of the building, access to the passageway, and finally the number of residential units in the building have the greatest impact on physical texture vulnerability of the urban areas respectively. The results of the physical vulnerability comparison of Gorgan city the central and peripheral textures indicate that the density average of residential units (equivalent to 1.92) is lower in the central texture. The age of the central texture building (more than 2/31) is higher. The floors of peripheral texture building (up to 1/29) are higher. In terms of unit’s accessibility index, the peripheral texture average is 2.33, so the buildings of this section have more accessible access to wider passages. The final index of the buildings vulnerability in the central and peripheral area indicates that the peripheral texture average is 2.42 and, consequently, the buildings of this section are less vulnerable.

Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability Clusters in Physical Texture of Gorgan city against Earthquake Using Spatial StatisticsExtended abstract IntroductionEarthquake is one of the most natural hazards dangerous, destructive and unpredictable of the city. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's surface is in high seismic risk area and 10% of human-caused mortality is due to earthquake disasters. Golestan province, except the second-ranking provinces, is the earthquake hazard and in its category the first high-risk area. In general, four main theories are related to the vulnerability of cities. First, the human ecology theory that has emphasized the unbreakable bonding of biophysical processes and social processes. Second, the theory of political economy, which have integrated macro and micro perspectives and provides a better analytical framework for complexity and dependence comprehensive understanding of vulnerability-causing factors. Third, the theory of community-oriented compatibility, this theory is based on Identification, assistance and the implementation of community-based activities that have strengthen the capacity of local people to adapt to life in a risky and unpredictable situation. Fourth, Resilience which is the capacity or ability of the community to predict, prepare, respond and quickly against the effects and consequences of disaster. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's area has placed in high-risk seismic zone and 10% of the human losses resulting from the disaster is as a result of the earthquake. Golestan province is among the second-ranking provinces of the earthquake hazard and in its category is province first of high risk. The results of the surveys show that 840 earthquakes have been registered in Golestan and many areas of the province are susceptible to landslide. Seismic zoning maps has show that Golestan province has four zones, regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits. These zones have included of areas with very high, high, medium and low of seismic hazard. Gorgan has located in very very high and high areas. Accordingly, the aim of present research is measurement and spatial analysis of vulnerability clusters in physical texture of Gorgan city in critical conditions in order to points determination of immediate intervention. Seismic zoning maps for seismic rock placement, based on the background of the accelerated movement of the earth's powerful movement for the return period of 475 and 2475 years, show that regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits, Golestan province has four zones, areas with high, high, medium and The city of Gorgan is low in many areas. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Determinants criteria of physical texture vulnerability degree in Gorgan were investigated in five criteria including of number of floors, fineness, age of buildings and materials. After evaluating the criteria and converting them to comparable and standard scales, has been used from Analytic Network Analysis (ANP) for relative weight determination of each criterion. Prioritization of the indicators was done according to expert opinions and evaluation of the indicators. Finally, blocks have been classified with the VIKOR model in terms of vulnerability and was produced the physical vulnerability map of building units at the urban blocks level of Gorgan city. Then, was carried out vulnerable spatial clusters analysis of Gorgan city through the Getis-Ord model. Results and discussionThe results of the study show that the highest and the least effective factors in the vulnerability assessment of the Gorgan city blocks were related respectively to the index of building materials with weight (0/425), and the index of pettyness with a weight (0/126). Based on the results of the VIKOR model, the highest degree of physical vulnerability is related to the central and somewhat southern parts of Gorgan. Also, the eastern and western regions and somewhat north of the city have a better status in this index. The Hotspot analysis shows clearly the gap between the center, the south and the margins of the eastern and western regions with other parts of the city of Gorgan. As a result, the central and southern regions and the margins of the eastern and western regions of Gorgan are in an inappropriate situation in terms of vulnerability during the earthquake. At the same time, the northern, western and eastern parts of the city have less damage during the earthquake due to the physical characteristics of the building ConclusionResearches such as Ródenas et al(2018), Rusydi et al (2017), Ianoș et al (2017), Kushe et al(2017), Mehraban Motlagh and Motamedi (2018) and Paivastehgar et al (2017) has focused on the zoning of vulnerable sites in cities such as Palu, Bucharest, Karonga, Shiraz and Imamzadeh Hasan Tehran. However, the present study has also focused on spatial analysis of the vulnerable zones of Gorgan and the determination of clusters. At the same time, this research has not neglected to focus on vulnerability zoning. The comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan indicate that the central region has less residential units than the peripheral region of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part are more ancient. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral buildings are better in terms of access to passages and are wider than the central part of the city of Gorgan. In general, the buildings of peripheral parts are less vulnerable than the central part of the Gorgan city. In this regard, the following suggestions have been made: The establishment of crisis management centers and emergency services in the west and east of the city, preventing congestion, especially in hazardous areas, opening roads and giving incentives to worn-out buildings regeneration by the government and the municipality.By comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan, it can be concluded that the central area has less residential units than the periphery of the city of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part of the old age are more. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral building buildings are better off in terms of access to passages.

Landscape is considered as an objective-subjective phenomenon that is the result of human interaction with the environment, society or history. Landscape interpretation and reading can depend on the values and beliefs of individuals, so it is said that landscape tastes are also a reflection of nationality. The importance of landscape in tourism studies began when some researchers considered urban landscape as a link interface between tourists and urban attractions. Over the past decades, there has been widespread interest in the image of the country and the image of the destination in both international marketing and tourism. However, limited research in the field of tourism has examined the differences and interactions between landscape and tourism. Tourists consider the destination of tourism as a perceptual concept that can be interpreted subjectively and through experience. A strong and sustainable image created in the tourist's mind from the tourist destination can lead to the creation of a tourism brand. Urban branding in many cities, especially tourist destinations, is one of the management priorities. In a competitive environment, cities try to gain more market share, outstanding talent and global attention. Good and prominent urban landscapes, apart from their role in shaping the form of the city, serve as a tool for governments to increase their ability to attract tourists and global investment. Cities with a favorable visual environment are able to enhance their mental image and strengthen civic pride by increasing the aesthetic experience of the visitors. In such a competitive environment, paying attention to the urban brand is more important than ever. In fact, urban and tourism managers have realized that in order to promote tourism, they must pay attention to various aspects of urban branding. Urban landscape is one of the factors with a great impact on the urban brand and its development and progress.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban landscape from the perspective of domestic and foreign tourists in order to explain the tourism brand in the destination image scale. Therefore, among the 6 main indicators that can define the competitive advantage and brand identity of a place, including historical landscape, natural landscape, souvenirs and handicrafts, customs, celebrities and food, examine the situation of Isfahan from the perspective of domestic and foreign tourists and image of Isfahan brand based on the characteristics of the destination brand image. In this way, we will examine the most enduring image of Isfahan in the minds of the visitors.
This article examines the visual knowledge of domestic and foreign tourists from Isfahan

The city of Isfahan with a rich historical, cultural, artistic, natural background, etc. is one of the most significant tourist destinations in Iran. Isfahan is a city in central Iran, south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province. The city became the capital of Iran in the 16th century during the Safavid dynasty and flourished.
There are many works of art, architecture, and history in the city of Isfahan. But there are three very important monuments in this city that have a global value and are considered part of the human heritage. One is the Naghsh-e Jahan Square Complex, the other is the Atigh Grand Mosque, and the third is the Chehel Sotoun Palace. These three valuable works are among the World Heritage Sites of Isfahan that have been registered in the UNESCO list. All three of these monuments are a stunning representation of Islamic art and architecture in Iran.
As a hub of art and architecture of Iran, especially in Islamic period, Isfahan became the twin town to other famous cultural cities in the world which Flagrance of Italy and Barcelona in Spain are two of them. Isfahan joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a creative city of handicrafts and folk arts in 2015. In the same year, Isfahan was also selected by the World Crafts Council as the World Crafts City. Becoming a member of a selected group of cities that have chosen creativity as a key driver for their sustainable urban development, improved the international image of Isfahan.
The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey with regard to a method. The statistical population of the study includes all tourists who visited the city of Isfahan in 2019. The study sample based on Cochran's formula is 384 tourists, including 307 domestic tourists and 77 foreign tourists from August to November 2019. After conducting library studies and forming the research literature, a questionnaire consisting of two visual and non-visual sections was prepared. In the visual questions section, according to the visit statistics of the Cultural Heritage Organization and the questionnaire of the experts of the Cultural Heritage Organization, 30 images of the sights and tourist places of Isfahan were randomly arranged in colored form. Tourists were asked to carefully prioritize the images based on their knowledge and interest in each image and review their recorded mental images.
Also 16 indicators of Isfahan brand image including natural landscape and beautiful scenery, recreational and mountain spaces, quiet urban environment, suitable space for rest, favorable weather, events and celebrations, historical attractions and sights, cultural attractions, hospitable people, local food, handicrafts, appropriate shopping facilities, suitable adventure spaces, celebrities and artists, and fascinating and mysterious stories in the form of questions in a 5-part Likert scale were rated by respondents from very low to very high. Friedman test was used to rank the images and the scores were analyzed in the tourism destination brand image.

According to the prioritization of images by tourists, it can be seen that Naghsh-e Jahan Square and Khajoo Bridge have been among the highest priorities of tourists in the images of Isfahan and form more important parts of the mental image of tourists in Isfahan.
Regarding the uniqueness of the destination or the main reason for traveling to Isfahan in the group of domestic tourists and in that of foreign tourists, 57.3% and 55.8% of tourists travel to Isfahan to see the historical sites, and the existence of events and exhibitions, clean air and celebrated or famous men have the lowest scores in the image of Isfahan brand, which shows the need to plan and hold celebrations and festivals and make decisions to improve the air pollution situation in Isfahan and introduce celebrities.

Tourists consider the destination of tourism as a perceptual concept that can be interpreted subjectively and through experience. A strong and sustainable image created in the tourist's mind from the tourist destination can lead to the creation of a competitive identity and tourism brand. Urban landscape is one of the main factors that can have a significant impact on urban brand. Because the urban landscape attracted attention at first, and the first judgment of the city in the minds of tourists creates. Given that the image of the destination has a positive effect on the intention to visit. In this study, we examined the level of visual recognition of domestic and foreign tourists from Isfahan. We also examined the image of Isfahan brand based on the image indicators of the destination brand based on the views of domestic and foreign tourists. Results show the image of Isfahan tourist destination in the minds of tourists is an image of a historical tourist destination. In fact, the historical landscape of Isfahan is a distinctive and unique feature of Isfahan compared to competing destinations. The historical and historical-natural landscape of Isfahan have the ability to define the brand for Isfahan and among the sights visited by tourists, Naghsh-e Jahan Square and Khajoo Bridge are the most enduring images of Isfahan in the minds of tourists. Among the 6 main branches that can explain the identity of the destination, historical landscape, natural landscape and handicrafts in the case of Isfahan are considered competitive advantages.

 Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, as the basic needs of the citizens, a happy city cannot be created. Tourism is also one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and therefore overall life satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study the urban development indices related to tourism, to determine the status of Shiraz city in terms of these indices as effective indicators in creating a happy city.
Shiraz Urban development has taken a linear form and the location of urban land use has been largely inappropriate and out of science.
Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl al-Bayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens.
Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists.
Since the most important step in development planning as well as the realization of a happy city is to reduce imbalances and inequality, it will be possible to diagnosis the direction and type of development by determining the degree of development of each of the urban zones of Shiraz.
Research questions are:1. How is the development status of Shiraz zones in terms of the indicators that are effective in achieving the happy city?
2. What are the Priority variables affecting the balance of urban space?A happy city is a city with a high quality of life that is the result of meeting the needs of inhabitants in the best possible way and tourism is one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and thus overall life satisfaction.
In the new geography, justice and injustice cannot be confined to measuring economic inequalities, because space is a fundamental dimension of human society, and justice and injustice appear in space. Environmental justice is equality of people by their needs, abilities, efforts and impact on the production of society, so it is treated equally with all residents wherever they live. In urban planning, the physical-spatial distribution of urban elements and services is balanced and commensurate with the needs of citizens in each neighborhood and urban area. Harvey has identified need as the most important criterion of justice. The basic needs that are nowadays called essential services in urban planning and management can be the basis for measuring spatial justice.
In order to achieve balance and equilibrium in each city, studies are needed to identify the current status of the city and to resolve failures, deprivation, and equitable distribution of facilities and services. This can be a step towards making the city happy.
One of the most important theories that relates place to happiness is the need / livability theory. This theory considers happiness as a result of objective living conditions and meeting needs, and states that improved objective conditions such as urban and physical or economic conditions will lead to greater happiness. Many cities are not livable, because of city problems such as poverty and crime; but even successful cities are not livable in many ways. There is also lack of nature and recreational spaces in cities. Finally, most people cannot afford good housing, especially in the largest cities. Others live somewhere on the fringes and commute long hours. Commuting is the worst thing that reduces happiness. Large cities are less livable than smaller ones. More precisely, cities are less acceptable to most people; the rich can afford a good life in a city. Therefore, access to urban amenities and services is an important factor in the livability of cities and the happiness of citizens. In some cases, when basic needs are met, more money does not bring more happiness. Likewise, spending is a poor way to buy much more happiness. So how can lasting happiness be achieved? We need to buy experiences (e.g., holidays, recreation centers), not things (e.g., a luxury home or car). According to this theory, leisure spaces for people and tourists should be created and city facilities and infrastructures should be balanced at city level, especially in big cities.
 
The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The Modified Numerical Taxonomy, WASPAS & MABAK methods were used for statistical analysis. Softwars used for data analysis included WASPAS, Taxonomy Solver, Excel and Arc GIS. In this study, urban land uses and services have been studied.
Results & Based on the taxonomy analysis based on all the indices studied, it was found that none of the Shiraz zones were included in the developed level. Zones 8 & 1 are relatively developed. Zones 2,
 3, 6 and 10 are in the third level, i.e. relatively deprived. Zones 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lowest level and are among the deprived areas in terms of Indicators of urban development in related to tourism.
In general, whether we move away from the city center, the zones become deprived. The zones around zone 8 are in the higher ranks, Then, the northern and southern zones are in the lower ranks, respectively.
The results showed that the Shiraz is not in a good condition in terms of physical characteristics of urban development and tourism infrastructure. Distributive justice for different land uses has not been regarded and most of them are concentrated in some urban zones. In fact, the lack of proper distribution of urban land uses and their concentration in some areas, especially in the central part of the city, has caused the zones to be in poor condition for all indicators and therefore none of the zones are in good condition.

Today, management and conservation of historical textures have become an urgent and challenging issue. Because many actors play a role in managing the historical texture of metropolitan cities. Therefore, the coordination of these actors and the coherent management of the historical texture are of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify actors and rank them in the historical texture management system of the Shiraz Metropolitan Area in order to assess and analyze the realm of integrated management in the historical texture by recognizing the existing challenges. In this research, based on theoretical foundations, various indicators of urban management in the areas of planning, policy making, legislation, etc., and in the form of a questionnaire of experts (20 samples), were ranked by various actors of urban management using the Delphi model and Weighing is done in the Super Decision software using the ANP model. The results of this research show that due to centralized management of the historical texture, national and state institutions play the most role in policy making and planning of historical texture. Also, local management organizations such as the municipality and city council operate more than supervisory, service and development agencies than they have a managerial role. The above managerial gap has led to the loss of local capital and the reluctance of the private sector and citizens to participate. Therefore, the application of integrated urban management approach in the historical context of Shiraz city is an inevitable necessity, which can reduce the functional divisions governing the management system and improve its performance.

Since the sense of happiness is influenced by multiple structures of urban society on the one hand, and affects the process of urban community development and excellence on the other hand, it is one of the major issues discussed in urban planning literature, that has so far been studied more psychologically and sociologically.  Therefore, in order to have a happy city, it is necessary to pay attention to the indicators affecting happiness in the city and plan planning accordingly. The role of happiness in the lives of people in the community is so much important that the social thinker, Raskin, believes: The richest country is the one with the highest percentage of happy people. It is so important that since 2000, the United Nations has accounted the variable of happiness as a key variable to classify the developments of countries; that is, if people in a society do not feel happy and satisfied, they cannot be considered a developed society. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl alBayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Therefore, doing this research can provide some strategies for enhancing happiness and vitality in Shiraz city, and on the other hand, helps to promote the level of hosting culture. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the realization of happy city in Shiraz metropolis. Research questions are: 1 How much is citizen’s happiness & their satisfaction with environmental, Sociocultural sociocultural, economical, physical & managerial factors in Shiraz?
2 How much environmental, social, economical, physical and managerial variables influence on happiness?The present study has one main hypothesis:Hypothesis 1 Environmental, sociocultural sociocultural,economical, Pphysical & Mmanagerial factors influence on the realization of happy city in Shiraz.

 The present study is quantitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data are collected using library studies and field method. Using the this field’s studies in this field presented in the study research literature study’s literature, and then using the three stages of the Delphi questionnaire compiled by Iranian experts in psychology, social sciences, geography and urban planning, and architecture and urban design, the factors influencing realization of the happy city have been identified and extracted, which we have investigated them in another study and are used as research variables in this study. The variables affecting happiness in the present study, including socioculturalsociocultural, ecologicalenvironmental, economiclivelihood, physicalstructural and M managerialadministrative, were extracted as independent variables, and happiness as dependent variable. Statistical data are collected using experts and citizen questionnaires in Shiraz metropolis. The statistical population of the study were inhabitants and experts of Shiraz city. The sample size was 22 experts and 384 people based on population of Shiraz city in 2017 using Cochran method. The study time interval was autumn and winter of 2018. Data analysis was done in two parts: descriptive and inferential. In the descriptive section, the status of the research sample was presented, and the status of the city of Shiraz was studied in terms of research variables. In the inferential section, to test the research hypotheses, the variancebased structural equation modeling (partial least squares) approach was used, and SPSS and Amos Graphic software were used for statistical analysis. Finally, by using the SWOT method, the strategies for realizing a happy city in Shiraz were presented.

According to the results of the study, the current status of happiness in Shiraz is above average, which is relatively good due to Iranchr('39')s very low level of happiness globally compared to global ones.  In terms of factors affecting the realization of a happy city, the environmental & sociocultural sociocultural factors were in the middle level, and other economic, physical and managerial factors were lower than the average, which indicate the inadequate status of these factors in the city of Shiraz. Moreover, of course, it shows that the people of Shiraz are, in themselves, happy people, regardless of the factors involved. However, given the impact of each of these factors, it can be seen that by prioritizing them and planning to improve each one, the happiness of the citizens will increase. Another important result of this study was the effect of independent variables on happiness, which was confirmed, and it was found that all 5 factors have a direct effect on happiness. By improving each of the affecting factors, the happiness of Shiraz will increase, and, on the contrary, by decreasing each of them, the happiness lowers down. Sociocultural Sociocultural, economic and physical variables were the most influential variables, followed by environmental and managerial variables, respectively.

In order to make the city happy, all of the influencing factors must be taken into account at the same time.  However, if we want to prioritize planning according to the status of the independent and dependent variables of the research and the extent of impact of each of them, the managerial variable should be the first priority of happy city planning and then socioeconomic variable, followed by the physical variable.  Considering the relatively appropriate status of environmental indicators and of course the importance of this indicator for sustainable development, which underlies the realization of a happy city, this variable must be considered along with other variables in all planning. Based on the results of strategic planning, defensive strategies were selected for the realization of happy city; among these strategies, the strategy of "strengthening the positive role of public and private institutions as an important and main factor influencing the realization of a happy city" was given to first priority.

The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible.

Urban Integrated Management as a "horizontal management" type, not a "vertical" one, refers to all organizations and institutions involved in urban management are horizontally and in harmony together. The present research, while analyzing the urban management structure of the historical texture of Shiraz Metropolis, seeks to apply new urban management patterns, including integrated urban management in this settlement. The research employed a descriptive-analytic method. Required data were extracted via field study and library study techniques. The research instruments include interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population consisted of public and private sector institutions and residents of the historical texture of Shiraz metropolitan. The sample size covered 128 public and private sector organizations and the 383 citizens. The statistical analysis of the data was done through SPSS and Amos Graphic software using the Variance- and Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). The results of the research showed that strengthening of interpolation and inter agency collaboration can lead to strengthening of integrated urban management in the historical texture of Shiraz metropolis, and on the contrary, the decrease in collaboration leads to vertical and parallel management. Moreover, to achieve integrated urban governance based on good urban governance in the historical texture, the willingness of residents to participate in urban management should increase, and local capacity and institutionalization ought to be strengthened.