علیرضا عندلیب

Problem statement: 

In the strategies for culture-based urban regeneration, the cultural-social and economic impacts of activities and events, as well as the physical-spatial characteristics of the host spaces, are of great importance. Ritual-hosting spaces encompass a range of environments that must possess specific physical, cultural, social, economic, and managerial attributes. Urban regeneration through ritual functionalities can challenge the conditions of spaces, facilitating the formation of social space, fostering solidarity, enhancing the sense of place, and increasing citizen participation. Zanjan city is renowned for its ritual functions, especially during the religious and national ceremonies in the month of Muharram. Therefore, it is expected that the spaces manifesting these religious ceremonies align with their ritual functions and that the deterioration, decay, and decline of these ritual axes would significantly impact the quantity and quality of solidarity, sense of belonging, identity, and more.

This study aims to identify the role of ritual-centric axes as drivers of regeneration along the Zeynabieh and Hosseinieh Azam to Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim (PBUH) axis in Zanjan city.

The study employs explanatory methods based on novel future study techniques. The factors were evaluated by 30 urban planning experts using environmental scanning and cross-impact/structural analysis. The specialized future studies’ software, MICMAC, was used to identify the functionality of the ritual axis as a driver for urban regeneration.

The results indicate that the dispersion of the influential variables suggests system instability. Out of 29 factors analyzed, 10 key factors were identified as critical influencers on the ritual-centric axis, consistently appearing in both direct and indirect methods. These key factors—alignment with historical context, sense of place, dynamism and sustainability, physical continuity, mental role creation, environmental signification, organization derived from religion and culture, physical-social continuity, adaptability, and spatial dynamism—are crucial in the regeneration of the Zeynabieh and Hosseinieh Azam to Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim axis in Zanjan. Enhancing the quality of these key factors will significantly improve the quality of interactions and solidarity among individuals with the environment.

Naseri Fence, which played a role in the past as an important and influential part of the city of Tehran, has now faced various problems, including degradation of living and environmental qualities. On the other hand, this area can be considered as an unchallengeable historical and historic city of Tehran, which hundreds of buildings and historical space that attracts tourists, which will further increase the importance of this part of the city of Tehran. The aim of this study is to Recognition the effects of tourism development on improving the quality of life of individuals.

The research method is a survey and data gathering tool for questionnaires are interviews, field observations and for analyze the data has been used to ANP of this research. The statistical population of this research is the Naseri Fence of Tehran, which includes the 12th district and part of the 11th area. Using Cochran formula and spatial cluster sampling, with a 97% Approximate allocation of 375 samples is selected.

The research findings show that the presence of tourists in the region is affected by economic prosperity, improving environmental quality, reducing pollution and increasing health, expanding residents' communication, access to public transport and cultural promotion.

all of which are influenced by the development of tourism industry. Be So, in the current period, planning for tourism development is very necessary.

The purpose of this article is to present an analytical framework for urban governance indicators based on the principles of Islam. Islamic principles constitute a comprehensive and extensive value system that determines laws and regulations for individual behavior and social order. Urban governance, as a multidimensional concept encompassing economic, social, and political aspects, significantly influences urban management and is manifested within legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional and managerial structures, and urban plans and programs.

The current indicators of urban governance implemented in cities of Iran are derived from global governance indicators and would be so useful based on the implementing according to the principles of the Islamic worldview. The Islamic worldview encompasses principles of monotheism (unity and coherence in urban management and governance), prophethood (guiding the city and its inhabitants towards perfection), resurrection (having environments with strong religious influences), divine justice (social justice and fair distribution of resources and facilities in cities), and imamate (leadership and urban management based on Islamic values and ethics with reliance on religious democracy).

Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. We believe that ritual functions can be considered as a stimulus for collective formation. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-tech statistical test and Pearson's correlation were used using SPSS software. The results showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication and interactions, and sense of security, respectively, with an average of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, 3.35 had had the most significant impact in promoting ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of space are more affected than we mentioned, while lack of furniture reinforcement, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, none participating in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness, lack of installation of guide signs as a problem must have considered. Findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space improves in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more significant the impact will be on the continuation of the formation and promotion of the study-oriented ritual functions and vice versa

In recent decades, the deterioration of urban decay has become a significant problem in the country. On the one hand, the expansion of urban decay, and on the other hand, the uneven process of renovating these fabrics has led to the emergence of new problems for the cities of the country. The analysis of the renovation damage reveals that the imbalance and inconsistency in various social, physical, economic dimensions, and other similar factors have caused disruption or disconnection with networks and urban development flows, resulting in decay in vulnerable and susceptible areas.” Therefore, it can be said that deteriorated urban fabrics or lagged urban areas are the result of unfair urbanization and imbalanced urban development. For this reason, so far, there has not been a balance between the processes of renovation with the process of deterioration. The four main obstacles to Balanced Renovation are ambiguity of the fundamental and foundational concepts of renovation (lack of knowledge and lack of theoretical foundations), existence of conflicts in the governance system of renewal management, and lack of a strategic-executive plan for renewal, lack of active participation (actors) of target communities in renewal, especially people in policymaking, planning, and implementation of projects (distrust in promises, programs, and renewal management), and instability in managerial approaches, inability to coordinate departments, and weakness of responsible parties in coordinating departments and responsible organizations (lack of transparency in processes). With this process, it can be concluded that the persistence of deteriorated fabrics leads to the “decay”, “decline”, or “collapse” of the remaining Fabrics. In other words, the decay or collapse of tissue in such a situation means that these tissues have reached a point of irreversible redevelopment. Therefore, there is a need to open a path for rational, scientific, and intelligent intervention in the deteriorated urban fabrics of the country, which, based on the three fundamental insights and wisdom of “justice-based” redevelopment, “community-based” redevelopment, and “neighborhood-Oriented” redevelopment, will rejuvenate the deteriorated fabrics in a balanced manner. Given the fundamental insights and basic principles, Balanced Renovation, which aims to intervene rationally, scientifically, and intelligently in the deteriorated urban fabrics of the country, requires a systematic formulation. These principles can encompass all the objectives, plans, actions, and performances of revitalizing deteriorated urban decay within that framework for implementation and evaluation. The management system for revitalizing deteriorated urban fabrics primarily requires comprehensive perspectives, intellectual and practical balance, and rationality combined with intelligence in addressing the issue of urban decay in the country and promoting the revitalization of these areas. In this way, the goal of the balanced revitalization of deteriorated areas is realized and urban development is also balanced.

The aim of this study is to design a paradigm of customer buying behavior that is affected by environmental sensory cues correspondent of sensory marketing rules at coffee shops located in ESFAHAN province.

This is a qualitative study with anductive approach that, using theoretical framework grounded theory and the systematic design Strauss and Corbin, been conducted by designing a through 25 semi-structured using Maxqda2023 software.

The findings obtained from the data summarize the conditions, interactions, and consequences in three dimensions. The analysis of customer purchasing behavior is divided into five categories of sensory factors, including tactile factors, visual factors, auditory factors, and olfactory factors. In the strategic factors section, the main factors include technical and technological factors, structural and architectural measures of coffee shops, welfare and hygiene facilities, and marketing strategies as a strategy. These factors can facilitate the achievement of phenomena to consequences. Among these, demographic factors, customer and competitor reactive measures, educational and cultural gaps, lack of supervisory and control indicators, barriers to marketing principles, and structural-environmental barriers play an intervention role. Imperative factors and social factors are background factors that exist in the context of the discussion. Ultimately, six factors - customer perception, the presence of unique and innovative perspectives, branding, purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, and motivational consequences - play a role in the consequences.

The results of this research indicate that multiple intertwined multidimensional factors influence the analysis of customer behavior.

Conflict in the conservation-development dichotomy is among the main challenges in the face of historic urban areas, which destroys heritage values, as well as hinders the actualization of development objectives, and deteriorates the historic urban areas. The present study aims to explain the dialectic and balanced model of conservation- development of historic urban areas, redefining the concepts of conservation and development in the face of historic urban areas, evaluating the roots of forming intellectual conflicts, and providing a rational framework and method for understanding and eliminating the conflict of conservation-development dichotomy.

This Research is fundamental, by qualitative content analysis and logical reasoning strategy, at the ontological level through the analysis of philosophical texts, understands the basic meaning of "relationship", conservation and development, and at the epistemological level through analytical reading of theories, effective components In the recognition of conservation-development dichotomy is explained. The final product of the research is the explanation of the dialectical and balanced model ofconservation-development of historical urban areas.

At the theoretical level, the results include redefining the relationship between conservation and development, showing that their relationship interacts with conflict in a dialectic process, while the scope and depth of each expanded, leading to their evolution and promotion. At the philosophical level, the results show that all the concepts are considered contradictory and unbalanced in both internal and external areas (intermediate concerning other concepts), leading to a move to return to balance and interact with other concepts and achieve a higher position in the hierarchy of actualization in the concept.

Based on the results, conservation and development are inherently integrated and balanced. In addition, passing through the dialectic stages in different dimensions of the conservation-development dichotomy leads to the elimination of internal conflicts, the creation of a balance between the concepts, and their promotion

Urban regeneration as a comprehensive approach to the restoration of historic centers, despite maintaining the main features of the space seeks to improve all the qualities of historic sites and tries to motivate development drivers in the process of historical reconstruction.  The aim of this study was to identify the most effective components of regeneration stimulating the development of historical centers following the adaptation of relationships between criteria on the historical core of Kermanshah.  The method of data analysis in this study is quantitative and the components of the theoretical framework in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire with closed questions, subject to validation of experts in the old context of Kermanshah (15 people in a purposeful and accessible way)  Is located.  The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method and SPSS software and the value was /76.  It is a sign of acceptable level of reliability.  Also, the adaptation of the components to the studied texture was plotted in the form of two decision trees with the help of Rapid Miner software, and the importance rank of the components was extracted.  The results show that the central core of the historical context of Kermanshah, due to the high volume of physical destruction, requires the formation of new construction while developing infrastructure, and the main existing functions require the reproduction of historical identity.  It also seems necessary to inject the flag project in combination with the development of accesses and local area network infrastructure in order to change the mood of the place.  Another result is that development drivers should define and refine the role of the historical core in the city as a whole and connect it as a development driver to the surrounding context in an interconnected network.  The results of applying the conceptual model of the research to the historical core of Kermanshah, confirm that the main criteria of the model are to a large extent applicable to the historical center of Iranian cities.

Problem statement:

The use of proportions derived from nature in vernacular architecture is one of the principles that govern the interactionsbetween the built environment and nature.The existence of the formal relationship between the built environment and nature can lead to optimization,order,and stability in the built environment.In fact,structures in nature have become stable over time in terms of form and combination and can create reproducible principles regarding the continuity and beauty of spaces.Nowadays,such principles have been neglected in the proportions and numeric relationships employed in the geometry of spaces.The sample of this study contains twenty-four traditional houses in the Qajar era in Ardabil because most of these buildings have been built in this period.

Research objective:

The present study aims to determine the compatibility of common geometric proportions used in the traditional houses of Ardabil with Iranian proportions,golden ratios, and approximate ratios derived from nature to identify the most common nature-friendly layout in the region.

Research method:

This study isapplied and mixed-methods research in which both quantitative and qualitative methodsare employed. First of all, the data related to the dimensions, sizes, and computational ratios were obtained via field observations. After that, the geometric proportions employed in halls, rooms, and main facades were identified using frequency diagrams. Then their compatibility with the proportions derived from nature was analyzedto determine which spatial ratios and standards derived from nature had the highest frequency in the buildings.

The results showed that the architecture of the traditional houses was consistent and compatible with nature in terms of formal characteristics.in addition to using Iranian proportions, golden proportionsin laying out the elements and architectural spaces from plans to façades,the architects of the buildings have also made use of ratios close to simple arithmetic proportions.This shows the relationship between the spatial patterns and the combination of data received from nature,which have been integrated intothe construction of the buildings.

Appropriate structural and physical design has been one of the climatic strategies of traditional houses in interacting with nature. Over many years, these houses have tested various types of designs and have now reached a stable structure and have obtained some reproducible principles. This way, not only have they affected the health of the users directly and positively, but also, they have prevented energy wastage, rectified the unhealthy conditions in internal spaces, reduced environmental crises, etc. These principles, however, have been disregarded in the structural aspects of spaces in the modern architecture. Bearing this in mind, the present study aimed to recognize the geometric and proportional patters as well as the standards being employed in the structures of central courtyard, winter halls, and the seasonal rooms designed based on the cold climate. The connections between various spaces were also investigated based on their structural features so that by comparing climatic criteria, we can get to a sustainable designing pattern based on the structural patterns. We can also recognize the most common nature-friendly spatial ratios in this region and make use of them to meet the needs of the modern era. In the current study, 12 traditional houses belonging to Qajar era were investigated. In so doing, the needed information was collected from the spaces affected by the cold climate via field observations and the obtained data were classified. Then using computational methods, logical reasoning, and qualitative as well as quantitative analyses, a series of geometric proportions and spatial relations were detected. The results of the analyses regarding the most common ratios, dimensions, and areas were indicative of the high compatibility of spatial patterns with the cold climate. More specifically, some spaces that are used for similar purposes in special seasons of the year have similar proportions and shapes. The differentiation between the spaces has only been limited to winter and summer. The details of the structures designed for winter have been attended to relatively more. Therefore, the structural patterns employed in the past can be used for designing buildings in the modern era. By doing so, we will be able to reduce most of the energy wastage.

Increased NK cells or their cytokine activity in endometrium and peripheral blood of mothers with pre-eclampsia have been reported. NKG2D is a cell surface receptor that can be used to detect NK cell and lymphocytic activity. Plant flavonoids such as silymarin has immunomodulatory effects and potentially inhibit the disease progression. Therefore, an in vitro experiment was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of silymarin in pre-eclampsia.

Blood samples from preeclamptic and pregnant and non-pregnant women were analyzed by Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Ficoll-Paque. Flow cytometry was used for marker assay including NKG2D expression on CD56+CD3- and CD3+ cells. Also, different concentrations of silymarin were applied, andNKG2D expression on the cells were considered, and IFNγ production in the cell culture medium were evaluated using ELISA.

CD3-CD56+ cells and NKG2D receptor expression were augmented in PBMCs in the pre-eclampsia group (P = 0.03). However, treatment of PBMCs with silymarin solutions decrease NKG2D markers on the lymphocytes. PBMCs treated cells by silymarin in culture medium indicates reduce IFNɣ production even in the presence of IL-2 stimulation by 2-3 folds (P = 0.0001).

Increase in NK cell population, NKG2D receptor expression and IFNɣ production play a crucial role in the samples of preeclamptic patients, and well express involvement of immunological factors of the disease. The effectiveness of silymarin in cell culture medium and modulation of inflammatory factors necessitate the design of clinical model for using silymarin in patients by risk of increased NK activity in pre-eclampsia patients.

Today, it is critical to apply the teachings and experiences of the past by using the models, especially a conceptual model making use of a local theory being compatible with the context of our country in order to improve the urban environment, such as renovating urban decay. Therefore, this research based its framework on a new process to achieve positive changes in rejuvenating decay areas. In this article, the "Balanced Renovation of Urban Decay" Theory was first explained and it was used in a case study (central urban decayed tissue of Zanjan). The results of the first step were used for "dynamic modeling of decayed networks". The research variables used for modeling included a large number of indicators, components and social elements of the urban decay, resulting from valid theoretical sources and field studies, questionnaires, as well as using the experts’ opinions through Delphi method. This is while they are finally reduced to important and effective indicators using factor analysis method. The present study was applied in terms of objective and a survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this study consisted of the residents and users of the decay central part of Zanjan, i.e., 375 citizens selected as the sample population by random sampling. The findings of this study in the "Balanced Renovation Model" suggested that the urban decay of central Zanjan was out of balance from a social dimension and the priorities for action to balance the area were determined. The output of the "Dynamic Software System Model" also indicated that system will be moving in an unbalanced direction in the future. Dynamic system models also confirm the accuracy of Balanced Theory results.Today, it is critical to apply the teachings and experiences of the past by using the models, especially a conceptual model making use of a local theory being compatible with the context of our country in order to improve the urban environment, such as renovating urban decay. Therefore, this research based its framework on a new process to achieve positive changes in rejuvenating decay areas. In this article, the "Balanced Renovation of Urban Decay" Theory was first explained and it was used in a case study (central urban decayed tissue of Zanjan). The results of the first step were used for "dynamic modeling of decayed networks". The research variables used for modeling included a large number of indicators, components and social elements of the urban decay, resulting from valid theoretical sources and field studies, questionnaires, as well as using the experts’ opinions through Delphi method. This is while they are finally reduced to important and effective indicators using factor analysis method. The present study was applied in terms of objective and a survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this study consisted of the residents and users of the decay central part of Zanjan, i.e., 375 citizens selected as the sample population by random sampling. The findings of this study in the "Balanced Renovation Model" suggested that the urban decay of central Zanjan was out of balance from a social dimension and the priorities for action to balance the area were determined. The output of the "Dynamic Software System Model" also indicated that system will be moving in an unbalanced direction in the future. Dynamic system models also confirm the accuracy of Balanced Theory results.

 Urban regeneration seeks to improve all environmental qualities of historical sites and tries to motivate development drivers in the process of recreating historic centers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain how the development stimulus components and relationships in the regeneration process affect the construction of a theoretical model.

The research in terms of purpose was developmental-applied, extraction method, Delphi and relationship building technique, interpretive-structural modeling. The statistical population of 15 university experts was purposefully available and the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.76.

Component relationships are regulated in three levels and eight layers from the most dependent to the most influential, with the first level devoted to fundamental factors, the second level to structural features, and the third level to historical reconstruction achievements.

The factors of serviceability of neighborhoods, inter-component design and implementation of catalysts are the basis for moving to other components and functional link shows the historic neighborhood in a whole link and identity and social justice and satisfaction highest level of dependence. And impact will be realized.

The concepts of urban development and backwardness of the old and historical contexts from the development process are the corresponding phenomena in non-developed or developing countries, which generally resulted from linear and horizontal only physical growth, instead of considering the inner potentialities of cities. The current research pursues the objective of understanding the correct procedure of spatial development of a city, especially Kermanshah as the case study and analyzing the irregular developmental trends of the Feizabad neighborhood, as well as identifying effective factors in creating and increasing the dimensions of weariness in this area. From the methodological point of view, this research has been done by focusing on a case study strategy and a descriptive-analytical method. Finally, it has been validated by a survey of experts to precise the research proposition theory. This was done by designing and distributing a researcher-made questionnaire among experts in the field of architecture and Urbanism with a high familiarity with the old context of Kermanshah. In this way, by weighing and scoring the items extracted from the theoretical framework of the research, the priority of the components of the research conceptual model was achieved, and thus it was possible to rank the negative consequences of the development concerning the weariness of the studied historical context. The results show that the increase in the size of the city in different historical periods has had no relevance to population growth. Especially, due to incorrect policies regarding the transfer of land after the Islamic Revolution, the deterioration of the Feizabad neighborhood has increased. Then, the problems such as lack of Balancing the city has led to the formation of competition between new large areas and the central contexts increasing maintenance costs and informal settlements.

Using all optical devices for implementing all optical communication networks is very important. By using all optical frequency shift keying demodulators one can generate binary codes from the frequency of optical waves. In this paper a novel structure has been proposed for designing photonic crystal based all optical frequency shift keying demodulator. Three resonant cavities with different resonant modes were used for the frequency selecting section. In order to separate three different resonant modes, the radius of the defect rods used inside the cavities was chosen with different size. The simulation results show the proposed structure can generate four binary codes according to the frequency of the input optical waves. Therefore the final structure can work as an all optical frequency shift keying demodulator which can generate 00, 01, 10 and 11 codes at the output ports. The maximum delay time of the proposed structure is 4 ps.

Housing is the smallest element of housing, the most important urban land use and one of the major indicators of a country's development assessment. On the other hand, demographic changes due to natural growth and migration increase the need for housing and lead to the physical expansion of cities; in principle, the lack of proper land policy in a country or a policy incompatible with economic, cultural and political conditions. It will lead to numerous problems in the field of economics. This has prompted national and local governments to develop policies to control the physical disruption of cities. The purpose of the present study is to determine the impact of these policies on the physical development of District 15 of Tehran Municipality. In this study, which is cognitive in terms of purpose and in terms of post-event nature, a qualitative approach was used by descriptive-analytical method. The field study was conducted through a survey method based on interview and questionnaire techniques. The statistical population is comprised of urban elites, professors and experts. Data analysis was done by SPSS software (Friedman test) and GIS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that demand-driven policies were more effective than supply-based policies among the effective policies on the development of Tehran's 15th district. Of all the indicators, direct government involvement in the land market (transfers in the urban land sector) has played the most role.

This study attempts to determine the compatibility of common geometric proportions used in traditional houses with daylight performance and natural proportions of the surrounding physical environment so as to recognize the most compatible structural layout with nature. To this end, 28 shahneshin rooms were chosen from 21 traditional houses in Ardabil. Moreover, they were observed to have the highest level of overlap with the frequency perimeter zone of daylight.

Since ancient neighborhoods are a symbol of the cultural and historical identity of cities and their destruction and destruction are at the root of the inhabitants' identity, there is a need to address these contexts and recreate them. Of course, the issue of worn-out and inefficient urban neighborhoods and recreation of these neighborhoods is a complex and multidimensional issue, so any issues related to recreational urban texture regeneration should be evaluated in a multidimensional way and a combination of different factors. In this study, systematically and systematically, the key proponents of effective regeneration of worn-out neighborhoods of District 12 of Tehran metropolis have been systematically identified and analyzed. In this study, first, 40 environmental factors were extracted in six different political, economic, socio-cultural, legal, managerial, and physical fields using environmental and Delphi techniques, and then using the Delphi method of managers, the cross-effects matrix of the components Is formed. In the next step, matrix analysis was performed through Miccom software. The results of scattering of variables in the influence axis and factor influencing in the Mickemak software indicate the instability of the system in recreating the study area and accordingly five variables were identified. Finally, given the high score of direct and indirect influence of the factors, ten key factors were identified as key drivers in the future recreation of the area. Among the factors considered, socio-cultural variables had the greatest impact on recreation of the study area and political factors had the least influence.

One of the controversial and critical phenomena of today's cities is the deteriorated tissue phenomenon. The issue of environmental degradation of neighborhoods is a more comprehensive phenomenon than construction depreciation, construction of quality and instability of the building. This research is based on the theory of the balanced modernization of urban exhausted tissues and in the area of the worn out tissues of Zanjan city. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of modernization of worn out tissue in a systematic way. Research variables include the components and elements of the urban wastewort system. This research was of fundamental type and after drawing of equilibrium circles, a dynamical system model was developed. Indicators and criteria of elite opinion consensus are obtained and provided to interviewers in the form of questionnaires. For data analysis, methods and statistical techniques, Delphi technique, AHP and dynamic analysis software "Vensim" have been used.The corroded tissues of the cities of the country, which in many cases form the core of these cities, are, on the one hand, part of the cultural and historical heritage of those cities, and preservation, physical improvement and functional empowerment are inevitable, and on the other hand, most of these tissues With time and lack of attention and maintenance, they are burned out and destroyed physically and functionally. Accordingly, the most important issue in the planning of this part of the city is the attention to the human factor and its participation in the planning process (Rahnema, 2009, 12).

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 from the family Coronaviridae, was first reported in December 2019 in China. The disease have mild or severe symptoms such as fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by severe inflammation, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and dysfunction of other organs. In this narrative review study, the search was conducted on related studies published during January- October 2020 in Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases using the keywords Covid-19, Immunology, and Immunopathogenesis. Among abundant and mostly repetitive information, the immunological aspects were selected. The SARS-CoV-2 can enter the cell by binding to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and Trans-Membrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) on the surface of lung epithelial cells. The main pathogenic mechanism of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is the stimulation of inflammatory response followed by damage to the alveoli of lung tissue. In uncontrolled immune responses, the infiltration of macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and inflammatory T cells into the alveoli increases which leads to tissue damage in the lungs and other organs by overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin 6 (IL-8), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), etc. The Natural Killer (NK) and T cell dysfunction, lymphopenia, and infection of immune cells such as monocytes with ADE mechanism are factors causing the body’s failure in resistance to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on the clinical symptoms and the results of molecular tests (e.g. Polymerase Chain Reaction test), or computerized tomography scan followed by serological tests and measuring biochemical factors in the blood (e.g. lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein, dimerized plasmin fragment D, etc.). Due to the association of the severity of COVID-19 with the uncontrolled immune response of the host, targeting any of the immunopathological pathways to inhibit inflammatory responses can be considered as potential therapeutic goals. The use of immune system regulators such as chloroquine, corticosteroids, inflammatory cytokine blockers such as anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1, and cell therapy at the right time have an enhanced effect on the recovery of the disease or inhibit the disease progression.

Recent global experiences have shown that culture-led regeneration has played a crucial role in the  urban life quality, particularly in historical-cultural areas. Given the rich cultural background of Iran, the experiences of the recent decade in this country are indicative of a growing tendency toward this approach. A holistic analysis of the literature could easily indicate that there is no clear procedure to identify and develop culture-led regeneration strategies, and the majority of studies have only addressed the achievements of the previous experiences.

The main achievement of the study is introducing a comprehensive process which identifies and prioritizes culture-led regeneration strategies based on the nature of each district.

Based on a case study of the historical district of Feizabad in the city of Kermanshah with its remarkable cultural assets as well as the recent cultural projects conducted in this district, the present study seeks to combine quantitative and qualitative techniques and develop strategies appropriate to the district under study by using content analysis, interpretative-historical analysis, and space syntax analysis. In the process of identifying strategies, first, a conceptual model of practical strategies and policies of culture-led regeneration is devised based on global literature. Next, the process goes through four steps to identify appropriate strategies for culture-led regeneration in Kermanshah as well as other historical cities in Iran. These steps include analysis of cultural assets, identification of cultural projects in the area and evaluation of the residents’ image of these projects, prioritization of the strategies derived from the conceptual model using the opinions of both experts and residents and finding the appropriate places which adapt to the strategies.

Based on our findings, the high-priority strategies in Feizabad Neighborhood include the role of local actors, improvement of the quality of the urban environment, reuse of valuable or abandoned buildings, and mixed-use development.

In the architecture of traditional houses, the environment used to be formed by the mutual interaction of human beings and nature. With the emergence of environmental crises in the contemporary world, the integration of natural and human processes became the most important ecological issue in the domain of sustainability. The aim of the current study is to recognize those ecological criteria of traditional houses which can be productive in the contemporary world so as to arrive at ecological solutions based on the thermal behavior of these houses in cold regions.

These factors are investigated in two traditional houses in Ardabil using descriptive methods, field observations, and quantitative analyses.

The investigation of the most critical climatic condition of the region is indicative of the thermal resistance of the rooms against temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, the analysis of the architectural features taken from physical environment (topography, climate) and structural environment (building form, spatial organization, material, landscape, infrastructure) shows that there is an optimal interaction between these components. The recognition of these architectural features can also provide ecological solutions.

The results of the assessment of the ecological criteria in the houses are also indicative of their conformity with the environment.In fact,these structures have overcome climatic effects via the use of natural resources in a way that rooms like shahneshin and basement which have seasonal function, have optimal performance against temperature fluctuations. For example, in a sample shahneshin room in smaller dimensions, the minimum difference between the inside and outside temperature is 13 °C

Our land, Islamic Iran, which is the mother of all our history, tradition and culture and has always remained steadfast in its historical mazes and upheavals, has not been in good condition for a long time. In such a situation, it is necessary for all those who have somehow risen from this land and have their own identity, to commit themselves to this situation in a committed and compassionate manner and to achieve the desired situation, and to follow its path for the benefit of the future generation and the children of this motherland to reach the true goal of the substantiation of the new Islamic civilization. Therefore, compiling the countrychr('39')s development documents is a complete necessity, especially the compilation of the spatial management and planning document which according to its scope and effectiveness, is the most fundamental developmental document and the most coherent for all planning documents essential to the countrychr('39')s progress. The above process will have, and as a comprehensive document, it can be the pact of all those involved as a favorable feature of the planning of the optimal spatial organization for the countrychr('39')s development, with providing a comprehensive and integrated approach. To this end, this article seeks to provide an entry to explain the fundamental dimensions of modern Islamic civilization in the compilation of documents for the country’s development. In particular it concentrates on the spatial planning documentation. The present article is in line with the problem, objectives, and nature of research in the field of basic research, in which the method of content analysis and the use of documentary studies and the analysis of secondary data have been used. The research results show that "the nine fundamental dimensions of justice, health, security, knowledge, spirituality, freedom, wealth, power and dignity" as well as comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development from the Islamic perspective must be considered in compiling the countrychr('39')s development documents as three key components in the substantiation of the new Islamic civilization.