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Qanat, the main source of water supply for Saravan, has become a national identity and one of the important values in the lives of the people of the region, with which the social and cultural relationship has grown. According to surveys, there is a close relationship between the Qanat and society, and it has created special rituals and beliefs that have become an important part of the region's culture. In Saravan, for example, some people believe that the construction of a Qanat is the work of jinn and that humans are incapable of constructing such a trick. This belief is so strong among the natives that even the Qanat diggers believe that the original Qanats were created by jinns and that people learned from them. This study attempted to investigate the effect of the Qanat on various aspects of Saravan's socio-cultural structure, as well as the beliefs and rituals that arose as a result of it. In the terms of nature and method, this research is descriptive-historical and the data are gathered from the library and the field (conversation with native Qanat diggers and elderly people). The findings, which include beliefs and rituals, demonstrate that the social existence of the people in Saravan is dependent on the existence of the Qanats, which has an important place in Saravan society and its historical anthropology. Based on the discussions, it was discovered that the beliefs and rituals were not written down but were passed down orally to future generations, and library studies revealed that some beliefs of the Saravan people about the Qanat are similar to those of people in other parts of the country, particularly Yazd province.

The influence of Marxism on the process of theoretical developments in archaeology is not far from the mind. Such effects can sometimes be traced in Iranian social archaeological research, although they have not been studied much. Hence the main question of the research was posed as follows; How is the impact of Marxist archaeological ideas on the study of societies at the beginning of Iran’s urbanization? And its purpose was to understand the relationship between Marxist archaeological thought and functionalist views in the societies of the beginning of urbanization in Iran. However, in order to guide the goal, the descriptive-historical nature and method were used along with an analytical approach. Therefore, some researches of the beginning of urbanization of Iran such as Shush and Chaghamish areas in the southwest, Bakun Fars, Pishva pottery hill in the central plateau, Jiroft and Shahr-e Sokhteh civilization in the southeast and Choghahavan area of Mehran plain in the west of Iran were examined. The results showed that although sometimes the ideas of Marxism in the analysis of societies at the beginning of urbanization in Iran can be inferred and followed for reasons such as social complexities; But so far, due to the popularity of historical-cultural trends in the Iranian archaeological community has not been reflected, and consequently the endogenous forces of social change in the early urbanization of Iran has received less attention from archaeologists. This means that the results of analyzing the data of the communities of the beginning of urbanization in Iran depend on the approach and approach of the researcher, whether functionalist, Marxism or other approach and thinking. Finally, the Marxist archaeological approach, due to its political nature, can follow the evolution of societies in the beginning of urbanization in Iran in the management of labor production, and the functionalist approach will consider the evidence of the beginning of urbanization from the perspective of necessity and need of society.

The Uruk culture is one of the most significant cultures in Mesopotamia which First in the south of Mesopotamia and spread to other regions, including northern Mesopotamia (Tel Brak, etc.), Iran (Central Zagros, Central Plateau and Southwest), southeastern Turkey (Hacinebi, Hassek Höyük, etc.), northern Syria (Tel Hamoukar, Habuba Kabira, Jebel Aruda, etc.) and even Egypt and the Levant. Guillermo Algaze was the first to make hypotheses about the spread of this culture. Algaze argues that the lands adjacent to southern Mesopotamia underwent dramatic changes in society, politics, and economic organization during the Uruk period, which are influenced by developments in the alluvial lands of the south. However, the role of indigenous capacities is also important So that natural environment of these areas has played a significant role in formation the architecture of the Uruk period and creating architectural features related to the natural environment. Among the features, we can mention the triple plan (as the most important architectural feature related to the natural environment), clay cones and decorative niches, which are the features of southern Mesopotamia. In some areas, such as Godin and Hassek Höyük, an oval courtyard has been obtained which indicates the use of the site and also the use of Uruk architectural features based on the specific geographical conditions of the area of the two sites. This research by descriptive-historical method seeks to assess the question that architecture to what extent can indicate the influence of Uruk culture in neighboring areas? By examining the architecture in the Uruk Sites, it can be said the presence of architectural features along with other cultural elements can indicate the full influence of Uruk culture on a site Which researchers refer to as colony, enclave, or large enclave and Sites that are less architecturally influenced by the influence of Uruk culture; only involved in the Uruk trade network or their use is a trade station (such as Godin Tepe) and most of the indigenous capacities have contributed to the formation of their type of architecture.

For a long time the Sistan Plain has been one of the important areas for men’s settlement due to abundant water resources. Following the preparation of the archaeological map of Iran and in methodical surveys of the Sistan plain, settlements of the era were identified and their geographical location was recorded. So far no comprehensive study on relation between water resources and settlements has been conducted. The present survey aims for studying reciprocal relation between Sassanid settlements and natural environment in areas based on water component. This research has been carried out through the descriptive -analytical and historical method using GIS software. To reach the research goals after environmental conditions had been studied, six variables including water resources types, distance from water resources, land slope, soil type, Geology and settlements area were studied and results indicate surface water resources effective role in settlements placement and settlements area. Locating on delta fans would lead to change of direction branching canals of rivers, which causes numerous relocations of settlements. The Water resources existence, gentle land slope and consequently ease of water flow down to different areas of plain, branching canals creation capacity to keep the suitable distance to river and also, placement on the alluvial terrace to avoid flood hazards are among the factors turned the area to population absorbing one despite shortage of aquifers and people’s heavy reliance on surface water resources.

The Sistan Plain for a long time has faced hazards of flood, drought and sandstorm. Also due to existence of abundant water resources it had been one of the important places for men’s placement. So far, no comprehensive study has been done on environmental hazards which would include ways to overcome or decrease their impacts in Achaemenid era. The present survey aims for studying the reciprocal relation between Achaemenid settlements and natural environment in areas based on environmental limitations. This research has been carried out through the descriptive- analytical- historical method using GIS software. After environmental conditions had been studied, variables types and distance from water resources, slope, soil type, Geology and wind were studied and the results indicate surface water resources effective role in settlements placement. The Water resources existence, gentle slope and consequently ease of waterflow down to plain and canals creation capacity to keep suitable distance to river and placement on Alluvial terrace to avoid flood hazards are among the factors turned area to population absorbing one despite shortage of aquifers and reliance on surface water resources. Being located on delta fans would lead to change of the direction of river canals, which causes relocations of settlements.

For a long time, the Sistan Plain has been one of the important areas for men’s settlement due to abundant of water resources. However, this relation between water resources and settlements has not been comprehensively studied so far. Hence, the present survey aims to study the reciprocal relation between the Achaemenid settlements and natural environment in areas specially based on water component. The research has been carried out through the descriptive-analytical and historical method using GIS software. To reach the research goals after checking the environmental conditions, six variables including water resources types, distance from water resources, land slope, soil type, geology and settlements area were studied and the obtained results indicated the effective role of the surface water resources in settlement placement and extents. The presence of water resources, gentle land slopes and consequently ease of water flow down to the different areas of the plain, the potential to build branching canals to keep the suitable distance from the river which are the characteristics of alluvial fans, as well as settlement on the alluvial terrace to avoid flood hazards are among the factors which turned the area into population absorbing center despite the absence of aquifers and heavy dependence on surface water resources.

The Desert eadge Sites as a species of settlements of the Bronze Age are composed of other Sites due to different and unfavorable living conditions. So far, a general comparison of how and why the formation, growth, and decline of all these settlements have not been done. Despite these environmental differences, analyzes and interpretations of the formation, progress, and decline of all Bronze Age sites are evaluated with the same criteria. But the marginal areas of desert are largely ecologically poor and lack many sustainable ecological factors for sustainable settlement. The study area of the desert is located between the Indus Valley and Iran and the evidence suggests that these regions appeared in the late fourth millennium, growth has been in the mid-third millennium and decline in the late third millennium and early second millennium BC and the livelihoods were initially based on agricultural and livestock resources and then at the apex of their expansion, largely on the basis of production, access to mineral and industrial, commercial and non-agricultural resources. The main questions included the livelihoods and chronology of this area and some of the goals were to identify and study the process of desert margins formation and the patterns of livelihoods in the desert, distance from the desert, It was further studied and understand the variables that represent the different livelihood, economic and productive structure of desert marginal communities from other Bronze Age sites are examined. The research method is based on historical-analytical method; The results indicate the peak of flourishing these areas in the middle of the third millennium and according to statistical comparisons, nature of many of the desert margin sites, depended on the intermediary role of these areas in economic transactions as an element and the driving force and industrial production and export of raw materials have been crucial to the development of these sites.

The instrumental use of archaeological knowledge in service of the goals of the politicians, given its inherent potential, has been consistently raised and the Persian Gulf has seen significant activity in this regard in recent decades. However, given the significant political challenges posed by the Persian Gulf to the world and the place of political archaeology in the nationalist viewpoints of the Arab regional governments, it is worth doing research on the significance of political archeology of the Persian Gulf. For this reason, archaeological studies in the Persian Gulf will help Iranian strategic interests. In order to achieve the research objectives, the “descriptive- historical” method was used with an analytical approach. The findings of the research indicated that exploring the past cultural developments of the Persian Gulf, with a strategic and geopolitical perspective, historical-cultural approach as well as structuralist approach with a systematic focus, archeology can serve Iranian national interest in the current political upheavals in the Persian Gulf region.

 Tourism is one of the most important issues in modern societies. In fact, with the support of tourism in the country, various sectors of the community are activated, including hotels, restaurants, transportation, crafts and much more. As a result of these activities, the employment of labor in specialized and public sectors is expanding. The attention of governments to the tourism sector in some countries has shown that the proceeds from it will directly benefit the community, while the governmental sectors will also be affected. In the studied area, Sistan and Baluchestan province, despite the vast potential of tourist attractions, tourism is almost not well known. In this paper, it will be attempted to suggest suitable solution to establish sensation of security, empathy and development based on tourism. In fact, this industry, which is new in Iran, is not only important for development of the country, but it could also cause for empathy between different ethnicities and revealed religion, and sensation of security. Unfortunately, the tourism pathology in Sistan and Baluchestan province has not been written much and is not considered as worthy of the province. Sistan and Baluchestan province, which is limited to the provinces of Kerman and Hormozgan from the west, to the province of Khorasan from the north and from the east to the countries of Pakistan and Afghanistan, to the south to the Oman Sea can have many tourist attractions from different point of view. These potentials can be found in the field of cultural heritage, social, environmental, sports, religious, industrial, and commercial tourisms.  Sistan and Baluchestan Province has two major ethnicities, including Sistani and Baluchistani, in addition to these two ethnic groups, people from other provinces of the country, such as Yazd, Kerman, Khorasan, and a number of other provinces live in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Intermediary function of the province especially its center, Zahedan, has caused for the presence of new ethic groups from other provinces. On the other hand, the existence of two religions from Islam, Shiism and Sunnis, has added to this diversity. At the same time, this diversity has been at the hands of the colonial powers that have been present in the region. The province has economic, trade and tourism talents, but the feeling of insecurity and vulnerability of empathy are the main obstacles to achieve the above talents. With the expansion of the tourism industry, based on the support of this important and revenue-generating industry, it is believed that the necessary conditions could be established to create a sense of security, empathy and, ultimately, development. In fact, with the logical support and development of the tourism industry, relations between the various parts of the province, on the one hand, and with other provinces and abroad, on the other hand, arise, which in turn creates empathy among the people of the region. In the tourism industry, the interests of people are tied together and they try to maintain their source of income for survival and life, and in this regard they will try their best. If this is not the case today, it is important because of the weakness of planning in this industry. If people in the region are aware of the interests of the tourist, whether domestic, national or international, they will no longer go to neighboring countries to work. They will try to eliminate the feeling of insecurity and create the necessary facilities for audiences in order to keep the audience satisfied with the tourist attractions of their province. In such encounters, host communities will be affected by the tourist culture and will increase the cultural sharing and interaction between them. The existence of great civilizations in the Sistan and Baluchistan region is an obvious example of this cultural sharing. For example, people in the Sistan plain and the Bampur Valley (Baluchestan) during the third millennium BC lived well in their area and created their communal economic and cultural development as important civilizations between the two great civilizations, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. The above two regions in southeast Iran, as an intermediary region between the above two civilizations, came to such an advancement in the fields of agriculture, industry and commerce that their commercial goods, in particular semi-precious stones, including Lapis Lazuli and Soapstone in Mesopotamia and Turkmenistan had attracted a lot of customers. In fact, the intermediary function of the region during millenniums was tied to the interests of the people of the region, and they were struggling to survive and live better and this could be seen through their archaeological remains. Each of the many attractions mentioned above has a special audience that brings with it currency and income, and here, tourism is as the important industry that has invisible exports and could be one of the main basis for the development of the province. So, if these tourism attractions are ready, what is needed is precise management and planning that the well-known researchers come to know about the sensitivities of the area. Today, along with many tourist sites such as the Pisa Tower in Italy, Eiffel in France, the Pyramids of Egypt, etc., works of art and decorations related to those works are produced and sold by artists. This function, while creating employment and income, also promotes the culture of the regions. Encouraging the producing of works of semi-precious stones along with the tourism industry will lead to the development of international trade routes. In fact, the situation of the regions will increase the importance of constructing these roads. The connection between the two regions of Sistan and Baluchestan will bring them closer to provide the needs of their audience. Therefore, these commonalities, which are now observable, will also bind the interests of the peoples of these two regions of the province, which will ultimately lead to their empathy to gain an ideal life. At the end of this discussion, it is necessary to give a brief mention of some of the most important obstacles to tourism in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Being on the border and feeling of insecurity is perhaps one of the most important of these factors. As mentioned above, Sistan and Baluchestan provinces have long borders with both Afghanistan and Pakistan. Indeed, insecurity in the two neighboring countries has caused feeling of insecurity in Sistan and Baluchestan province. This feeling has prevented private sector investment in the tourism industry and related infrastructure. On the other hand, the audience of the province's tourism, which is the people of our country and other countries, also have little interest in traveling to this province. Regarding the security, Sistan and Baluchestan is in the list of Red Zone countries for some European Countries. But, as mentioned, empathy is the most important factor for investment stability. Perhaps this feeling of insecurity itself is not a reason to neglect tourism studies in the province. While such studies, especially in the infrastructure sector, can provide an understanding of the existing conditions and the basic needs of the tourism sector.

Persian Gulf and Oman Sea are among the most influential water zones in the world that have played different roles in several different periods. Their roles during the ancient time have mostly been focused on the commercial activities, but in recent centuries, the economic activities have been driven to oil exports. Despite this duty and function, one cannot ignore their communication aspects. During the last years of the 20th century, developments in the establishment of economic relations circles arose around the above two water zones, which took the name of free zones in our country. Generally, creating such zones will not lead to success if it leads to economic autarky. In contrast, the Pakistani model of the Gwadar trading zone, where different countries are involved, has been very successful in the development of various countries. In the ancient models of trade and intermediary function of different regions, the role of different regions and their impact on cultural data of the past is evident. In this article, the authors attempt to bring the reader's mind toward historical consciousness in the light of the past. The recognition of the historical role of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea as essential trade links between East and West of Asia on the one hand, and between Asia, Europe and Africa, is very important on the other. The development of the Chabahar port, based on the historical consciousness, is the only way out of self-sanction, which is itself a result of autarky. The participation of the countries of the region in the development of Chabahar port means the interconnection of the interests of all economic powers to one another, and this is the most important way out of sanctions.

What prompted the author to write this article was the importance of theories application in archaeological fieldworks. Unfortunately, of the mistaken activates of the past works in US and EU, is fully attention to publication of the reports of excavations and surveys, which there is still serious doubt on their accuracy;however, they understood that the reports by themselves would not solve any of the ancient societies problems. During the past two decades and the expansion of the international relationship of the Iranian archaeologists, who inherited the given behavior of their American and European colleagues, with scientific development, especially in archeology, archaeological theories and frameworks of thought that the archaeological world had already experienced during the 60s and 70s, Iranian archaeological community was faced with a large amount of scientific information, methods and theories. It is interesting to state that thiskind of discussions in European and American societies were raised over time via discussions and seminars. Accordingly, it is reasonable to archaeologists who have worked in these countries, to have a better understanding of the idea above presented. The debate is not on the verity or untruth of the theoretical frameworks, but is over the essence of these theorization process. In contrast, in recent years young and aspiring archaeologists found this data two or even three translated sources. Those who had the English language competence referred to relevant articles. In both cases, the sudden confrontation with what young archaeologists they were created confusion. Some were thinking that byintroduction of a thought, the previous idea or mental framework has expired;or as “New Archaeology” or “Processual” has its own special class, they tried to follow up the vanguard activities. As will be explained below, all strategies on the basis of theirquestions and applications are important. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses as for “Processual Archaeology”. That is why “Post-Processual Archaeology” emerged, but this is not to ignore the strengths of many aspects of “Processual Archaeology”. Archaeologists should spend much of their time trying to discuss on the basics of archaeology and the most important aim is to increase our understanding of the human past;archaeologists should try to answer the ‘How’ and ‘Why’ questions on past not just ‘What”; therefore, if our goal is to know more about the human past. Traditional approaches tended to regard the objective of archaeology mainly as reconstruction piecing together. The current aim of archaeology is not only simply achieving cultural material and make some assumption of their time being, but also the progressive aim is to reconstruct the subsistence of dead people. We are eager to suggest a clear picture of the subsistence of dead people and their environmental exploitation.And we are following some questions such as the reason of life-styles, behavioral patterns and the way that the lifestyles and cultural material. To sum up, we are trying to explain the changes. There are still some archaeologists with old efficiance procedures while they are aware of the inefficiency of old procedures and have no answer of their irresponsibility. The most outcrop of the “New Archaeology” is making the mixture in between theory and practice. However, there still no contract on the implication of a further objective has been termed the reconstruction of the life ways of the people responsible for the archaeological remains. We are certainly interested in having a clear picture of how people lived, and how they exploited their environment. But we also seek to understand why they lived that way: why they had those patterns of behavior, and how their life ways and material culture came to take the form they did. We are interested, in short, in explaining change.There are still archaeologists who are using old fashions, while they know their methods are useless. They know that their methods are not able to reconstruct the past. They are not responsible for their non-academic behaviors. The most important issue of the New Archaeology is integration of Theory and Method in archaeology; however, there is disagreement over whether many concepts can be considered ‘theoretical’ or whether they are merely neutral techniques or methods outside the purview of theory.