علی صمدی

High blood pressure is a serious yet modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. High blood pressure is a multifactorial condition, closely related to sedentary lifestyle. Overweight and obesity are main risk factors for this condition and exercise training is believed to be helpful in managing obesity and high blood pressure. However, few studies have investigated the potential impacts of resistance training especially isometric resistance training on body composition and hemodynamic parameters in overweight and obese women with high blood pressure.

The study included 22 pre-hypertensive women, with an average age of 38.41±4.96 years, body mass index 30.09±2.71 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure 127.09±4.94, and diastolic pressure 86.77±6.76 mmHg. The participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (n=10) or the total resistance exercise (TRX, n = 12) group. The exercise program lasted 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week on alternate days. Each session involved 12 total body exercises using the TRX strap, focusing on static contractions of core muscles. Hemodynamic parameters and body composition were measured before and after the intervention under identical conditions. The paired samples t-test was used to analyze the within-group changes and the independent samples t-test with the gain scores method was used between-group comparisons (p<0.05).

The results showed that eight weeks of TRX training led to significant improvement in body mass (p=0.004), body mass index (p=0.006), body fat percentage (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001) and waist to hip ratio (p=0.008). Additionally, resting heart rate (7.44 %), systolic blood pressure (5.24 %), rate pressure product (12.25 %) and mean arterial pressure (6.67 %) all showed significant improvements in the intervention group (p<0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed that compared to the control group all body composition indices (body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio) and hemodynamic variables (resting heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, double product and mean arterial pressure) were significantly improved in the TRX group, except for systolic blood pressure (p=0.138) and pulse pressure (p=0.158).

TRX training has a positive effect on body composition and hemodynamic parameters, except for systolic blood pressure, in overweight and obese women with pre-hypertension. Therefore, it seems that TRX training is a safe and useful approach for weight control and blood pressure management in these individuals.

Problem: 

Justice in urban health means the absence of systematic differences in one or more aspects of the health status of citizens or population groups in terms of social, economic and physical environment. In the present study, the city of Urmia has been investigated and analyzed as a focus of studies on the level of realization of the right to health approach to the city and the distribution of health-therapeutic services and functions.

In terms of its purpose, the current research is in the category of semi-basic, semi-applied research, which is carried out with descriptive and analytical method.

The methods of collecting information are based on documentary-library methods, observation and field verification (Swara and Cocoso tests).

Based on the results, the city of Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of health-treatment functions and services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in spatial planning and allocation.

Regions 4 in the central context and the commercial pole of the city and 2 in the peripheral part of Urmia city have respectively the most favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions and conditions in the matter of enjoying the right to health policies of the city. In the end, based on the findings and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the study area in the field of urban development, some targeted and sustainable proposals and actions have been taken to improve the environmental conditions.

Misperception of body weight and lack of awareness about overweight and obesity are associated with poor weight management behaviors. This cross-sectional study included 350 female students from Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements and self-reported answers regarding weight perception and level of body weight preoccupation. Data analysis was conducted using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that 51.43% of the subjects misperceived their body weight. Among them, the majority (92.22%) underestimated their weight. Additionally, 17.14% of the overweight and obese subjects perceived their weight to be within the normal range, while 29.6% of obese subjects perceived themselves to be only slightly overweight. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between body weight perception and anthropometric indices (p<0.01). The body mass index (r=0.739), C-index (r=0.648), body adiposity index (r=0.620), abdominal volume index (r=0.552), and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.537), and waist circumference (r=0.533) had the highest correlation with body weight perception, respectively. The high rate of unawareness of actual body weight among female university students is alarming. It is, therefore, necessary to develop programs that increase awareness about normal body weight and the importance of anthropometric indices in weight management.

In recent decades, spatial and physical expansion along with population density at the city level and changes in the urban lifestyle have turned urban public spaces into a place to form daily urban life, different social, economic and local interactions and the emergence of inequalities. Urban spaces find meaning and meaning with their users' activities and behavioural patterns. Even though behavioural patterns follow users' culture, environmental factors' role in the correct use of urban spaces cannot be ignored. The current research also believes that the use of public spaces is affected by economic, social and contextual factors. The current research aims to investigate the factors affecting the consumption pattern of urban public spaces. The survey research method and research tool is a questionnaire and research platform of Tehran city. The statistical population of the population over 18 years of age in Tehran in 2015 and the sample size estimated using the cluster method and Cochran's formula is 384 people. Data analysis was done using Lisrel software. According to the investigations carried out and according to economic and social factors, five consumption patterns of urban public space, such as traditional and classic public space, commercial public space, entertainment and recreational public space, etc., consumer public space, a third type of public space It was distinguished and it was found that urban areas according to different economic and social levels tend to a certain pattern of urban space consumption. Also, the results obtained from Lisrel software about the influence of factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces were found to be the most important factors influencing the pattern of economic factors with a coefficient of 0.54, social factors with a coefficient of 0.47 and contextual factors with a coefficient of 0.43. They are the use of public space.

Today, with the rapid expansion of urbanization in the world and the need to pay attention to the performance of the management of these urban systems, the study of urban life and the methods of its residents' access to citizenship rights and their equal enjoyment of these rights becomes very important. City dwellers in general have citizenship rights, and in particular they have urban rights, which urban health as one of the important factors in human life, is considered a part of these rights, which the present study by checking the situation of Urmia city from the point of view of the level of achievement To spatial justice in the field of urban health indicators, it tries to measure the status of the right approach to the city in the study environment. The methods of information gathering are based on library-documentary data and methods of observation, interview and field verification of the study environment based on the level of distribution of functions in the field of urban health. According to the findings, the city of Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of functions and health-treatment services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in the planning and allocation of space, which requires the attention and emphasis of the planners and It attracts managers as well as subordinate institutions and organizations in the field of creation and development of urban functions and activities to achieve the desired quality of urban life and, accordingly, the level of well-being and public comfort and satisfaction. Citizens should be provided.

Problem:

 The concept of urban public art and its emergence in the public sphere is one of the most important factors in strengthening and accelerating the process of the creative city. Street music as an urban public art, is an influential event in urban communities that seeks to improve the quality of social life, strengthen collective memories, increase the level of vitality and dynamism of the city and achieve creative urban development.

Target:

 The authors try to redefine the importance and significance of the urban public arts event in urban spaces, identify the feasibility of performing street music in social environments. The green corridor of Shahrchai and the Khayyam Jonubi sidewalk of Urmia city have been studied.

In this regard, in the present study, information has been collected with the aim of application and descriptive-analytical nature and by using documentary-library methods, questionnaire and interview tools. The statistical population and sample size consist of two groups of experts, thinkers and university professors and active members of street music, which includes 60 samples including stratified or group sampling method. For quantitative analysis, the methods of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman Correlation, Swara and Cocoso have been used.

According to the findings, the social, cultural and environmental dimensions and the indicators of "possibility of live music performance" and "quality of environmental design" have gained the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively. Also, the green corridor of Shahrchai has more favorable conditions than the performance of urban Public arts (street music) compared to the Khayyam Jonubi sidewalk of Urmia.

Today, "the right to the city" approach is a new concept in response to the unbalanced urban development process, which ultimately leads to a city with justice, cohesion and social cohesion, healthy, livable, sustainable and citizen-oriented. This approach is considered as an effective solution in saving and reviving civil rights and by emphasizing the factor of the right to urban life, provides the grounds for the realization and achievement of justice-oriented urban planning and democratic enjoyment of the city. Meanwhile, justice-oriented urban planning has entered the field of urban development as an important knowledge and leading approach in urban planning in order to respond to the social-spatial inequalities produced by capitalism.

The present research with an applied goal and descriptive-analytical method, tries to make a comparative assessment of the status of right to the city indicators in urban settlements by adopting a humane background.

The tools used in collecting and analyzing information are using document selection and library methods and using the questionnaire tools and Swara and Mabac techniques. The statistical population and sample size of the research includes the total population of the historical context of Urmia, which has been calculated through the Cochran method, the number of samples.

Geographical Area of Research:

The neighborhoods of Hafasiyab and Shishegarkhaneh in Urmia city have been the cases of the present research.

The results of the analysis indicate that the sub-indicators of access to public services and democracy have the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively.

Shishegharkhaneh neighborhood of Urmia city in terms of urban governance, social inclusion, diversity and vitality and spatial access to a more favorable situation than the feasibility of the sub-indicators of the right to the city and achieving justice-oriented urban planning Dedicated to himself.

Monitoring anthropometric indices and factors affecting performance is significant importance for the preparation and performance enhancement in military forces.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the level of physical activity, anthropometric measures, and sleep quality, as well as their relationship in military students.

The study was conducted on 120 students who were selected through convenience sampling method by recruitment. Measurements included anthropometric measures (height, weight, waist and neck circumference), physical activity (PA) level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and quality of sleep (Pittsburgh Questionnaire). Spearman's rank-order correlation test was used to check the correlation between variables (SPSS 20).

All subjects were moderately (49.17%) or vigorously active (50.83%). The body mass index (BMI) of most subjects (87.5%) was in the normal range and only 11.67 of them were overweight. The waist circumference results revealed that the WC of all the subjects was within the normal range. Moreover, 72.5% of subjects had good sleep quality and 27.5% had poor sleep quality. There was a significant inverse relationship between the PA level and the BMI (r=-0.430,P˂0.001), as well as between the PA level and sleep quality (r= -0.271, P=0.004). No significant relationship was found between other variables (P>0.05).

Most subjects were in good condition in terms of body composition, PA level, and sleep quality; moreover, PA level was an important indicator in predicting BMI. However, a weak relationship was observed between PA level and sleep quality. Since sleep is a significant factor in military performance, further studies are warranted to determine the factors affecting sleep quality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training on hippocampal oxidative stress markers hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. This is an experimental study in which 16 male Wistar rats were obtained, and after environmental adaptation and reaching target weight range randomly divided into two equal groups: control (CO) and sprint interval training (SIT). The SIT was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds with 60 secs of active recovery between intervals. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session the rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was dissected and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in hippocampus homogenate. The independent samples T test was used for data analysis (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between the SIT and CO groups in the hippocampal GPx, TAC and MDA levels (p < 0.05). However, the activity level of SOD in the SIT group was significantly higher than the CO group (p<0.05). The present research revealed that despite its strenuous nature, SIT did not induce oxidative stress in the hippocampus and trend of changes in GPx and TAC, as well as observed significant increase in SOD activity levels suggests that it may have favorable effects on hippocampus oxidative- antioxidative status.

In contemporary modern societies a lot of people suffer from reproductive system dysfunction and infertility. Various factors such as sedentariness, some diseases and medicines play a role in incidence of reproductive dysfunction, which can lead to decreased reproductive capacity. One of the main mechanisms of which is the increased free radical’s production and oxidative stress in testis. Sprint interval training (SIT) is one of the most time-efficient types of exercise comparing to other exercise methods, which could be used to promote physical activity level. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of SIT on testis oxidant-antioxidant status and some reproductive indices in adult Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 16 adult male Wistar rats wereobtained and randomly divided into: 1) control and 2) training groups. Then, the training group practiced 3 times a week for eight weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, the rats' testis were removed after anesthesia and transferred to the laboratory and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. Moreover, main reproductive function indices including tubular differentiation index (TDI), spermiogenesis index (SI), and cumulative index (RI) were determined. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test at the alpha = 0.05. 

The statistical analysis revealed that the MDA level of the testis in the training group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the SOD activity and TAC. However, in the training group the GPX activity level was significantly higher comparing to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the number of Leydig cells, TDI, and RI in the training group were significantly lower in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05); Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between groups in terms of SI (P>0.05).

SIT may increase oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and negatively affect the main spermatogenic indices in testis, which can lead to reproductive dysfunction. Conducting more research in this area while controlling the other influential factors and training variables (intensity, duration, and volume) is recommended.

With the rapid expansion of urbanization in the world and the need to pay attention to the performance of the management of these urban systems, the study of urban life and the methods of its residents' access to citizenship rights. Urban health, as one of the important factors in human life, is considered a part of these rights. by checking the situation of Urmia from the perspective of the level of achieving spatial justice in the field of urban health indicators, tries to measure the status of the right approach. The methods of information gathering are based on library-documentary data and methods of observation, interview and field verification of the study environment based on the level of distribution of functions in the field of urban health, Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of health-treatment functions and services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in spatial planning and allocation. In this regard, the components of the qualitative levels of people's mental and emotional states in the aspect of the urban health system and the level of desirability of having appropriate urban furniture in the physical-physical dimension, respectively, in the most suitable or best and most unsuitable or worst environmental conditions and conditions is placed The components of access and availability in the field of public and sustainable transportation and having a variety of uses in the city have the highest level of solidarity and coherence with the approach of the right to urban health. Also, the component of having the desired household income has the lowest level of correlation, interaction and cohesion with the approach of promoting the right to health in the urban society of Urmia, in order to improve the conditions, some effective suggestions have been made.

In recent years, the right-to-the-city approach, as an effective concept in the reproduction of social relations and the right to life, has defined the participation of citizens in shaping their daily self-centered life. Moreover, informal settlements with a high level of deprivation in access to services and various activities of urban life have essential requirements in urban management and planning.

Objectives:

 The present study, with an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical method, tries to the comparative evaluation of study areas from the perspective of access and enjoyment of the components of the right approach to the city.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of content. Data collection is through interviews, observation and questionnaires. Test analysis was performed based on samples from groups of urban experts and citizens based on Swara, Friedman and Vikor techniques.

Geographical Context:

 Koshtargah and Islamabad 2 neighborhoods of Urmia, are the two sites of the study area. 

The findings showed that the components of difference in the provision of public services and effectiveness have the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively.

Islamabad 2 neighborhood is in a better position than the Koshtargah neighborhood in having the right-to-the-city indicators.

Consumption of high-calorie, high-salt diets is one of the main factors in production of free radicals and consequent oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an eight-week sprint interval training (SIT) on oxidative/antioxidative status of cardiac tissue in male Wistar rats on a high-calorie, high-salt diet.

  It was an experimental study in which 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: normal diet group (ND), normal diet and exercise (ND/SIT), high-calorie high salt diet group (HCL/HS), and high-calorie high salt diet + exercise group (HCL/HS + SIT). The sprint interval training was performed for eight weeks, three times per week, and 4-9 reps per session. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and the cardiac tissue removed and used for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels assessment.

Findings showed that eight weeks of SIT significantly increased the activity of SOD and GPX enzymes in the HCL/HS+SIT group. It also significantly reduced the MDA level in cardiac tissue of Wistar rats (P=0.001). But there was no significant change in TAC level after eight weeks of SIT training in the HCL/HS+SIT group (P=0.148).

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that SIT training, despite its low volume, may help in preventing oxidative stress induced by a high-calorie, high-salt diet in the cardiac tissue of Wistar rats.

Interval training, in various forms, is one of the most effective tools today to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and in turn improve physical function. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of continuous, intermittent exercise on maximum oxygen consumption, muscle endurance and general health of overweight seventh grade male students.

For this purpose, 60 overweight male students with body mass index of 21.9 to 26.8 were selected and randomly divided into three groups of continuous, interval and control exercisean groups. The training protocol was performed for 8 weeks for each group for a duration of 20 to 30 minutes. Maximum oxygen consumption, muscle endurance (based on swimming tests, burp, squat, jump, ...) and general health using the general health questionnaire were measured before and after the last training session. Data analysis was performed using Dependent t-test and analysis of variance.

The results of the study indicate a significant increase in maximal oxygen consumption, muscle endurance and improvement of general health of subjects (P ≤ 0.05).

The effect of periodic exercise on maximal oxygen consumption and some general health indicators was greater, but there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of muscle endurance.

Recent findings suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormal production of adipokines (2). Impaired circulating levels of adipokines are associated with multiple cardiovascular complications in diabetes (3). Lipocalin-2 is one of the adipokines that increases in diabetic patients and its secretion is associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these patients (4). also, Omentin-1 concentrations have been reported to decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes (11).Many efforts are being made to develop a drug that improves metabolism and prevents the complications of diabetes. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor drug that acts by inhibiting glucose reabsorption by the body, lowers plasma glucose levels, and improves insulin resistance (13). Prescribing this drug to type 2 diabetes can help improve blood glucose control and reduce body weight in these patients (14, 15).On the other hand, exercise has been used as an adjunct in drug therapy in the management of diabetes complications. Resistance training has been reported to be associated with significant increase in lipocalin-2 concentration in men with type 2 diabetes (16). However, the results of Hosseini et al showed that eight weeks of combined training did not have significant effect on lipocalin 2 in diabetic women (18). Also, significant increase (19) and no change (20, 21) of omentin-1 has been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes after exercise.Since no research has been done on the effect of combined exercise with medication on adipokines in type 2 diabetics, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with Canagliflozin on lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men.

This is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in the Tehran city in 2019. 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, drug, exercise and exercise-drug groups. Subjects were given 200 mg of canagliflozin for 12 weeks (25). Combined exercises were performed 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes for 12 weeks (26). Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and 24 hours after the intervention at 12-hour fasting. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05.
 

The results showed that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, after the combined training intervention, canagliflozin and combined training with canagliflozin, the levels of lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 were lower and higher than the pretest, respectively (P=0.001).

The findings of the present study show that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (19, 26-28, 33). Various studies have examined the mechanisms of change in lipocalin-2 induced by exercise. Perhaps one of the reasons for the decrease in lipocalin-2 levels in the present study is the intensity of exercise. also, exercise has been reported to reduce the activity of the NF-κB and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin-1 beta, which activate lipokalin-2 expression (31), therefore It is possible that combined training in this study reduced lipocalin-2 by reducing the above factors. Some studies have reported that the reduction of lipocalin-2 is highly correlated with the reduction of adipose tissue, so that with the reduction of adipose tissue after exercise, the amount of lipocalin-2 decreases (28). also, Omentin-1 changes are largely a function of changes in body composition, including weight loss, fat mass, and body mass index and adipocyte size (35). In addition, in a study, changes in inflammatory levels have been reported to be an influential factor in regulating the expression of omentin-1 (36). Therefore, it is possible that in the present study, combined training increased the amount of omentin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes by improving the composition of the body and inflammatory agents. The pharmacological effects of canagliflozin in the produced doses cause a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion and a decrease in hyperglycemia. Therefore, in explanation the results obtained in the present study, it can be said that canagliflozin with exercise, by lowering fasting blood glucose and also increasing insulin, may significantly improve the levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. combined training was the strengths of the present study; because this type of exercise can have different responses and adaptations than other exercise programs. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other adipokines. According to the results, it seems that diabetics can benefit from combined exercise with canagliflozin to improve adipokines levels.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different nocturnal sleep patterns on shooting accuracy, reaction time, and cognitive function in military college students.

The study was conducted on 48 students of Air Defense Officer University in Tehran (age; 20.7±1.15). Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: guarding post 1 (6-8, 12-14, 18-20, and 24-2), guarding post 2 (8-10, 14-16, 20-24, 2-4), guarding post 3 (10-12, 16-18, 22-24, 4-6), and control (no guarding post). After the end of the last guarding post, cognitive function (Stroop test); accuracy of shooting (10-meter air pistol shooting); simple, and choice-reaction time (Deary-Liewald test) were assessed in all groups. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey or Dunnet-3 post hoc tests.

The results showed that compared to the control group, the shooting accuracy was significantly reduced in the subjects of the guarding post 1 (P=0.002) and guarding post 2 (P=0.001) groups. Moreover, compared to the control group, the guarding post 2 (P=0.001) and the guarding post 3 (P=0.001) groups, had poorer performance in the simple reaction test. Additionally, subjects in the guarding post 2 group had poorer performance in choice-reaction time and cognitive function compared to the control group (P=0.001).

The nocturnal sleep pattern has a significant effect on cognitive function, reaction time, and shooting accuracy of military forces, particularly sleep deprivation caused by guarding post 2 has the most deleterious effect on these variables. Hence, it seems that more attention should be given to the rest after guarding post 2 in the military forces to achieve optimal performance.

The elderly population in the world as well as in Iran has a growing trend, which can indicate a significant increase in chronic diseases, especially renal failure in the elderly and its associated complications, including sleep disorders, which cause trouble in daily activities and quality. Life goes down in these patients. Therefore, have been decided to conduct a study using exercise and its effect on sleep quality in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The present study is an experimental study that was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise on sleep quality in the elderly with Sheldon venous catheter undergoing hemodialysis referred to Ghiasi Charity Center in Tehran in 2020. This center covers 200 patients, of which 40 are active elderly patients over 60 years of age, 30 of whom met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly selected by lottery method (writing their names on paper) into two groups, the intervention and control groups (15 people in each group) were assigned. Initially, the cognitive health of the elderly was assessed using a short cognitive test tool, all of them had cognitive health. In the experimental group, one of sample was hospitalized and two were transferred to another dialysis center, thus, they were removed from the samples. Research tools included demographic information form, Abbreviated Mental Test and Sleep Quality questionnaire. The Abbreviated Mental Test(AMT) tool, developed by Hodkinson in 1972 to screen for cognitive disorders such as dementia and delirium in the elderly, to identify the elderly with dementia and remove them from the study. The tool includes 10 short and simple questions to measure orientation, focus and attention, short-term and long-term memory of the elderly, each item of which has 1 point and the sum of the resulting scores is 10. The cut-off point for distinguishing cognitive status is 7 out of 10, which normalizes status from abnormal. Foroughan et al. (2014) in Iran have translated this tool into Persian. The validation and internal reliability of the Persian version of this tool with Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of 0.76 has been acceptable. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was developed by Buysse et al in 1989 and has 9 items, of which 5 questions contain 10 sub-items, so the whole questionnaire has 18 items. These questions are in seven components : Subjective sleep quality, Sleep latency, Sleep duration, sleep efficiency, Sleep disturbance, Use of sleep medication, Daytime dysfunction. The score of each question is between 0 to 3 scores of the questionnaire from 0 to 21. The higher the score, the lower the quality of sleep. Dr. Buysse et al. Obtained the internal consistency of the questionnaire using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.83. Farahi Moghadam et al. (2012) have also confirmed the validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Iran; Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was 0.78 to 0.82. All instruments were completed by asking the elderly at two times, before the start of the study and in the eighth week of the study. In order to intervention in the experimental group, the elderly performed a sports activity protocol designed by a sports physiologist with the help of a researcher and under the supervision of the centerchr('39')s physiotherapist for 8 weeks and 3 times a week during dialysis. Exercises were performed due to the age of the samples in bed and during dialysis. In the first week, because the exercises were light and it was not possible to warm up and cool down in the real sense, the time to start the first exercise activity was 30 minutes in the first week. Then, 35 minutes in the second week, 40 minutes in the third week, 45 minutes in the fourth week, week. The fifth and sixth week were considered 50 minutes. One-half of the exercise time was devoted to aerobic exercise with a minibike (small bike) with arms and legs, and the rest of the time was equally devoted to other resistance exercise. In the first session, the method of conducting research, the rules of participating in the sessions, the impact of exercises on the body and how to do exercises were presented. At the beginning of each exercise session in the intervention group, vital signs were assessed and with the permission of the physician, the patient participated in exercise. Exercise started 30 minutes after the start of dialysis and stabilization of the patient. In the control group, except for routine interventions, no intervention is performed, but they were assured that if the research results are effective in the experimental group, exercise sessions will be held for them.

By comparing the quality of sleep between the first and eighth week of research in the experimental group, it was found that after exercise, sleep quality improved significantly (p <0.0001) but in control group the sleep quality between the first and eighth week of the study was significant reduced (P = 0.001). Comparison of the mean of sleep quality between the experimental and control groups before the study was statistically significant (P = 0.035). The control group had better sleep quality but the mean of sleep quality between the two groups in the eighth week of the study was significant (p <0.0001) and sleep quality was better in the experimental group than the control group.

The results of this study, in addition to being effective in increasing nursing knowledge, can also be used as a safe and low-cost method to improve sleep quality in the elderly undergoing hemodialysis

Nowadays, the approach of social capital has become one of the effective factors in the development of sustainable urban productivity. Components of social capital in the field of participatory regeneration in the neighborhoods of Mahdi al-Qadam and Haftasyab in Urmia. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of urban experts and citizens. The methods of analysis are also based on the two methods of Swara and Mabac, which have been used in weighting the proposed components of the research and ranking the research options, respectively. The research findings indicate that the indicators of public safety and presence in local communities were the highest, respectively, and commitment to religious teachings and public interest had the lowest level of importance and value. Also, according to the final results, Mahdi Al-Qadam neighborhood of Urmia has a better situation than Haft Asyab neighborhood in terms of social capital components. Finally, some suggestions have been made to improve the current situation.

The aim of present study was to compare the effect of different levels of air pollution on the response of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva to a quasi-soccer protocol in adolescent female soccer players. In this semi-experimental study, 12 female soccer players were selected purposively. The subjects performed the Bangsbo quasi-soccer protocol 3 times in clean, healthy and unhealthy air qualities; saliva samples were collected before and after each test and were used to measure MDA and TAC. The results showed that in all three qualities (clean, healthy and unhealthy), salivary MDA values increased significantly due to the implementation of quasi-soccer protocol (P<0.05), but no significant differences in MDA changes was not observed among different qualities due to the implementation of quasi-soccer protocol (P = 0.733). Also, in clean and healthy air conditions, saliva TAC increased significantly due to the implementation of Bangsbo protocol (P<0.05), but in unhealthy air quality, this increase was not significant (P>0.05). Also, in terms of TAC changes in different air qualities, only a significant difference was observed between clean and unhealthy air qualities in TAC increase (P = 0.026). The findings of the present study supports general recommendations to limit exercises and competitions in unhealthy air quality and to relocate the time or place of activities and competitions when the air quality is unhealthy.

In spite of well-known health promoting benefits of exercise, due to increased ventilation during exercise and higher concentrations of pollutants while the air quality is unhealthy there is increasing concern about exercising in polluted air. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effect of air pollutants on salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) response to a bout of exercise in indoor and outdoor environment in male adolescent futsal players.

Twelve male adolescent futsal players completed the Bangsbo protocol in two environments (indoor vs. outdoor) at two air quality conditions (Air Quality Index 50-100 = Healthy, and 100 to 150 = Unhealthy). Salivary samples were collected before and immediately after performing the protocol in each condition. MDA and TAC were assessed using specified kits (Zelbio-Germany). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance test (p < 0.05).

Finding confirmed that in comparison with healthy air condition, the basic and post exercise levels of salivary MDA were higher in unhealthy air condition - both at indoor and outdoor (p < 0.05). Moreover, in healthy air condition in response to exercise protocol changes of salivary TAC in –both indoor and outdoor- was incremental (P>0.05) but in unhealthy air condition -both indoor and outdoor- its changes was decremented (p < 0.05).

Findings of present study confirms that unhealthy air condition has negative effect on salivary MDA and TAC response to exercise. Moreover, it seems that relocating the exercise to an indoor environment in unhealthy air condition does not reduce the negative effects of unhealthy air on the salivary MDA and TAC response, and there seems to be need for evidence-base recommendation to reduce the negative effect of unhealthy air on oxidant-antioxidant system response to exercising in unhealthy air condition.

The effect of short-term sprint interval training (SIT) on the male reproductive system is one of the important issues that has not been studied so far. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of SIT on sperm parameters and spermatogenesis indices in adult, male Wister rats.

This was an experimental study in which 20male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, control (n = 10) and SIT (n = 10). The training was performed thrice weekly for five weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, four rats from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed, and then tissue, serum, and sperm evaluations were conducted. Data were analyzed by an independent t-test using SPSS software version 22 (p < 0.05).

In the SIT group, serum testosterone levels, testicular interstitial fat density and the number of Leydig cells were significantly higher compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The tubular differentiation index (TDI), spermiogenesis index (SI), repopulation indices (RI), and the number, mobility and sperm viability were significantly lower in the SIT group in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). However, the number of seminiferous cells, the diameter of seminiferous tubules, the thickness of the seminiferous tubular epithelium, the sperm DNA damage, and the sperm chromatin quality were not significantly different between groups (P>0.05).  

Based on the findings of this study, it seems that short-term SIT training may improve aerobic capacity and some hormonal and reproductive indices. However, as it may reduce some sperm parameters and spermatogenesis indices more research is needed to determine the best intensity and duration of SIT for reproductive purposes.

Although adequate sleep is an important factor in daily performance and health of all civilians, with regard to nature of their job, military forces are prone to sleep disorders and insomnia and low sleep quality are common problem in military. Combat readiness is a broad concept and is influenced by several factors such as infrastructures and equipment, supporting agents and the quality of the organization, it is believed that human resources are the most valuable assets of the military forces and the factors affecting their performance in individual levels have a significant impact on total readiness of military forces. Due to its vital importance in military performance, beside nutrition and exercise nowadays sleep is identified as one of the pillars of Army Performance Triad (P3), and scientific and military medical boards and organizations provided special recommendations to optimize sleep and performance in military forces. According to the guidelines compliance with the sleep hygiene guidelines and implementing sleep management strategies in military environments by improving sleep quality may reduce the consequences of inadequate sleep and be helpful in optimizing military performance and readiness. However, there is still need for more research to provide practical recommendations for the purpose of managing sleep under unforeseen operational conditions, as well as specific environmental conditions (altitude, very cold and warm environments, etc.) to maintain or enhance combat power of military forces.

The purpose of this study was to compare effect of 12 weeks continues aerobic training (CAT) and interval aerobic training (IAT) on, functional capacity and body composition in women breast cancer survivors. 39 breast cancer survivors who were willing and eligible to participate in this study were divided in to three groups: 1- CAT (n= 13), 2- CAT (N= 14) and 3- control (n= 10). The two training groups performed their exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after of training period functional capacity was assessed by muscle function test and body composition was assessed by In-body devise in three groups in the same condition. For data analysis the ANCOVA was performed. There was no significant difference in muscle function test, fat mass and fat percentage between the three groups when the pre-test was taken as a covariate. Muscle mass increased significantly after the training period in the IAT group and there was a significant difference between the IAT group and the other two groups. 12 weeks of CAT and IAT have a limited effect on functional capacity, fat mass, and fat percentage in breast cancer survivors, but IAT can significantly increase muscle mass and there is a significant difference between the training methods.

Introduction:

 Urban public spaces are places that belong to all citizens and not just limited to the physical aspect, in fact they have been identified by the presence of people and their activities. The urban public spaces usage rate and its psychological and sociological effects on social health as one of the urban sustainable development variables has great importance among citizens. Therefore, production, distribution, accessibility and use of urban public spaces and their effects have been become an important issue in urban sociology. According to that social interactions are one of the basic needs of human beings in collective life and their civic nature, it can be confirmed that public spaces provide the basis for social interactions in the city. Also, urban public space is an essential element of urban construction, which is related to the center of social strategies and shapes people's behavior and social life. On the other hand, social and sociological factors affect the physical and appearance and design of city. Tehran city is one of the metropolises that has experienced inequality in the use of urban public spaces in recent years. A metropolis such as Tehran has various and different areas and regions in terms of physical, therefore, increasing the social and economic distance and unequal distribution of facilities and services has made it a heterogeneous city in the social environment, so it seems that analysis of public spaces in terms of the impact of social factors on the physical as an issue that needs to be raised, must be explained. Based on the subject importance, the study seeks to examine the tendency and use of public spaces in Tehran, the physical factors affecting the manner and public spaces usage rate among residents of different regions and sociological factors among them.

 Methodology:

The present study is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. The method of data collection in the theoretical framework is library and documentary and in the information analysis section is to use the attitudes and opinions of citizens in the form of a questionnaire and base on the fieldwork. The statistical population of the present study is people over the age of 18 of 22 districts of Tehran in 2016 and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 385 people. In order to explain the statistics and inferential tests and also answer the research question, the T-test was used to measure the desirability of the indicators. In view point of the study aim that is to investigate the effect of variables on each other, Pearson test and linear regression tables were also used. 

Results and discussion: 

In order to show the desirability of physical and sociological indicators of public spaces in Tehran, the T-Test was used. The results of the test indicated that the physical condition of public spaces is at moderate level of desirability and the sociological status of spaces is at low one. The Pearson test was also used to investigate the relationship between physical and sociological indicators. According to the test result, the p-value rate between the studied indicators is less than 0.05 and the sociological variables intensity of dependence to physical ones is less than the physical indicators dependence intensity to sociology ones that indicates the sociological factors susceptibility of physical factors is relatively at low level. In regression analysis, the physical and sociological factors are the independent and dependent variables, respectively. The results of this test showed that the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination is 0.421 that indicates the low ability of the independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent variable. That is to say, the independent variable explains 42% of the dependent changes, and the rest of these changes, known as the error quantification, are influenced by variables outside the model. Also, the value of the Watson camera is 1.23 that illustrated the remnants are independent of each other. The model regression value is 25.29 and the remnant value is 19.79, and due to the amount of remnant square roots are smaller than the sum of the regression square roots, it indicates that the model high explanatory power of the dependent variable changes explanation. The beta value in the model is 0.489. And the large value of beta indicates relative importance and its role in predicting the dependent variable. Therefore, the regression model is statistically significant and the research question, which is the effect of physical factors on sociological factors, is evaluated to some extent positively. 

Conclusion:

 The results demonstrate that physical factors affect a total of nearly 48% of the sociological factors changes and 62% of the effective factors in the strengthening of sociological factors in urban public spaces depend on variables outside the research. Therefore, it can be said that physical infrastructures improvement and their development in public spaces of Tehran as one of the effective factors in the production of public spaces and also accessibility and usage of these spaces and the sociological condition enhancement of public spaces do not play a decisive role. In addition to physical and sociological factors, there are other elements that need to be considered. Thus, according to different areas resident’s opinion of Tehran, physical factors have a very small effect on sociological factors in public spaces and sociological factors reinforcement in public spaces of Tehran is not only affected by physical factors and other components have more impressions. These factors may be psychological, economic, environmental, cultural, political ones and so on.

Nowadays, the heavy metal pollution caused by the landfill leachate becomes very serious because of their potential to impact on human health through the food chain. In this study, the effect of landfill leachate on the accumulation and selected indices of soil pollution to heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn) including contamination factor (CF), modified degree of contamination (mCd), and modified pollution index (MPI) were investigated in four different soil sites. Results indicated that soils were significantly enriched by the metals in the sequence of Zn> Cd> Ni> Cd> Cu> Mn. However, only the Cd contents exceeded the standard levels based on national and international references. Considering CF, Cd and Zn showed a high pollution class (3≤ CF< 6) in the majority of soil sites and other metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, and Mn) categorized as moderate pollution (1≤ CF< 3). Except site 1, the values of MPI were found to be moderate contamination (3<MPI <5) in the examined soils and its highest value observed in site 2.  The mean mCd content, appeared the moderate pollution class (2≤ mCd< 4), were in order of P2> P3 > P4> P1 in different soil site under the influence of leachate probably due to the quantity and quality of the leachate. Overall, the finding of the study can provide a valuable benchmark for the design of appropriate strategies and management of those agroecosystems by both local and national managers.