علیرضا رجب زاده

From the point of view of transportation economy, goods weighing less than 500 tons should be transported by small vessels and not by ships. Meanwhile, maritime law mainly includes issues of ships and open waters. Therefore, the rights related to vessels have remained isolated in the literature of maritime law. This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. The research question is, what are the challenges in the field of marine transportation by boat from the point of view of administrative law? While examining administrative problems in the way of sea transportation in low tonnage, it was concluded that despite the establishment of regulations for the importation of goods of less than 500 tons by sailors, by the government board, the attention of jurists to this matter is still small and it needs attention. The implementation of the said regulation is still facing implementation problems due to the lack of attention to infrastructure. One of the requirements of this important implementation is the coordination between maritime organizations, customs, ports and shipping and several other institutions. Having up-to-date facilities is also one of the requirements for the implementation of the mentioned by-laws. In a situation where monitoring of this mechanism has been forgotten due to weak infrastructure facilities, the use of vessels is aimed at smuggling goods, and this also causes the cost of transportation to rise. In the end, it is necessary to prepare and adjust the monitoring mechanism of these vessels in coordination with all the related bodt

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine and infertility disorder characterized by symptoms such as insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and ovarian cysts. This study aimed to examine the effect of intraovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on ovarian morphology and insulin resistance in a PCOS rat model.

In this experimental study, 20 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N=5): control, sham, PCOS, and PCOS group treated with PRP. PCOS was induced using 1 mg/kg of letrozole dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose. The PRP group received 35 microliters of PRP injected directly into both ovaries. After 14 days of treatment, serum insulin levels, blood glucose, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were measured. Ovarian tissue sections were also examined for histopathological changes and follicle count.

Intraovarian injection of PRP led to a significant decrease in serum insulin levels (P<0.01) and glucose levels (P<0.01) compared to the PCOS group. The PRP-treated groups exhibited a significant reduction in the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P<0.0001). Histological analysis demonstrated that a single dose of PRP improved the ovarian pathological condition, resulting in a significant increase in healthy follicles at all developmental stages and corpus luteum (P<0.0001), along with a significant decrease in cystic follicles (P<0.0001).

Intraovarian PRP injection may ameliorate PCOS symptoms, including ovarian morphology and insulin resistance. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PRP's effectiveness.

One of the important issues of financial relations between couples is the reference of the wife to the dowry of the husband, especially the reference to the dowry, which is a subject of discussion and opinion and is one of the issues affecting the society. The purpose of this article is to examine the mentioned topic from the point of view of jurisprudence and law.

The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty, and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings showed that the wife's recourse is in two forms: mabhajl (redemption) and roju'a from the dowry gift.Production and employment are not directly mentioned in Islam, but the importance of production and employment can be inferred from numerous verses and traditions. In other words, in the verses and narrations, numerous indications of the basics of production and employment to create prosperity and fight against poverty can be inferred. From this point of view, the use of natural resources (land), labor force and human management are the most important jurisprudential mechanisms of production and employment. Also, the production and application of knowledge, the use of expert staff, double work, proper management of resources, economic jihad and promoting the culture of consumption of domestic goods are among the most important mechanisms for the realization of the knowledge-based economy.

Regarding the role of knowledge-based economy in production and employment and therefore economic development, it is necessary to formulate policies in line with the production of knowledge and the use of expert and efficient forces. The subject law has also accepted the opinion of famous jurists.

The present study aims at the jurisprudential challenges of waiting sukuk; Siri has been done in historical jurisprudential texts. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. The results showed that since bonds are based on interest-bearing loans, they are considered usury from the Islamic point of view and are forbidden; Therefore, in Islamic countries, these bonds can not be used for financing. To solve this problem, participation papers were first issued; But because these bonds are issued on the basis of a physical plan, and when companies have difficulty purchasing assets and providing liquidity, the bonds have no practical partnership, financial specialists designed new financial instruments. The same sukuk was created.The present study aims at the jurisprudential challenges of waiting sukuk; Siri has been done in historical jurisprudential texts. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. The results showed that since bonds are based on interest-bearing loans, they are considered usury from the Islamic point of view and are forbidden; Therefore, in Islamic countries, these bonds can not be used for financing. To solve this problem, participation papers were first issued; But because these bonds are issued on the basis of a physical plan, and when companies have difficulty purchasing assets and providing liquidity, the bonds have no practical partnership, financial specialists designed new financial instruments. The same sukuk was created.

People of the society create relationships based on their needs and in order to meet them, and do transactions based on that. Considering that the role of jurists is to identify the rules that govern these relationships, with the stipulation that Islamic government should also consider Shariah rules, on the same basis, in this article, in the light of jurisprudence and legal rules, ignorance of the transaction in futures and forward contracts in the capital market is examined.

The present paper is descriptive-analytical and the library method is used.

Ethical considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The most important drawback of derivative contracts of option, futures contracts and forward contracts in financial markets is these transactions being aleatory or speculation. Uncertainty of the object of transaction and ignorance of its characteristics from a jurisprudential and legal point of view and also the high risk of the transaction question the legitimacy of the transactions and contracts. Because according to Iranian jurisprudence and law, it is necessary for the object of transaction to be transparent and clear, or at least for the general situation to be clear and specific.

By clarifying the characteristics and conditions of the transaction and its parties in the capital market, the problem of ignorance about the transaction in futures and forward contracts can be resolved. This is possible in the light of transparency in the capital market.

Today, commercial activities have become more complex and complex than in the past, and for this reason, it has become a category with more sensitivities. One of the dimensions of trade sensitivity in the present age is related to the type of allocation of trade interests and beneficiaries of these interests. In the past, only family businesses and businesses benefited from the benefits of doing business. This theorem forms the basis of the pivotal theory. Today, however, this has changed the course and different sections of society, due to their role and function in increasing the profit and productivity of corporate business, are considered the beneficiaries of corporate business. This theorem also forms the basis of the central stakeholder theory. Thus, in the present age, stakeholder theory has prevailed over stakeholder theory. Therefore, with the emergence of these two concepts, new creative and legal challenges arise that must be considered. Therefore, in this article, the ethical and legal aspects of the theory of centralized and centralized stakeholder theory and their advantages and disadvantages have been studied.

Two theories can be considered as the foundations of the centralized approach. The first theory is that in the past, companies were formed as a family and was based on the trust of shareholders and partners, and the second theory was interpreted as the myth of ownership. But one of the main disadvantages of the pivotal theory was the accumulation of wealth in the hands of certain individuals and the creation of cartels and centers of wealth accumulation. Thus, the stakeholder theory emerged, which is a managerial, ethical, legal, economic, and social theory, which argues that a company, in order to be successful, must act in a way that creates value for all and benefits the common good. Consider. Stakeholder theory has revolutionized corporate law and consumer law. Of course, there are disadvantages that must be addressed to find legal solutions.

Nosy administration of another's property is an operation thata person does with good intentions and moral motivation ofbenevolence to manage another's property. The rulings of nosytransactions are always invalid in Iran. In Iranian law, the legalbasis for a nosy manager's interference and possession of otherpeople's property without the permission of the owner or legalrepresentative, according to the rules of subjugation and theethics of respect for the property of individuals, can be thejurisprudential rules of "necessities of prohibitingprohibitions" and the moral virtue of "Ihsan" and the nosymanager Invoking the ethical rule of benevolence can refer tothe owner. Examining and studying the mentioned operationwill help to make this type of transactions more compatiblewith the general order and the globalization of contract law. Inthis article, we will use analytical-descriptive method to findout whether the intention to benevolent and help others shouldbe examined from the point of view of a nosy manager, orwhether it is necessary to use a conventional and reasonableperson as a criterion to distinguish this intention? Thedifference between the two is that if it is a personal criterion,then attention should be paid to the status of the pryingmanager to determine if this intention existed or not. In thiscase, it is possible that a simple-minded person (who actuallyintended to do the moral duty of helping and benevolent, butthis intention of benevolence ended up harming the owner, andif another person were in the place of the nosy manager, hewould not have done such a thing, as The nosy manager hasthe right to refer to the owner for the expenses he incurred).

The prying of other people's property is an operation that a person, with good faith and benevolent motive, performs to manage another's property. The provisions of prying transactions in Iran have always been ineffective, while in the transactions of Britain and the United States, it is sometimes partially invalid and sometimes correct. In Iranian law, the legal basis for the interference and possession of a prying manager in the property of others without the permission of the owner or deputy of the law, according to the rules of domination and respect for the property of individuals can be the jurisprudential rules of Can refer to the owner. But in British and American law, the administration of other people's property is justified by the rule of emergency representation. This means that if the emergency agent is successful in British and American law, the agent can return to the original for the costs of rescuing and preserving the original property. A comparative study of these operations will help to make these types of transactions more in line with public order and the globalization of contract law.

The present article seeks to examine the legal challenges of land acquisition and acquisition in oil and gas industry projects. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, it will examine the laws of land acquisition. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method in this research is library. The article raises the question: What are the challenges in acquiring and acquiring lands in oil and gas industry projects in Iranian law? In response to the main question, it is assumed that "the problems arising from changes in laws and structural changes in the oil industry, the challenge of multiple laws in general and in particular, the lack of modern technology, the challenge of conflict between copies or law allocation Articles of Association and managerial problems in education and acquisition are among the challenges in this area. An agreed contract between the oil employer and the oil contractor is essential.

The present study seeks to analyze the nature of expected sukuk in Islamic jurisprudence; It's its challenges and inefficiencies. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, it will examine the nature of the expected sukuk. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information in this research is a library. And is one of the most prominent tools of Islamic economic development in society, which is expanding rapidly and has faced many challenges in two areas of principles and regulations; This article addresses some of these challenges, including sharia restrictions; The conflict of fatwas in Islamic finance and the religious risk in the use of securities in the field of fundamentals and lack of supply, stock exchanges, lack of necessary standards, legal and regulatory challenges and the problem of ownership in Sukuk in the field of regulations are addressed.

E-commerce is essentially a financial exchange that takes place in the context of interconnected electronic devices. A contract through the Internet is basically a contract between two people who are present in terms of time and absent in terms of place. E-commerce is an agreement between two people that is accepted by the buyer remotely through an international network (Internet) against the request of the seller, and this is also done through audio and visual devices. This work is research, theoretical and of the type of content production, and the content is presented by referring to jurisprudential and legal sources. In any of the electronic or traditional contracts, there may be a dispute between the parties on an issue of that contract, in order to resolve the dispute, it is necessary for the court to conduct legal proceedings and deal with the dispute. Among the issues raised in electronic commerce is the conclusion of electronic contracts; Because compared to traditional contracts in the law of our country, it is in the initial stages of development. Based on the laws of the subject of contracts and obligations in the context of the prevailing legal system or based on the agreement of the parties, the contract will be based on a law. In Iran's legal system, the law governing transactions is determined by the law of the place where the contract is made. If the contracting parties are non-Iranian and enter into a sales contract in Iran, they can specify another law implicitly or explicitly in the text of the contract. In this research, the quality and manner of laws governing electronic contracts as well as the dispute resolution authority in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iran's subject law have been discussed.

In today's society, the importance of the subject of documents and their registration is not hidden from anyone, because with the development of societies and the growing growth of commercial transactions, the development of trade and internationalization of trade, everyone has made people feel some kind of security in transactions. And this issue is taken from the dynamic and appropriate registration system. Therefore, the present study, which seeks to examine the conflict of documents in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, after expanding the conceptual space of the research subject, will examine the conflict of documents. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method in this dissertation is library. The findings of this study indicate that: First; It seems that in the conflict between a formal document and an ordinary document, the official document has more positive value and power in terms of enforceability and has priority, secondly; It seems that in comparison between official and ordinary documents, official documents for reasons such as having evidentiary power, legal effect of official documents in creating confidence in the judge that the personal claim is correct and having both positive and affirmative aspects on ordinary documents. It is preferable, thirdly; In Imami jurisprudence, it seems that in the conflict between the official and ordinary document, the principle is the impossibility of conflict.

The issue of state expropriation is important in public law in several ways.
First, the basis for governments to authorize the expropriation and ownership of other people's private property.Second, the legal nature and forms of expropriation in the public interest; And third, dispute resolution authorities. According to the results of this study, an important element that makes the Islamic State can trust it when necessary to seize private property if necessary, is the priority of public and community interests over individual interests. Accordingly, the theoretical foundations of acquisition as one of the examples of government administration is based on public service theory, because acquisition is in a position to eliminate the conflict between collective and individual interests and because of public services and the use of preferential management laws in ownership. Supported by the same services. Claims arising out of land ownership are largely legal, and dispute resolution authorities in this area are divided into specialized and general categories. Numerous criticisms of specialized authorities related to the settlement of disputes over the ownership of urban lands are the cases in which the non-publicity of the meetings and the impossibility of the non-governmental party to attend these meetings are the most important criticisms in this regard.

The issue of Ownership transfer and loss of property before receipt is one of the issues in today's transactions that the study of its concept and on the Ownership transfer effects is necessary and this article this issue studies.

Thise article is Analytical descriptive and uses the library method.

In this article, Originality of texts, honesty and trusteeship Has been complied with.

In the sale, as soon as the contract occurs, the seller is the owner of the price and the customer is the owner of the seller. but according to rule of wasted object before taking, the seller loses the seller's property and not the customer's property. It is known as a seller The Ownership to the buyer as a result of the contract is transferred. But the exchange commutative warranty remains with the seller until cession is made.

The contract of sale, is a clear example of Proprietary contracts. Before cession, if the sale is lost, the seller must return the price for the lost property to the buyer has received. The presence of cucumber makes the commutative warranty even with cession not disappear. Therefore, the presence of cucumber in the contract of sale means that even with the surrender, the guarantee of the seller against the loss of the seller is not lost.

The principle is on personal responsibility; This means that no one bears the burden of other sins and everyone is responsible for their own actions. However, according to Article 7 of the Civil Liability Law, whenever the parents and legal guardians are at fault in the care and custody of the child, they are liable for the harmful acts of the child, and this liability also includes transactions that result in harm to the child in cyberspace. The specific components of cyberspace and the ease of conducting transactions leading to gross fraud by the child in cyberspace, require pure or absolute responsibility for the parents of the child that the Iranian legal system, unlike the American legal system, still tends to this direction. Has not found.Ethical considerations:preserving the originality of texts and fidelity in speech quoting, as the most important ethical requirements, have been considered by the authors. Given the need to consider liability for parents and legal guardians (and not the child himself) for transactions made by him in cyberspace, this liability seems as a kind of performance guarantee in order to perform the family institution optimally. From a jurisprudential point of view, this is an exception to the provisions of the rule of "Burden" and the principle of personal responsibility, and from a legal point of view, the legislator begins to move from the classical theory of fault and gradually accept pure or absolute responsibility for the child's parents.

In recent years, immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells) has been considered as a novel and promising treatment for some diseases, especially cancer. The CAR T cell production is a multi-step, complex, time-consuming, and costly process. One of the most important steps in production of CAR T cells is expansion of these cells at appropriate numbers for injection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the methods of expansion for human CAR T cells in ex vivo.

In this study, specifically engineered CAR T cells against the MUC1 tumor antigen were prepared. The cells were then treated with rIL-2, anti-CD3/C28 Dynadeads, and allogeneic PBMC (Rapid expansion protocol (REP)) for 14 days.

The results showed that using anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies in effective ratios; 1: 1 and 1: 3 (bead: cell) along with (IU100) rIL-2 resulted in a 27.5-fold increase in the number of cells. However, the use of rIL-2 alone or allogeneic PBMC eventually resulted in 4.5-fold increase and 9-fold increase, respectively.

Anti-CD3/CD28 in combination with rIL-2 can provide all three signals required for T cell activation and proliferation which can be a suitable alternative to costly and expensive cell proliferation techniques for animal or human CAR T cell studies.

Facing emergencies and, consequently, non-fulfillment of obligations contained in contracts, is one of the important issues in the new era. Considering the close relationship between the Iranian legal system and the rules and rules of jurisprudence and considering the theoretical foundations of urgency, the effect of this element on the system of economic contracts based on the said components, the purpose of this study.

The type of research is descriptive and the method used is descriptive-analytical.

The findings of the study indicate the effect of the element of urgency on the system of economic contracts at both levels of the terms and conditions of the economic contract as well as its survival or dissolution.Ethical Considerations: In this research, preserving the originality of texts and fidelity in quoting speech, as a moral imperative, has been considered by the authors.

The study of the effect of urgency on the system of economic contracts with regard to jurisprudential arguments and its theoretical foundations, shows that if the necessary legal mechanisms to control the scope of these effects are not foreseen, their obvious conflict with jurisprudential arguments will be ineffective. Theoretical foundations and moving away from the main philosophy of the state of emergency will not be far from the mind.

The Possessory will of the deceased is indebted to one of the important issues in jurisprudence that is the subject of discussion. In this article, we have tried to examine the status of the testator's Possessory will and property and what is the jurisprudence and law approach regarding the debtor's inheritance option.

This is a descriptive-analytical article using the library method to investigate the question.

 

In this article, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The heir's possessions in the estate must be in line with the deceased's religion in order to be considered legitimate and valid. The debts of the deceased do not belong to the heirs. In order for the estate to be ready to join the heirs' property, it must be liquidated, and the debts and financial obligations of the heir take precedence over the acquisition of the heirs.

The immersion of religion in the will does not prevent the cucumber from being transferred to the heir, although the money in which the cucumber is present is not transferred to the heir due to the existence of religion.Keywords: Inheritance, Will, Proprietary Will, Inheritance option clause, Debtor Dead

The right to a fair trial includes a set of principles and rules designed to protect the rights of the parties to their litigation. These safeguards are enshrined in international human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights, as one of the fundamental human rights recognized.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Findings show that the international principles of fair trial, if implemented with care and courage, will strengthen public confidence in a fair and credible trial because the health and correctness of the actions of other powers depends on the health of the judiciary.

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The principles of fair trial in civil proceedings are common to EU law and Iranian law. But in both Iranian law and the courts of the European Union, the principles of fair trial are not explicitly guaranteed, and the guarantee of enforcement is due to the acceptance of the spirit of the principle of fair trial as enshrined in Iranian and European Union law, nor is the enforcement guarantee explicitly intended for a fair trial.

The right to a fair trial includes a set of principles and rules which is designed to protect the rights of the parties in litigation. These safeguards are recognized as one of the fundamental human rights in international human rights documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate these principles in the legal system of Iran and the European Union.

This research is theoretical in terms of type and the method is descriptive-analytical. the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while requiring the authenticity of the texts, the principles of honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings show that the international principles of fair trial in the Iranian law and the European Union has been considered theoretically, but if it is implemented accurately and decisively in the field of action, it will strengthen public trust and lead to a fair and credible trial.

The principles of fair trial in civil proceedings are common to EU law and Iranian law, but in both Iranian legal system and the courts of the European Union, the principles of fair trial are not explicitly guaranteed, and the guarantee of enforcement is due to the acceptance of the spirit of the principle of fair trial as mentioned in Iranian and European Union law, nor is the enforcement guarantee explicitly intended for a fair trial.

liability of government is an affair which has been a challenge from beginning of establishing a modern governments and has experienced various ups and downs. One of the fields , regards newer in this base, is the civil liability arising from financial policies of the government. These policies are effective considerably on fate of persons of society and economic active persons and sometime, it has caused lots of losses to them. Therefore, the present research that indicates to civil liability arising from financial policies of the government in England , after expansion of conceptual space of the research subject, it will indicates civil liability. According to the subjective documentations, presented in this research, educational, descriptive, analytical methods and method of gathering information are librarian in this research. These findings of this study indicates that firstly, it seems that Civil liability is arising from financial policies of main government, accepted in legal Council of England. Secondly, Law 1998, codified a framework in this field , its basis, the financial policies of England , has been regulated. Therefore, this essay indicates a systematic analysis and timely analysis in these two cases (1) How does this law regulates well financial law requirement from theoretical dimension and (2) how will develop financial policy be realized practically in light of this law.

Today the expansion of contagious diseases from HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, Tuberculosis, made several crises in the world including our country, Iran. Among significant problems in this area is the responsibility of legal entities which is due to transmission of dangerous contagious diseases. What is called “Civil Liability” in English law is tort. Legal entities which are responsible for transmission of dangerous contagious diseases are the hospitals which negligence of any of hospital authorities can cause the transmission of the dangerous contagious disease to some people. “Civil Liability” of the hospital in the case can be contractual or tortuous or blood transfusion center which has the obligation of transportation of healthy and free from contamination blood and blood products, so in the event of neglect of any of legal entities, legal obligations must be considered so the rights of the victims of these diseases won't be violated.

Nowadays, the human society is facing big challenges as a result of development of serious contagious diseases, such as Ebola, various kinds of Hepatitis, HIV and … and it has created civil liability problems. Civil liability is one of the most important issues in private law, which is considered sanction of individual rights. This paper deals with civil liability of natural persons resulting from transmission of serious contagious diseases and liability of each of them so as to prevent from violation of the rights of victims suffering from such severe contagious diseases. For instance, if a hairdresser causes disease transmission to a healthy person due to his/ her imprudence, it indicates an element of his/ her liability. Also, if a mother refrains from pre-pregnancy vaccination and needed tests and thus causes disease transmission to her baby, it is indicative of an element of her liability. On the other hand, liability arising from contagious disease is not particular to patients who are aware of their disease, but also involves unknowing patients and the liability of unaware patients can be proven by destruction and causation rules.