قاسم بولو

Professional audit institutions, as commercial institutions that have been created in order to judge and comment on the information of financial statements of companies, follow the approach and goal based on competence. This research has been done to design and present a competency model in the form of a descriptive tool that identifies the competencies and skills needed by the auditing profession to provide successful performance. This research is a type of qualitative research that was conducted using the Delphi research method. The statistical population is the managers of the auditing organization, the managers of the certified public accountants society of Iran and the university professors in the field of accounting and auditing as professional and university experts, who were selected as participants in the research using a targeted sampling approach. The data was collected through a questionnaire and after analysis, the competency indices were determined through the fuzzy Delphi method. Then the competence model was designed and evaluated using binominal test. The final model includes 109 competency indices that are presented in the form of four dimensions such as general, technical, managerial and communication and it contains 18 components.

Considering the benefits and advantages that whistleblowing has created and given the status of a unique internal auditors in the organization, the question arises as to what makes internal auditors in dealing with the wrongdoing act and Report questionable issue, and why some people tend and don’t tend to blowing the whistle. In this study, first by studying the literature and experience of other countries, we will try to gain sufficient knowledge of the factors affecting the tendency to blowing to whistle by internal auditors. Then, using a qualitative research method and an approach based on theme analysis, we seek to identify the factors affecting the tendency to whistleblowing among internal auditors in Iran. For this purpose, through unstructured interviews with university professors and people who are experts in the field of internal auditing and whistle blowing, the factors affecting the tendency of internal auditors to blowing the whistle were examined and using the results obtained from open coding, axial And selectively, a conceptual model of internal auditors' tendency to whistle blowing in Iran, was designed and an attempt was made to meet the quality evaluation criteria of qualitative research.

Given that managers play a crucial role in grounded and old theories such as agency theory, stewardship theory, and contracts theory, the concept of managerial ability and its measurement has attracted the researchers' attention. Recent dominant perspective emphasizes that manager's ability is reflected in the firm's performance. Therefore, measuring managerial ability depends on the separation of the manager's performance from the firm's performance, and the more the manager's contribution to the company's performance, the higher ability he/she has. The current study seeks to develop a model to measure managerial ability, taking into account the unique circumstances of the country in which the companies operate.

To develop a model for measuring managerial ability, a comprehensive approach is applied including systematic literature review, interpretive analysis of interviews with experts, and a descriptive method. In systematic literature review domestic and foreign studies and reliable information sources and databases is applied based on specific related keywords. Additionally, interviews with experts such as executive managers, financial managers, internal and external auditors, and academics were analyzed using interpretive analysis based on chain sampling. To run and validate the designed model, data from 158 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) across 12 industries from 2012 to 2021 is used. Triangulation was employed to evaluate the research validity, considering multiple dimensions including methodology, data, and the researchers. This rigorous approach ensures the reliability and robustness of the model developed for measuring managerial ability.

According to the research findings, we focus on three areas of performance indicators (PI), namely operational, financing, and dividend performance indicators. The performance indicators, as dependent variable, represent different aspects of firm performance based on managers decision-making process and the status of firms in real world. Variables such as firm size, firm age, the percentage of active institutional shareholders, export sales, and transactions with related parties represent the inherent characteristics of each company as independent variables. Considering environmental conditions and performance indicators are very important in determining related variables. By running Tobit regression, the residual value is considered as managerial ability measurement or managers’ contribution in firm performance. Furthermore, the comparison of the designed model and the model developed by Demerjian et al. (2012), as the most widely used model in prior literature, in terms of log-likelihood and information criteria including Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Criterion (SC), and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQ) at the overall and industry-specific levels shows that our model has higher goodness-of-fit.

Generally, by combining operational, financing, and profit distribution indicators, as well as taking into account shareholder structure and intra-group transactions, this model provides a more proper measurement of managerial effectiveness and it can be a basis for selecting managers and determining appropriate remuneration methods.

The remarkable progress of human societies in the current era in the scientific, industrial and economic fields and the irreplaceable role of financing activities in any progress and development have made the day-by-day development of accounting a basic need. It has been claimed for a long time that the accounting information contained in financial records is one of the most important sources of information for investors and other capital market participants. It is necessary that this information is relevant, reliable and transparent so that they can use it in making appropriate decisions. The experiences of other countries as well as numerous researches acknowledge that the use of international financial reporting standards improves the transparency of financial reporting. Considering the non-implementation of international financial reporting standards in Iran, despite the requirement from the stock exchange organization and the audit organization, this research conducted a meta-analysis on the obstacles to the implementation of international financial reporting standards, and the findings indicate that the lack of attention to environmental conditions and Economic, political consequences, cultural and social factors, laws and regulations, failure to protect the interests of all stakeholder groups, implementation cost, excessive use of fair value and strict IFRS regulations on information disclosure are the most important challenges and obstacles to the implementation of international financial reporting standards.

Concerns about the destructive effects of long-term relationships between auditors and business owners on auditor independence and audit quality have led to the formulation of laws limiting these relationships; Therefore, the policy of mandatory rotation, in order to improve the independence of accountants and as a result to increase the quality of auditing, has attracted the opinion of legislators. Critics of this policy believe that the implementation of such a policy will lead to an increase in audit costs as well as a delay in submitting the audit report. Indeed, critics focus on the cost of forced rotation. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the price of forced rotation by considering two direct consequences including; The audit fee and the timeliness of the audit report. For this purpose, a sample of 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2017-2022 has been selected. The ordinary least squares regression model was also used to test the research hypotheses. The obtained results show; During the mandatory rotation period, the audit costs increased and the audit report was delayed. The results of this research support the accounting profession's arguments that mandatory turnover is not without cost to various stakeholders, including clients, auditors, and investors.

Stability affects the planning process and making optimal decisions by managers; Uncertainty and instability have been introduced in financial and economic literature as one of the most important factors affecting the amount and level of investment in countries. The impact of uncertainty on the reduction of income and profitability of companies and, as a result, the lack of attractiveness of the Country's financial market for foreign investors, has attracted the attention of experts and researchers. This research aims to systematically review uncertainty research to determine the future trends of this research field. For this purpose, a systematic literature review with a Meta-synthesis approach is used. After deciding on the search protocol and article selection indicators, 68 articles were selected. The evaluation of the selected articles led to the identification of 47 Factors and the measurement indicators related to each Factor. Uncertainty Factors were classified into company, industry, macroeconomy, and international economy. Examining the research carried out in the company aspect shows the interest of the researchers in investigating the uncertainties related to the upstream and downstream chain; In fact, managers and shareholders of companies are insecure about the supply of raw materials for production and sale of manufactured products. In the following, trend-setting articles and highly cited authors were mentioned in each period. The authors believe that the future research process in the field of uncertainty will focus on combined research in both global and corporate dimensions, and researchers will investigate the impact of uncertainty on international companies; This line of research has been started for several years with the tariff war between the United States of America and China and has been intensified by changes in tax rates by governments, so it seems that the research process in the field of tax arbitrage will increase; Also, due to the increasing trend of joint research in the field of uncertainty and cryptocurrencies, this research path is expected to become one of the main paths of uncertainty studies.

Due to the lack of comprehensive research in the country in order to provide a model to evaluate the performance of the audit committee, the present research has addressed this issue and a practical model for the use of the activities of the audit committee has been presented.

The research method used in the first stage of the research was extracting the dimensions, components and performance evaluation indicators of the audit committee from the theoretical sources of the research. Then, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen the indicators, and the best-worst (BWM) multi-criteria decision-making method was used to weight each dimension, component, and index.

The model obtained in the current research includes 3 parts of evaluating the individual characteristics of the members of the audit committee, evaluating the work processes and reporting of the audit committee, and evaluating its duties and responsibilities, and the final model includes 3 dimensions, 13 components and 78indicator.

According to the findings of the research, the important components in evaluating the performance of the audit committee are the audit committee meetings, the audit committee resources, communication with the board of directors, the audit committee charter, and monitoring of financial reporting. Also, the results showed that the working and reporting processes of the audit committee have the most weight in the evaluation of the audit committee's performance, and the evaluation of the audit committee meetings as the focus of the audit committee's activities is the most important among the evaluation components.

There are two views regarding income management. The first view aligns with good income management, whose arguments are based on blocked communication. According to this concept, managers have much information related to the company due to their expertise, but providing information directly to the public is very expensive. This prevents the direct presentation of information. In this view, income smoothing as one of the income management models can help the manager indirectly provide confidential information to users and reduce information asymmetry. However, the opposite point of view, whose arguments indicate bad income management, shows that managers use income smoothing for their personal interests, which aligns with opportunism. Managers with a high level of proficiency in improving company performance are typically expected to utilize smoothing to minimize information asymmetry. On the other hand, even managers with a lower level of ability in company performance may opt to employ smoothing techniques due to the required skill set and the potential negative consequences associated with poor smoothing decisions, such as financial abuses, damage to reputation, and job loss. Therefore, high-ability managers are generally expected to use their authority more effectively to disclose hidden information through smoothing techniques than their low-ability counterparts.Based on signaling theory and prior research on income smoothing and managerial ability, it is hypothesized that there is a relationship between managerial ability and income smoothing. Furthermore, it is expected that income smoothing, when associated with managerial ability, can enhance the informational value of income. Capable managers are expected to use income smoothing as a tool to communicate information to the market compared to weak managers; for this reason, they use more income smoothing, which leads to an increase in the informational content of income. Specifically, this study examines whether high-ability managers use income smoothing more than low-ability managers. It also examines whether smoothing by higher-ability managers increases the information of current earnings about future performance compared to earnings smoothing by lower-ability managers. 

The current research is applied in terms of purpose. Following the previous studies, ordinary least square regression correlation analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. The sample for this study comprises 791 firm-year observations from companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018. 

Evidence shows that managerial ability has a positive relationship with earnings smoothing, and managers with high ability provide more forward-looking information through earnings smoothing, thereby increasing the information content of earnings about future performance. Indeed, smoothing by high-ability managers increases the ability of current earnings to predict future cash flows. In contrast, smoothing by managers with low ability reduces the ability of current earnings to predict future cash flows. This conflicting effect of smoothing by low-ability managers and reducing the informational content of earnings highlights the importance of considering management's ability to evaluate the usefulness of earnings smoothing. In the study, a common factor was used for smoothing at the company level based on three smoothing methods (1) the standard deviation of income divided by the standard deviation of operating cash flows; (2) the relationship between changes in accruals and changes in operating cash flows and (3) the correlation between changes in discretionary accruals and changes in earnings before management. MAScore has been used to measure managerial ability; MAScore is a measure of management team ability derived from data envelop analysis (DEA). 

Managers' ability can be considered one of the main factors in using income smoothing to communicate company information to the market. Capable managers use income smoothing to reduce information asymmetry and indirectly signal to the market. Managerial ability can be defined as the performance efficiency of managers compared to competitors in using the company's resources to create more Income. Evidence shows that capable managers use more income smoothing. Also, the evidence shows that capable managers use income smoothing to disclose the company's secret information to the market to reduce information asymmetry and indirectly signal to the market. High-ability managers have superior skills in evaluating the future performance of the firms under their management, so their smoothing of earnings increases the information content of earnings. High-ability managers smooth earnings to disclose information in current earnings. Therefore, they improve the information content of Incomes about future performance. These findings are consistent with the view that high-ability managers use their superior skills to predict their firms' economic prospects and use smoothing to transmit tacit information to the market. The results of this research can be useful for understanding the factors and benefits of income smoothing.

Information asymmetry and economic uncertainty are features of the capital market in today's complex business environment, which increase audit risk and litigation risk, and can be effective in explaining audit fees. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of legal claims risk, information asymmetry and economic uncertainty in explaining audit fees. The time domain of the research is the period from 2013 to 2021 and the research sample includes 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Research findings, based on analysis using multivariable regression models on combined data, show that among the macroeconomic variables investigated (including economic growth rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, and interest rate), both economic growth rate and inflation rate have a direct and significant relationship with the audit fee. Additionally, there is a direct and significant relationship between the risk of lawsuits and information asymmetry with the audit fee. The results indicate that the risk of lawsuits, economic uncertainty and information asymmetry play an effective role in explaining auditors' fees.

The Earnings Forecasts report is one of the sources of information for stakeholders in the capital market. The presentation of this report has been a challenging issue in recent years. The purpose of this research is to develop a framework for Earnings Forecasts reporting in the Iranian capital market. In this research, a qualitative research method and an approach based on theme analysis have been used. To achieve the purpose of the research, First, the primary framework was identified by studying the literature review and theoretical background of the research. then, Using the snowball sampling method, 21 experts in the field of financial reporting and capital market were interviewed in a semi-structured manner. Finally, the data of the research was analyzed with the method of theme analysis and the Earnings Forecasts reporting framework was extracted according to the country's environmental characteristics. According to the findings of the research, 14 sub-themes and 6 main themes including generalities, antecedents, characteristics, consequences, challenges and evaluation were identified, which were determined as the components of framework for Earnings Forecasts Reporting. The results of this research can be a suitable guide for amending regulations and developing financial reporting standards.

Today, many companies are facing uncertainty due to political changes. Economic uncertainty makes current tax planning strategies ineffective and forces companies to increase tax avoidance. The aim of the current research is to investigate the financial constraints and its role on the relationship between the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables and tax avoidance.

The present research method is applied research and descriptive-correlation research group and the theoretical framework and background of the research is based on the library research method. The statistical population includes all companies accepted and active in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2020. Based on this, the statistical sample of the research is 163 companies using the method of systematic data removal. Data analysis was done with the help of Eviews12 software.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the uncertainty variable of exchange rate and the uncertainty variable of interest rate with tax avoidance of companies. But there is a positive and significant relationship between the uncertainty variable of the GDP rate and the uncertainty about the inflation rate with corporate tax avoidance. Also, the results show that financial restrictions did not have a significant effect on the relationship between the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables and tax avoidance.

Uncertainties of some macroeconomic variables are important criteria that have a significant impact on the tax avoidance of companies and their resource acquisition activities.

Contribution:

 When planning and making decisions, companies should take a special look at macroeconomic variables, especially the GDP rate and the inflation rate, as well as their fluctuations and trends.

Nowadays, fiscal transparency is one of the most important factors of effective public financial management (PFM), which builds trust in the government and forms the basis of a sustainable economy. Moreover, fiscal transparency creates an opportunity for citizens to monitor how public funds are spent and thereby increases government accountability. The main goal of the current research was to assess the current state of fiscal transparency in the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and provide solutions to improve it. In this research, first, different dimensions, indexes, and indicators of fiscal transparency were identified which amassed to 101 indicators, 25 indexes and five dimensions of budget preparation and formulation, budget approval, budget execution, auditing and monitoring, and contextual factors. The method of the present research is a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative).  In the qualitative part, the performance status of each indicator was evaluated using the fuzzy Delphi method and by surveying 112 experts  in 2023, including managers and experts of the Plan and budget organization, experts of the islamic parliament research center, managers and auditors of the ministry of economic Affairs and Finance, and senior auditors of the supreme audit court Then, the difference between the current and desired state was determined using the importance-performance analysis. The results of the importance-performance analysis show that all 101 indicators of the research are important and the performance status of the majority of fiscal transparency indicators is in the weak range (100 indicators) with only one indicator(Public publication of the budgetary comparison report by the Supreme Audit Court) being in the acceptable range.

One of the research topics in the world that domestic researchers have considered in recent years is to study the readability of explanatory accounting disclosures. The reason for the entrance of this kind of research to financial and accounting literature is related to the “management obfuscation hypothesis”. Based on this hypothesis, when there is bad news and negative performance, managers tend to complicate the readability of the company's reports so that investors gradually recognize the bad news and negative performance, and as a result, its impact is gradually visible on the company's shares.Much research has been done to measure the readability of explanatory accounting disclosures and to examine the interrelationships between readability and financial reporting. These studies have used common readability assessment models used in foreign research to measure the readability of the text. Using these models in domestic research has two main limitations of non-compliance with Persian and financial languages. Accordingly, this study aims to achieve a readability measurement model with components and indicators most consistent with the Persian language and financial reports. 

In the first stage, an in-depth review of the related literature was conducted to identify the indicators and influential components of the readability of explanatory accounting disclosures. Then, from semi-structured interviews with experts, the identified components and indicators were modified from a local perspective and with the view of domestic experts. In order to validate and reach a consensus on important components and indicators, fuzzy Delphi analysis has been used. Finally, using a correlational research method, and confirmatory factor analysis method, the coefficient of the importance of each of the components and indicators of the model were extracted. 

The results of this study can be divided into two parts; The results of the first part were obtained from the literature review and interview with the experts, which include extracting and identifying components and indicators that can be used to measure the readability of a text. In this stage, 17 interviews took place with experts in accounting and linguistics. The interviews were recorded and then transcribed into written form. Then, the written forms of interviews were coded and analyzed by thematic analysis. In the second part, important indicators were identified after collecting the components and indicators affecting the readability of the text using the Delphi fuzzy method. Delphi fuzzy method is a more advanced version of the Delphi Method. It utilizes triangulation statistics to determine the distance between the levels of consensus within the expert panel. This research uses triangular fuzzy numbers of the five-Likert scale to analyze the experts' opinions. Delphi fuzzy method was conducted on a questionnaire with 35 questions and 83 experts answered. According to the results of Delphi fuzzy, all readability indicators found in the previous part were confirmed. Next, the confirmatory factor analysis method was employed to weigh the readability indicators. In this stage, two indicators of “passive verbs” and “number of pages” were omitted from the model and five indicators of “sentence length”, “tables”, “charts”, “number of letters”, and “number of syllables” were remained in the model.Based on the results of previous research and studies, four components and fifteen indicators were identified. After consulting with experts and performing fuzzy Delphi, seven indicators remained in the model. Finally, after completing the confirmatory factor analysis, the coefficients of each index were determined and three components, along with five related indicators, formed the final research model.

The results show that the three components of “text length”, “graphic signs” and “complex words”, alongside the five indicators of “sentences length”, “table”, “chart” “number of letters” and “number of syllables”, have the greatest impact on the readability of explanatory accounting disclosures. The results of this study can be used as a basis for determining the transparency rank of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Besides, based on the results, researchers suggest using the proposed model of this research in financial and accounting research instead of using past readability assessment models, which are compatible with the local environment and valid. The model of this research can be used by a wide range of actors in the capital market. Measuring the level of readability of financial reports to determine the transparency rating of companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange is an example of the application of the current research model. Another achievement of this research is boosting the readability literature in accounting and finance.

How to identify, measure and Write-Off of Non-Performing loans under Iranian accounting standards is significantly different from IFRS. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the creation and increase of Non-Performing loans (NPLs) in the Iranian banking industry and the effects of measuring it through the implementation of IFRS. In this regard, after conducting a Systematic Review, a questionnaire (including 20 questions) was designed and sent to collect the opinions of experts and financial reporting staff of banks. Received responses (with a return rate of 90%) were analyzed using a specific fuzzy logic method. The results show that some features of the financial reporting environment of banks in Iran such as the structure of the economic environment, weak accountability mechanisms, weak corporate governance and internal control structures, inefficiency of the Receivables collection process have created and increased Non-Performing loans in the Iranian banking industry. The high volume of NPLs in the Iranian banking industry is one of the main challenges in implementing IFRS. Because there is a significant difference in how the loans are measured according to Iranchr('39')s accounting standards and the provision regulations of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran With the requirements of IFRS, the net value of the balance sheet and the capital adequacy ratio of banks are significantly reduced by the initial measurement of loans at fair value. In addition, a strict and forward-looking approach to provision regulations based on the Expected Credit Loss Model (ECL) will increase the provisions of doubtful receivables of banks and will have a double negative effect on the capital adequacy ratio.

Having a mutual relationship and considering the stakeholder’s interests, require corporate social reporting. Heterogeneous structure and lack of framework about current reporting of companies on sustainability issues related to social stakeholders, demonstrates the necessity to create a framework based on specific information elements of sustainability. The main purpose of the present study is to design and present a reporting framework with emphasis on different social stakeholder’s groups called “social reporting”. By designing a questionnaire containing 45 statements, experts’ comments on necessity, underlying concepts, information elements and social reporting content received and analyzed using Fuzzy Delphi method. According to the consensus of experts on all statements related to elements of social reporting framework, it is concluded that the appropriate framework is similar to the elements of the financial reporting frameworks in their views but, these elements must be defined in context of the sustainability from a social perspective. Among 16 themes suggested for defining and presenting social reporting content, 12 themes about personnel, customers, product/service, local communities and governance were accepted by experts.

this issue Due to the importance of this research, it seeks to provide a model to identify the factors affecting cost stickiness This research is practical in terms of purpose because the results of the research are used to control and predict cost-related behaviors in the field of Tehran Stock Exchange. The first statistical population of this study includes experts and the second statistical population includes companies active in Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the conditions and conditions adopted, 30 companies were selected as the study population and the final research model was tested based on data obtained from these companies. To collect the data, a combination of two library study methods and a questionnaire was used, the reliability and validity of which were confirmed. In this research, using Delphi method and applying fuzzy screening techniques and hierarchical analysis process, the research model has been determined to identify the factors affecting the cost adhesion of listed companies. The results showed that at the end of Delphi, 47 sub-criteria were identified as factors affecting cost stickiness, which according to their nature are classified into 5 main categories as follows. The analysis of interpretive structural equations has shown that the financial characteristics related to the company, corporate governance mechanisms, characteristics related to management have the most interaction with each other and have the greatest impact on cost stickiness. After these three factors, economic factors are less effective on cost stickiness and finally, geographical political factors have the least effect on cost stickiness.

The earnings forecasts report is considered as one of the most important and effective reports in investors' decision-making. The purpose of this study is to present an earnings forecasts reporting framework in Iran's capital market. To achieve this research goal, the earnings forecasts reporting framework was identified first by studying the theoretical foundations and the background of the research, as well as interviewing 21 experts using the snowball method and the theme analysis method. Then, through the implementation of the fuzzy Delphi method and solicitation of opinions from 183 experts using a questionnaire and targeted judgmental sampling method, a consensus was reached on the reporting framework, resulting in the presentation of the earnings forecasts reporting framework in Iran's capital market. The research population included university faculty members, employees in regulatory organizations, investors, auditors, and providers of financial information. The research results showed that out of 122 detailed themes extracted through theme analysis, categorized into six main themes and 14 sub-themes, 97 detailed themes obtained the consensus among the Delphi group, thereby forming components of the earnings forecasts reporting framework. The main elements of the earnings forecasts reporting framework encompass generalities, environmental fields, characteristics, consequences, challenges, and evaluation. The findings of this research can serve as a guide for developing financial reporting standards and modifying procedures and regulations.

The management forecasts earnings is one of the disclosed information outside the financial statements, which reflects the management's forecast about the future prospects. This report is one of the most important sources of information for companies in the capital market. Corporate management possesses considerable information advantages about contingencies related to future profitability. Management disclosures are considered a valuable and potential source of information for investors. Investors are interested in estimating the future benefits of their investment so that they can assess receiving future cash earnings as well as the value of their shares. Therefore, the expected earnings from companies are important for investors and beneficiaries to make investment decisions.
How to present the earnings forecast report has been a challenging issue in recent years. Therefore, in the current situation, examining the framework and reporting method of earnings forecasting in the Iranian capital market using the opinions of experts is regarded as an essential need.
Considering the importance of earnings forecast reporting for investors, the problem of the current research is: What is the earnings forecast reporting framework in Iran's capital market? Additionally, what are the components of this framework based on the country's economic and capital market conditions?

Literature Review:

There are several reasons for disclosing the information of managers and publishing the earnings forecast report. One reason for this is agency theory, which refers to the conflict of interests between managers and owners. In addition, we can refer to the Signaling theory, Expectation adjustment hypothesis, and Legal liability hypothesis.
The primary framework of earnings forecasting reporting includes the purpose, users, limitations, environmental fields, characteristics, and consequences.
Hirst et al. (2008) provided a framework regarding management earnings forecasting. They categorized earnings forecasts into three components including antecedents, characteristics, and consequences. They concluded that earnings forecasting characteristics are less explored in both theoretical and empirical research, despite managers having the most control over this component.
Preussner and Aschauer (2022) synthesized the literature on management earnings forecasts and adaption mechanisms, combined existing theories into a unifying framework. Overall, the literature review provides strong support for a positive correlation between the extent and credibility of management earnings forecasts, on the one hand, and stock returns, share liquidity, and analyst coverage, on the other hand. Earnings forecasts tend to be optimistically biased, with a positive correlation with forecast uncertainty, earnings flexibility, financial distress, investor sentiment, and the share price dependency of managers' remuneration. Firm growth, legal liability, and litigation risk are significantly associated with forecast pessimism.
Until 2017, listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange published an independent report titled earnings forecasts report. The Securities and Exchange Organization announced in a notification that since January 2018, the Issuers are not allowed to publish earnings forecasts report. Instead, they are required to prepare and disclose the management's interpretive report alongside the interim and annual financial statements. Recently, as of July 2021, the return of the earnings forecast report was announced with a new procedure for five industries.

To achieve the goal of the research, the primary framework was first identified by studying the literature review and theoretical background. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with 21 experts using the snowball sampling method. The data from the interview was analyzed using the theme analysis method and the earnings forecasts reporting framework was extracted according to the country's environmental characteristics. Finally, the fuzzy Delphi method was implemented and opinions were gathered from 183 experts through a questionnaire and targeted judgment sampling method to reach a consensus on the earnings forecasts reporting framework.
The statistical population of the research included university faculty members, employees in regulatory organizations, investors, auditors, and providers of financial information.

The research results showed that out of 122 detailed themes extracted through theme analysis, which were categorized into 6 main themes and 14 sub-themes, 97 detailed themes obtained consensus from the Delphi group and were identified as components of the earnings forecasts reporting framework. The main themes of the framework are generalities, environmental fields, characteristics, consequences, challenges, and evaluation. Each main theme consists of sub-themes. For example, the generalities theme includes sub-themes such as purpose, users, and limitations. The environmental fields theme covers aspects related to the forecast environment and company characteristics. The characteristics theme encompasses the method of publishing, features, text of the report, and assurance. The consequences theme addresses the consequences of publishing and non-publishing. The challenges theme explores the challenges in the environment and the company. Lastly, the evaluation theme focuses on the evaluation of the disclosure procedure.

The findings of this research can serve as a valuable guide for developing financial reporting standards and modifying procedures and regulations.
The paper has some limitations. The use of questionnaires, which is common in humanities research, is inherently limited, and this research is no exception. The time limitation, the diverse knowledge base of the experts, and their interest in the research topic may have influenced the quality of the experts' responses to the questionnaire.

This research has presented the earnings forecasts reporting framework in Iran's capital market, consisting of 6 main themes. The results of this study can help Iran's Accounting Standards Development Committee in developing standards. Furthermore, the Securities and Exchange Organization can use the framework, particularly for the evaluation theme to modify and present regulations related to earnings forecasting reporting. Additionally, investors can use the results of this research to enhance their understanding about the earnings forecast report and make more informed investment decisions. Issuers can also use the framework to improve information disclosure and prepare reports.

I am grateful to all the esteemed professors and experts who helped me in this way. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of Allameh Tabataba’i University for their cooperation.

Financial reporting aims to prepare and present information to provide a basis for rational decision-making by investors and creditors. For this purpose, it is required to provide information that is useful and relevant and has the potential to influence individuals’ economic decisions. This study aims to identify the existing problems of disclosure in financial reporting in Iran and present an appropriate pattern for its improvement based on the analysis of data obtained from interviews conducted with experts using the thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research includes faculty members, employees of professional institutions, financial managers, analysts, and audit partners. A total of 22 interviewees were selected by using snowball sampling. The data obtained from interviews have been analyzed and investigated using the thematic analysis method. The findings of this research are presented in three sections including what affects disclosure in Iran and the current problems of disclosure in financial reporting and solutions to improve disclosure. The existing challenges in the implementation of standards, reduction in the quality of some audit reports, not providing some relevant information, and in some cases, the existence of information overload are some of the problems. Improving the process of developing and implementing standards, providing guidelines on disclosure, and enhancing the audit quality can improve disclosure and thus the effectiveness of financial reporting

The audit committee plays an important role in implementing the corporate governance system, and evaluating its performance is essential to determine the improvement of activities and increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Due to the lack of a clear framework for evaluating the performance of the audit committee in Iran, the present study has tried to provide a systematic framework for evaluating the performance of the audit committee. The present study is considered as a development research in terms of purpose and for conducting research, the qualitative research method has been used and among the qualitative research methods, the meta-combined method has been used. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, research conducted over a period of 30 years (1993 to 2022) and 513 articles were reviewed and finally 76 articles that received the necessary points has been analyzed using the Sandelsky and Barroso meta-combination method. The research findings provide 95 indicators, 15 components and 3 dimensions to evaluate the performance of the audit committee. Finally, using Shannon entropy method, the level of support of previous research findings from the present research findings is determined and also suggestions for future research are presented.

Development of Earnings quality measures, especially Accruals quality measures, has been a critical line of research over more than three decades. Literature indicates that linear-regression-based measures are subject to (suffer from) significant estimation error in non-discretionary accruals estimation. Therefore, recent research used machine learning algorithms including multilayer perceptron and radial basis neural networks, in order to address the issue. However, being founded on Blackbox approach limits future development and applicability of these methods. So, to address the limitations, we have used Group Method of Handling Data (GMDH) approach, as a Whitebox approach, in order to estimate the accruals. Findings using data from 299 Tehran Securities Exchange listed companies during 1385 to 1397 suggests that GMDH-based models perform superior to regression models and multilayer perceptron neural networks in terms of estimation error measured by mean squared error. Moreover, Cash flow approach in total accruals calculation leads to less estimation error compared to balance sheet approach. As a result, the model developed in this article can be used by market participants such as regulators, analyst and auditors in order to detect probable financial reporting misstatements.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the pattern of financial statements on the judgment and decision of investors using a quasi-experimental approach. The research hypotheses are based on the theory of cognitive burden and it is expected that changing the pattern of financial statement information by reducing cognitive effort can affect the judgment and decision of investors. To examine this issue, the pattern of financial statement information based on the joint study of the two International Accounting Standards Board and the American Financial Accounting Standards Board at the level of the three basic financial statements has changed and how participants answered research questions based on the new financial statements. It has been compared by the Tehran Stock Exchange and the auditing organization with the model proposed by these two boards. The test takers include people who have accounting and financial experience and have at least a bachelor's degree in accounting or various management orientations. Accordingly, 92 people were selected as the statistical sample of the research. Due to the non-normality of the research data, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test has used. The results of this test show that the cohesive pattern of financial statements has influenced the judgment and decision of investors by reducing cognitive effort

Risk information disclosure as a major part of the information needed for investors helps them to evaluate and meet corporate risk in their decisions. A review of the literature shows that there has been no comprehensive research on risk reporting evaluation and most studies have evaluated or measured risk reporting with a limited set of indicators. In addition, many of these studies focus mainly on the quality of risk disclosure and other aspects have remained largely overlooked. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify dimensions, components and risk reporting indicators as well as to provide a model for evaluating corporate risk reporting in Iran. 

Based on study purposes, dimensions, components and indicators influencing corporate risk reporting were firstly extracted by studying the theoretical framework and Literature Review as well as conducting semi-structured interviews with experts that fuzzy Delphi technique was employed for their consensus and screening. In the following, relationships between the criteria were determined by the combined approach of Dematel and the Network analysis process (DANP), and then criteria were prioritized and weighted. The statistical population consists of all the individuals with expertise and experience in the field of risk reporting in Iran, including report preparation, monitoring, review, and standard-setting activities. The opinion of these experts is used to specify the final conceptual model. Purposive (snowball) sampling is used for semi-structured interviews until saturation is reached. The same sampling method is used for the FDM and DANP stages. Accordingly, 12 individuals are selected for the interview stage, 74 individuals for the FDM stage, and 15 people in the DANP stage. 

In the first stage of this study, after identifying the dimensions, components, and indicators of risk reporting through a review of the literature, the structure of the initial conceptual model was verified through semi-structured interviews with a panel of experts, and two additional indicators (i.e., risk prioritization and internal overlap) were added to the initial set of indicators. As such, the initial conceptual model was developed with 3 dimensions, 3 components, and 14 indicators to be used in the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). Results indicate that there is a consensus among experts on accepting the whole indicators determined on the fuzzy Delphi approach. Based on experts' perspectives, the quality dimension of risk disclosure is more important than dimensions of text structure and quantity of risk disclosure. As well, risk disclosure indicators coverage, risk disclosure outlook and the amount of the economic impact of risk disclosure dedicated the most weight. 

Study results demonstrate that the quality dimension is a net causer, while the dimensions of quantity and textual properties are net receivers. This suggests that high-quality risk disclosures by a company can also increase the quantity of its disclosures. In contrast, lengthy risk disclosures with poor quality cannot meet the information needs of stakeholders. Quality in the disclosure of risk information means that the company should report the types of risks it is exposed to, the impact of these risks, and the strategies and actions planned to deal with these risks. This in turn can increase risk disclosure quantity, while preventing the disclosure of redundant, boilerplate sentences and phrases in the risk report and increasing the density of risk disclosures. In addition, the fact that the quality dimension is a net causer and the text properties dimension is a net receiver suggests that adequate risk coverage and disclosure of the impact of risks and the outlook profile as measures of quality will prevent duplication of disclosures and boilerplate reporting by companies in the same industry. Study results demonstrate that reporting the main risks, managing these risks, and risk quantifying got high priority from experts' perspectives. the high weights of coverage, outlook profile, and type of economic effect suggest the critical role of understanding the types of risks that the company faces, reporting these risks as well as the management strategy/plan to deal with or mitigate them, and quantifying the impact of these risks on the financial position, financial performance and future cash flows of the company. These are exactly the factors that companies tend to avoid for the various motives that were discussed earlier in the literature review. Disclosure of all risks and how to manage them incurs costs to the company, and quantifying risks not only entails measurement problems and related costs, but also carries the risk of litigation by stakeholders if measurement is not accurate. Therefore, companies should try to balance stakeholder expectations with the costs and risks associated with corporate risk reporting. The greater importance of textual properties compared to quantity also shows that the lack of complexity, specificity, and lack of redundancy are more important than the length and frequency of reporting. The results of this study can be effective in evaluating, comparing, ranking corporate risk reports, planning regulations and guiding risk information disclosure by regulatory bodies, disclosing appropriate risk information by companies, enhancing stakeholder awareness of corporate risk, and improving decision-making. Given that the present research adopted the Delphi technique and data were collected through interviews and questionnaires, there are limitations related to instruments that were used, including the possibility of researcher bias.

The purpose of this survey is identifying effective indicators of using creative accounting for companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and ranking those indicators.

To achieve the study purpose, dimensions, components and indicators influencing creative accounting were firstly extracted by studying theoretical background and literature review as well as conducting semi-structured interviews with experts that Fuzzy Delphi technique was employed for their consensus and screening. In the following, by performing the network analysis process, the weight of each of the indicators and their priority over each other were calculated

Results indicate that there is a consensus among experts on accepting 15 indicators on the Delphi approach. Based on analytic network process, "return on assets", "auditor tenure", "net income to sale", "working capital to total assets", and "ratio of total liabilities to equity" have the greatest effect on the use of creative accounting and other indicators are in the next priorities.

Study results demonstrate that performance dimension indicators got high priority from experts' perspectives in using creative accounting. Also, due to the effectiveness of corporate governance in the use of creative accounting, increasing the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms can increase the transparency and reliability of financial statements.Enhancing Knowledge: this study provide a basis for evaluation of quality of financial statements and their usefulness to improve the decision-making of users of financial reports for regulatory bodies by identifying and ranking the effective indicators in the use of creative accounting.

The survey on the Relationship between Investor Characteristics and their Loss Aversion Coefficient in Tehran Stock ExchangeAbstractThe present study, after calculating the Loss aversion coefficient of active investors in Tehran Stock Exchange, investigated the relationship between variables of gender, analysis tools, age, marriage, experience and education with Loss Aversion Coefficient by pooling regression method. The sample included 403 investors who responded twice to research questions within 6 months.The results showed that there is a significant relationship between gender, type of analysis and education with investors Loss Aversion Coefficient, these variables are inversely correlated with the Loss Aversion Coefficient in Tehran Stock Exchange, in other words, females are statistically more loss averse than males, also loss aversion decrease with increasing education more over fundamental analysts are more loss averse than technical analysts.

Corporate risk information offering and disclosing related indicators can play a significant role in improving financial reporting quality and affect investor and capital market decisions.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the score of corporate risk reporting indicators, determine the status of risk reporting in Iran and its value relevance using the special returns of stock of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.Accordingly, at the beginning risk reporting indicators were extracted by using theoretical and experimental bases of research and after determining the way of measuring and quantifying them, by content analysis of financial reporting of firms, the score of corporate risk reporting was calculated. finally, the value relationship of risk reporting with stock-specific return was analyzed and tested.The study results indicate that risk reporting in Iran is absent of quantitative and specific information and most reports have stickiness (periodic overlap). According to the research results, the disclosed risks are mostly financial and strategic risks that are related to the external environment of the firm and managers have less reported the risks that arise from their performance and are related to the internal firm environment. Also, the results of the research demonstrate that there is an inverse and significant relationship between risk reporting score and stock-specific return as well firms that have high-risk reporting scores, their stock-specific return is lower. These results can be included in the requirements and guidelines of regulatory agencies sections on companies and improve the level of risk reporting in Iran.