محمد ابراهیم مظهری

Having creativity in architecture major especially in designing lessons is one of the main challenges of the major.Under the effects of scenario planning education, as an answer to the problem of designing, productivity and creativity of students have a noticeable leap. Determining a method which can help students to improve and utilize their creativity was the main goal for this research. The research has been achieved via a quasi-experimental method and is the result of processing workshop of The University of Tehran in architectural design workshops. architecture students of “Designing my villa” reports of teaching process of participated in the research and their design performance quality have been evaluated with scenario planning method. During 6 weeks period (one 4 hours session per week). Results have shown that the students’ average grade have increased (P<0.05), in each level of teaching process. A strategic conclusion taken from recording the process was the discovery of the main levels of directing a design for teaching in architecture design workshop. All levels included from the beginning of imagination until the final presentation. Finally, scenario planning in architecture describes the process of scenario-based design and related theoretical and technical frameworks in aim of effecting quality of the creative designs in a positive way.

The development of freeways in recent years has removed many historical routes and smaller cities from the country's passenger transportation cycle and harmed their economy. The necessity of protecting and revitalizing these routes is to know the talents and attractions in them. Since most of the country's roads were formed in the last century on the basis of the road network during the Qajar period, the historical sources of this period provide a better understanding of these routes. These sources are divided into two main European and Iranian categories. The extraction of appropriate geographical data from Iranian sources cannot be compared to the reports of European agents equipped with modern knowledge and tools. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the role of the reports of the European agents in the understanding of Iran's routes during the Qajar period, focusing on the Malayer-Borujerd route, which has been carried out by the historical analysis method and using first-hand sources from libraries and archives. The results show that the detailed reports of the European agents, besides being very different in the quality of the introduction of this route, have introduced another route by crossing the telegraph line as the main route, which is not mentioned in Iranian sources and is the shortest in terms of the distance, and rich in terms of natural and historical attractions. This can apply to many other parts of the country and be the subject of future research.

Today, one of the concerns of the architectural education system is to find a way of learning that can produce efficient and competent graduates. Therefore, according to the nature of the field of architecture, experiential learning as a fundamental model in the skill-oriented architecture education process and its application in the architecture curriculum requires special conditions and contexts, whose identification, analysis and evaluation form the main goals of the present research. The current research is a survey- quantitative research and considered to be applied in terms of its objective. In this research, first, the basic components of the research were collected and categorized, and then evaluated in the form of a questionnaire in order to rank, obtain opinions and check the extent it addresses this issue in the architecture education system. To determine the validity of the research questionnaire, its face and content validity and reliability were examined through Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was calculated to be above 0.7 in all cases. The statistical population of the research was selected from a group of university professors, prominent architectural experts in private and governmental organizations, and undergraduate architecture students in the architecture faculties of Kermanshah and Ahvaz in a purposeful and accessible manner. Based on the findings, lesson-oriented, inclusive-oriented and teacher-oriented components formed the experimental learning platforms of architecture. The results of the evaluation of the current situation show that there is a major gap between the current and the desired situation of providing experiential learning platforms in the architectural education system of Iran, and the arithmetic mean of the data of all components showed an inappropriate level in providing the platforms. Based on the results, it is necessary to review and modify the quality of learning platforms as much as possible based on the experimental approach.

In today's context, the issue of identity in urban public places remains a significant concern for mankind. The spiritual aspirations of individuals and their reflection in the design of public buildings are pivotal for identifying these spaces. Therefore, designers can contribute to the restoration of citizens' collective identity by emphasizing physical and functional quality, aiming to increase social interactions and facilitate cultural and social events in public spaces. This article employs a combined method, integrating a descriptive approach to explain the key quality criteria of urban collective spaces and a survey method to determine the relationship between variables and the intensity of their impact. Seven key criteria emerge as crucial for shaping, validating, and recognizing the identity of a place from the audience's perspective within collective spaces. To expound on these criteria, a total of 31 sub-criteria and 34 criteria are considered, analyzing the impact of various variables in relation to the study's scope. Ultimately, by discerning the effects of these factors on enhancing the identity of collective spaces, the article provides insights into the intensity of each variable's impact and a metric for measuring the improvement of urban collective spaces.

Home as a manifestation of its residents’ culture displays different life methods, activity systems, values, and behavioral patterns. The present study aims to express the criteria and impact rate and weighing of each of them concerning each other by the realization of the effective components on the hidden map of Behbahan traditional housing. The research method with a mixed technique consists of descriptive methods and content analysis in the theoretical part and correlational and causal comparison in the field research in the case studies part. In the first step, the questionnaires were given to the residents of 30 houses in the traditional residential context of Behbahan in order to analyze the descriptive statistics that were analyzed by SPSS software. In the next step, interviews based on research questions will be compiled from a population of 10 experts who were selected by the snowball method, and inferential statistics will be extracted by analyzing them. Then the scores of questionnaires, bridge-crossroads documents, and being a Behbahan quay are compared. The research results indicate that the subsistence, cultural and social requirements caused by the region's geography and communication with merchants and others have influenced the weight of the spatial order components of Behbahan's traditional houses. This case can be seen in the orientation of houses and the formation of spatial order components with subsistence purposes.

the current research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the competency model of architecture graduates using a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach, in three stages of open, central and selective coding.The statistical population of this research was made up of 21 university professors and prominent architectural experts in the private and government sectors by purposeful and snowball sampling.  According to the findings, the number of 130 conceptual codes and 40 sub-categories in the form of 6 main categories in the paradigm model including the cultivation of capable and competent architects as the central category, causal conditions (design and idea generation skills, specialized knowledge and awareness, research, coaching and development of others, Administrative skills, entrepreneurial skills, communication-social skills, business and leadership skills, mental ability, architectural professional ethics and personal skills), contextual factors (resources and facilities, motivational models and academic training), intervening conditions (process and type of training, interactions and communication patterns, structural facilities and equipment, legal and support infrastructure), strategies (model education and learning, creating wide communication networks, culture building and social needs assessment), consequences (professional response, educational response, individual response) have been placed. The dimensions, components and indicators calculated from the current research can be used as a framework to make changes in the educational programs of architects and guide the architectural education system in order to improve the professional capabilities of architecture graduates. It can also be used as a reliable framework for evaluating and recruiting architects in the professional world.

Evaluation of architectural designs Judges the design. In this way, it measures the amount of variables in the design from the desired aspect and then judges it. Due to the important role of arbitration in the courses of architectural projects, if the type of arbitration is not clear, it will affect the appropriate atmosphere on arbitration, will cause unrelated demands related to educational goals and will develop students' talents. Will destroy. The purpose of this study is to achieve the criteria and indicators of realistic judgment in the field of knowledge and professional ability of architecture students in Iran.What is the present study in an attempt to answer the question, evaluation criteria and judging of architectural projects in prominent universities in the field of architecture in Iran?The research method was mixed (quantitative-qualitative) and in terms of practical purpose Statistical population were 17  famous academic instructors of Architecture at Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Science and Technology and Shahid Chamran Ahvaz universities. In order to achieve more accurate results, it was preferred to take the opinions of young and novice professors in the field of judging architectural designs, along with the opinions of experts. Accordingly, 25 young professors who were completing their doctoral studies at Shahid Beheshti University, University of Tehran, Tehran Azad University and University of Science and Technology and had a history of teaching in architectural design workshops at the university as a statistical population. were chosen. Which were selected according to the educational fields, due to the importance of scoring and its direct impact on the research results, sampling was done in a Systematic and non-random was applied. Based on the studies, a model was developed to evaluate the architectural plans, then the professors were first interviewed, the validity of the evaluation model was assessed, and then a questionnaire of the Likert type, one question was selected for them in a contractual manner to determine the level of specificity for the specified criteria. Then, two questions were interviewed as open questionnaires, and finally, after the interview, the initial model was edited and the final model was obtained. Results and information were analyzed using SPSSsoftware was analyzed using statistical methods. This study showed that the final criteria for evaluating the design process are divided into two sub-branches of studies and design.The studies are divided into two subgroups of basic knowledge and attention to technical studies. According to experts, studies and technical knowledge have the greatest impact on the final product. From the young professors 'point of view, advancement of the design process have the greatest impact on professors' scoring, followed by the design skills and studies and technical knowledge. Finally, suggestions and solutions were presented to the jury, architecture educators and specialists to improve the quality of the judges' level of arbitration.

Research on the relationship between lifestyle and urban context has revealed an interdisciplinary dialogue that is related to anthropology and sociology on the one hand and to the physical and semantic features of the city on the other. This study seeks to answer the questions of what physical differences the residents of Abadan experienced in the new urban context and which components of their lifestyle affected these differences? For this purpose, by reflecting on the concept of lifestyle, explains the relationship between lifestyle characteristics and the shape of the residence and examines the impact of the lifestyle of the people of Abadan on the shape and texture of the Abadan city company. This research, which has benefited from the qualitative strategy and method of documentary and library studies, is a fundamental-applied research that has used interpretive methods and correlation as a strategy. According to the results of the research, the lifestyle of the people of Abadan is affected by the different urban spaces in which they are housed, and the new urban context affects the habits, social relations and livelihood of the residents and by influencing cultural, economic and Their society has changed their consumption, behavioral patterns, tastes, leisure and social roles.

The present article is an inquiry into one of the relatively neglected aspects of Christopher Alexander, the architect and theorist of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. An important feature of Alexander is the multifaceted nature of his personality and intellectual life. He is both a distinguished scientist in the field of exact sciences such as mathematics and computers, and a well-known designer and theorist in the field of architecture. His entry into architecture was accompanied by a desire to scientifically streamline the architectural design process, but eventually the path he took led to a structural critique of contemporary science. Despite all the ups and downs along the way, the relationship between science and architecture seems to have always been one of Alexander's main concerns. In response, we intend to explain this relationship by analytical reading of Alexander's life and works here.The article shows that the most important difference between Alexander the scientist and his peers in the contemporary world is not in his method but in his findings. Alexander, like many modern scientists, works empirically, but his findings reveal the ‘whole’ rather than the meticulous details that are common to many modern studies. Relying on the ‘theory of complexity’, and the challenges and capacities that this theory presents to modern science, Alexander tries to bring back to focus concepts such as ‘beauty’, ‘value’, ‘quality’ and the like, which, in the philosophy of modern science are generally considered as outside of the field of science. In this regard, he introduces architecture as a model that can be a facilitator for scientists and tries to show how architecture can use new scientific paradigms, such as the theory of complexity, to reconstruct and revive itself, and at the time help change the paradigm of science in the world to come.

A continuous and comprehensive learning process depends on the proper teaching method in every pioneer education system. The evaluation process of architectural designs is meant to judge the designs. It measures the ratio of variable criteria in the design from the desired aspect and then evaluates it. Due to the pivotal role of judgment in the architecture curriculum, if the evaluation process is unclear and no productive criticism ambiance is provided, personal interpretations or unrelated demands to educational goals may distort the judgment process and prevent the flourishment of the students’ development and talents. If the judgment criteria are known, the students’ gradual quantitative and qualitative progression will be achieved, increasing their scope of the understanding of the architectural education system and its representation method. The present research was conducted to recognize the indicators and criteria affecting the evaluation of university architectural designs as a part of the student’s learning process to provide a better evaluation method that is more accurate and objective. The comprehensive education process in teaching is investigated in learning and assessment. In the current study, the role of the architectural design evaluation in learning and improving students’ scientific knowledge is investigated.

This research uses a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative), and it is considered applied research. The statistical population comprises 15 faculty members at Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran University, Iran University of Science and Technology, and Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. A systematic, non-random sampling method was applied, and the samples were selected according to the educational fields due to the importance of scoring and its direct effect on the research results. Bearing in mind that students are one of the most important factors in the evaluation process, the students’ opinions were considered in the architectural design evaluation. Therefore, the master’s students of Architectural Design (3) of Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz Branch, were selected as the statistical population. Data was collected using a Likert scale questionnaire. In order to assess the research model, the results were analyzed using SPSS software and applying the Spearman Correlation Test, and in order to assess its validity, the Friedman test was used to prioritize the variables. Experts’ grading was considered in the final assessment of the architectural design projects. The results obtained from the questionnaires effectively provide proposed strategies and score the criteria and judgment rules of the architectural design projecects.

The research findings showed a significant difference between 4 components affecting the final product. The impact ratio of each one on the final product is different. The results showed that studies and technical knowledge, with a correlation coefficient of 0.535 and a significance level of 0.04, have the highest impact on the final product. This component has been the most important and effective factor in the final product. The other effective factors are design skills, design process development, and initial knowledge. The initial knowledge component has the least impact on the final product compared to other components. The results of Friedman’s ranking test showed that the sub-component in the analysis and interpretation of final results, presentation technique, and replica has the highest average rank. These sub-components have been the most important sub-component affecting the judgment of university projects. Then there is the design idea, creativity and form of the building, the subject, and the ability to analyze and present. The results show that these sub-components have the highest impact on the final judgment of the designs compared to other sub-components. And the sub-components of the impact ratio of planning and functional design and oral presentation have the least impact on the final judgment of the designs. The weighted index of 5 main components affecting the judgment of final designs based on the ranking of sub-component tests is the final product, study and technical knowledge, design skill, design process development, and primary knowledge, respectively.

According to the conducted studies, evaluation seems to have an important and valuable place in the learning process. If students are dissatisfied with this process, it will have a devastating effect on their learning. In this regard, holding “learner-centered” sessions was suggested to evaluate the design process during the semester and increase students’ learning. Since the highest scores were given to learning in classroom evaluation, specialization, and roundtable discussion, it is recommended that the professors collaboratively hold their design classes and invite professional architects as experts to make students more familiar with the market in the initial sessions. The students should be able to choose their professor among the studio professors to reduce the student’s confusion after the initial class sessions and the student’s familiarity with the professors’ viewpoints. It is better to hold classroom evaluation sessions in a participatory and roundtable manner, and students of various levels attend the classrooms. This research suggests strategies for professors and decision-makers for architectural design judgment, reducing students’ stress and worries and increasing their self-confidence in the architecture design studio. Suggestions for architectural evaluation and policy making are made to promote the level of architecture education and ultimately train students and competent architects.

Attention to human life and the manner of his presence and behavior is one of the main concerns in architectural design. One of the approaches in this regard is narrative-based and scenario-based thinking in architecture and its education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of screenwriting and its opportunities in the design training workshop. The research is a ‏‏survey research method and is the result of processing workshop of University of Tehran in architectural design workshops. architecture students of “Designing my villa” reports of teaching process of participated in the research and their design performance quality have been evaluated with scenario planning method. During 6 weeks period (one 4 hours session per week). The research has been done by quasi-experimental method and has been studied in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. Data were analyzed using paired t-test using SPSS software version 22. Results There was a significant difference between the mean scores of the design test in the pre-test and post-test stages P (P <0.05). The type of scenario (spaces, activities, field visualization, etc.) affects the next stages and the percentage of people tending to user-centered (55.77%) and event-oriented (28.85%) approaches after scriptwriting training has increased. Then, scriptwriting training and related exercises have positive feedback in advancing and facilitating the design process. Scenario planning is a basic of strategic design and also utilizing the same principles in problem solving. The findings of this research can be used in instruction, curriculum development, and designing new buildings.

Holding rituals in the city is a reflection of collective life that strengthens social connectivity. Sacred places and shrines are an influential element in the construction and interconnectedness of Iranian cities. Religious shrines are the gathering places of different groups of people which link the flow of ceremonies and rituals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of Ali Ibn Mahziar’s tomb in the physical-spatial structure of Ahvaz and its effect on the formation of religious rituals, especially the mourning ceremonies of Tasua and Ashura within Ahvaz. This research is of descriptive-analytical type and employs methods of observation and field perceptions as well as reviewing the results of spatial arrangement analysis and graph modelling in order to study the adaptation of currents related to religious rites (for the movement of mourning delegations) and the existing city structure and especially the location of the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar. Therefore, after field surveys, initial modelling was performed using graph theory approach and data analysis with centrality index and BC and DC scales, and then applying integration, connectivity and choice, space syntax analysis of Ahvaz city was implemented. The results show that the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar plays a central role in attracting mourners from different parts of the city and strengthening social interactions and the presence of citizens. The focal position of the shrine in the configuration of the city reveals the close relation of this effective spatial element with the social patterns of the city, which over time, despite the changes, is still at the center of rituals and social interactions.

Contemporary housing architecture in Iran in small towns and major cities is a multivariate issue. Among the various architectural practices, housing is both more effective and more influential than others. Housing, the formation of experimental projects, and the design and construction of new organized concepts of housing have taken place. The concept of the organizer is a solution that has already been discovered and tested in different contexts. One of the areas that need to conduct scientific research in various fields of architecture and urban planning due to the nascent structure of architecture and urban context, is the city of Ahvaz, which contains various examples of organizational corporate housing due to the development of various industries. This study aims to identify the architectural space, especially in the housing sector, establish patterns and components in organizational construction in the contemporary period, strengthen the existing cultural elements, realize the values in architecture in newsite and recognize the works. The study also seeks a systematic plan to find new principles based on the concepts used based on the research method. Therefore, by considering these concepts, it intends to recognize the architectural components of desirable housing, which in other words are considered as internal and external factors, intends to know the characteristics of the concepts of architecture and urban planning in the residential complex. The main strategy of this research is based on the use of mixed methods, which are a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This conceptual model will explain the concepts of organizing corporate housing, which will result in identifying and introducing general principles in terms of quantity and quality in corporate housing. The present mixed research method includes interpretive, descriptive methods, content analysis in the theoretical part and correlation methods, and field methods in the case studies. Statistics and descriptive and inferential findings to take appropriate quantitative and qualitative measures have been collected on the one hand according to the opinion of residents and on the other hand based on the opinion of experts and specialists, respectively. The result of the presented study is to explain the model containing the concepts of organizing the housing of oil company through the relationship between the quality characteristics of housing and the organizing components in this complex. Based on the research hypotheses, experts are focusing on the characteristics of the formation of organizational components and characteristics of corporate housing expressing the principles and concepts of infrastructure and residents, carefully meet their needs and wants in the field of housing and the surrounding area play an important role in the process. After introducing the results of both theoretical and experimental areas, it was found that considering the concepts of housing organizer from only an internal or external dimension could not lead to the full formation of housing concepts, and to achieve the desired corporate housing components concept must have a good link between human factors. Physical-social factors and managers, officials, and experts in the field of architecture and urban planning to be established.

According to historical sources and archaeological evidence, Behbahan was located on two extra-regional routes from Khuzestan to Fars and Khuzestan to Isfahan. This region has been a dock and a resting place for commercial caravans due to its strategic position on the one hand and its location on the highway connecting Basra to India on the other. The characteristic of "being a bridge-crossroads" of Behbahan city has made the life of its inhabitants have two faces; "interior" and "exterior". This feature, as one of the cultural characteristics of the people of this region, has manifested itself in the architecture of the house using the "interior-exterior" pattern. The present study analyzes the spatial structure of traditional houses in Behbahan city and uses the space syntax technique in this regard. The main purpose of this study was to analyze and compare spatial organization and hidden order of traditional houses in Behbahan, considering the impact of the presence of merchants in this city with the help of space syntax software. The research methodology was a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the quantitative section, the data obtained from the explanatory graphs and software were used to extract the findings. Finally, the findings were analyzed by the qualitative method of logical reasoning. The results showed that despite the use of a fixed "interior-exterior" pattern in Behbahan houses, there are differences in their spatial order and space arrangement pattern based on the amount of commuting of strangers.

Higher education is influenced by globalization having a profound effect on all levels and dimensions of higher education. Judging architectural designs is one of the current issues in higher education. Criteria that can be used to measure designs are old concerns in the field of architecture. By knowing how to judge architectural projects in the world's leading universities, it is possible to quantitatively and qualitatively develop higher education in architecture. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effects of globalization of higher education on education and judging architectural projects. The research method was mixed (quantitative-qualitative). Data was collected using the method of classification and arrangement of documents, after which their content was analyzed and propositions that represent the educational and judgmental characteristics of the world university were extracted. In order to get acquainted with the methods of judging architectural designs in Iranian universities, the Delphi technique was used. Data was collected through questionnaires and open interviews with professors of architecture at the departments of Architecture at prominent Iranian universities. The findings showed that the effects of globalization on the teaching and judging of architectural designs can be divided into two categories of indicators related to the design process, which included curriculum, students, faculty members, international cooperation, budget, and new electronic communication systems. Criteria for final evaluation included jury, student defense, presentation, and analysis of information. The results showed that the globalization of architectural project judging will lead to intensification of university competitions, upgrading of educational standards, improvement in the quality of education and judging of architectural projects.

The living space of a person , from the house to the neighborhood and the city , shows his / her beliefs and the way of life . Research on the relationship between lifestyle and physical living space of the people , has opened the door to an interdisciplinary discussion that is related to anthropology and sociology , on the one hand , and to the physical and semantic characteristics of the home on the other . If we consider lifestyle beyond everyday life and home beyond physical and meaningful features , we can consider that a person’s lifestyle influences his / her shaping of his / her house , and on the other hand , the physical shape and form of the house that he/she lives in it will be affected ; an effect which is continuous . Now, if this person settled in a pre-arranged house (as what happened in Abadan after the oil industry), the sequence of the influence imposed on the lifestyle and the type of housing will be cut off and another kind of connection will be established between the person and his/her place of residence.Research question : What physical differences did the residents of Abadan’s corporate homes experience in the new housing , and which components affected their lifestyle ?Purposes of the research : By reflecting on the concept of lifestyle, this study will try to explain the relationship between the characteristics of the lifestyle and the shape of the residence and examine the relationship between the two. In this way, it will investigate the impact of the lifestyle of the people of Abadan on the shape of imported housing and urban development, which was established after the establishment of the refinery and at the same time appeared with the formation of the new city of Abadan.

The research method for data collection in this research is the method of documentary and library studies and a qualitative strategy will be used to analyze the relationship between the house and the lifestyle of the residents and also to compare the samples. Also, this research is a fundamental-applied research , in which the methods of interpretation and correlation have been used as the strategy and method of research.The most important .

According to the research results , the lifestyle of the people of Abadan has been affected by the shape of the different houses , in which they have been housed , in a way that their lifestyle has changed significantly as compared to their lifestyle before settling in this city and the physical space of the new housing have clearly influenced the habits , the social relations and the livelihoods of the residents ; hence by influencing their cultural , economic and social capital , their consumption patterns , behavioral patterns , tastes , leisure time and social roles have been changed , too.

This research paper is about the solutions of giving identity to architectural spaces, strengthening the sense of belonging of the residents to their place of living and as a result, expanding their sense of participation in the implementation of plans for organizing and renovating worn-out urban tissues. Organizing and renovating worn-out urban tissues is a combination of social, cultural and physical processes that should be seen in a comprehensive plan. In addition, the renovation program should be based on long-term goals so that it can eliminate the areas of non-acceptance in the society by considering possible changes in the future. In order to achieve the goals of empowering and improving the quality of life in worn-out urban contexts, paying attention to maintaining and revitalizing the neighborhood system, helping to increase the sense of belonging of the residents to their place of residence, and also strengthening the local community in order to expand the sense of people's participation in the implementation of projects is of particular importance. In relation to the topic of the research, the basic question is: Does the sense of belonging of the residents to their place of residence have an effect on their participation in the implementation of projects? Clarifying the problem and answering the theoretical dimensions of identity and sense of belonging and searching for scientific gaps in facing the improvement and reconstruction of worn-out urban tissues is of great importance, because the city is a living entity and has a living body and soul. Renovation with the concept of contemporization and re-creation is the reproduction of the urban environment in new conditions. Reproduction includes revising and restoring values in their contemporization.

This study examines the relationship between privacy and interactions together.The results show that the two criteria of border and territory, and interpersonal distances, have the greatest impact on social interactions and the criterion of audio-visual privacy has the least impact on social interactions compared to other components. The results of Friedman ranking test showed that the indicators of physical flexibility, social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility and spatial planning have the greatest impact on social interactions and the indicators of dimensions, proportions and hierarchy have the least impact on social interactions. Compared to other indicators. The study of the results in sheshsad Dastgah Residential Complex in Mashhad also shows that the designer's attention to the criteria and indicators affecting interactions with an approach to maintaining privacy in the design, has played a significant role in promoting interactions between users and residents of the complex. Which has been considered by the designer more than other criteria.

In residential complexes, securing privacy, in its two main dimensions, namely family privacy and individual privacy, is prioritized as an effective component in ensuring the security and tranquility of residents. In fact, people’s attitudes toward privacy are part of their socialization process. For establishment of social relations, the privacy of individuals and groups in the public must be considered. It is essential to provide a balance between privacy and social interaction in the light of the cultural values of the community. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the indicators of privacy effective on social interactions in a residential complex with 600 apartments in the city of Mashhad, Iran.

Theoretical Framework

Privacy is a process undergone for determining the boundaries between individuals, through which the individual or group monitors how they interact with others (Altman, 2003). Altman (1975) considers personal space and territoriality as the main mechanisms used for achievement of privacy (Lang, 2009: 165). Communication means the ability to transfer human information, thoughts, and behaviors from one person to another. Social interaction is a need that involves actions and emotions such as the sense of belonging and attachment, joining a group, loving, and being approved (Siramkaya, 2017).The factors effective on the promotion of social interactions with the privacy approach include the following:
Physical characteristics,Borders and territories (hierarchy, border clarity, and controllability in the separation of private and public areas),
Interpersonal distances, Audio and visual privacy.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, adopted besides documentary and library methods to identify the components of privacy affecting social interactions. The population examined in the present study consists of the residents of the Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex in Mashhad. The sample size is set to 322 people using Cochran’s formula. A questionnaire is used to collect the required information, and the data are analyzed using the SPSS and PLS software. Confirmatory factor analysis is applied to evaluate the research model and the validity of the questionnaire, along with the one-sample t-test to compare the means and the Friedman ranking test to rank the components.

The findings of the one-sample t-test of the population demonstrated that the mean values of all the components and subcomponents were higher than the obtained averages, and that all the specified components and indicators had relatively large impacts on social interactions (p < 0.05). The mean for the interpersonal distance component was 4.48, that for the boundaries and territories was 4.38, that for the physical characteristics was 4.12, and that for the visual-auditory space was 4.06. The results of the Friedman ranking test also indicated that the components of border and territory and interpersonal distance ranked highest in average, and therefore exhibited the greatest impacts on social interactions. Moreover, physical flexibility, social homogeneity, and interpersonal flexibility exhibited the highest average ranks among the subcomponents and the greatest impacts on social interactions.

As explained in the Methodology section, the SPSS 25 and PLS 3 software were used to analyze the data. The extracted average variance index (AVE) was used to verify the convergent validity. This index measures the amount of variance that a hidden variable gets from its markers, and its value ranges between 0 and 1, where higher values indicate greater convergent validity for the structure. The mean extracted variance, which measured the convergent validity, varied from a minimum of 0.53 for the boundary and a territory to a maximum of 0.70 for the physical characteristics. Since the mean values of extracted variance were close to or greater than 0.50, we could confirm the convergent validity (total validity of each component). Finally, the results demonstrated the validity and reliability of all the components and relevant questions. The effects of the four main criteria of privacy on social interactions in the examined residential complex could be analyzed using the Friedman test, ranking the criteria and the degrees of their impact on social interactions as follows. The findings on the ranking of the privacy criteria with respect to a chi-square value of 226.81 (df = 3) indicated significant relationships with social interactions (P < 0.05), from which it could be inferred that there was a significant difference between the four criteria of privacy affecting social interactions, and the extents and degrees of their impact on social interactions were also found to be different. The results of the Friedman ranking test demonstrated that the border and territory criterion ranked highest in average, and exhibited the greatest effect on social interactions in the residential complex. Shortly after that, there was the criterion of interpersonal distance, with an average rank of 2.97. According to the results, the two criteria of border and territory and individual intermediate distance had the greatest impacts on social interactions, and the criterion of audio-visual privacy affected them less than the others. There were significant differences between the fourteen indicators affecting socialization, the ranks and values of which were also different. The results of the Friedman ranking test demonstrated that physical flexibility ranked highest in average, and was the most important indicator affecting social interactions. The social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility, and spatial arena sub-components were ranked next, averaging 10.34, 10.20, and 8.82, respectively. According to the findings, the indicators of physical flexibility, social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility, and spatial arena exhibited the greatest impacts on social interactions, and those of dimensions, proportions, and hierarchy affected them less than the others. The results indicated that the components of territoriality, such as interpersonal distance, physical characteristics, spatial domains, and audio-visual privacy, could be regarded as variables affecting social interactions in the Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex with an approach to maintenance of privacy.

Gardening tradition in the geographical area of Iran has included valuable types of gardens such as fruit garden, river garden, organic garden etc over past centuries. However, despite having unique features, because of the lack of compliance to the prevalent pattern of the Iranian Garden, these gardens have been relatively less studied and recognized. Khan garden in Shushtar, adjacent to the historic water canal of Gargar, is a remarkable example of such types of Iranian gardening since its unique context contains considerable features of gardening that are very unusual among other types of Iranian gardens. Accordingly, this research will try to study and recognize constructive components and elements of Khan garden through a qualitative approach and using the descriptive-analytical research method. In order to recognize and document information related to Khan garden like natural, historical and morphological data, the research applies the cataloguing technique. The required data are primarily collected through biblio sources such as historical accounts, archival documents, maps, aerial images. Also, field survey and oral interviews in the process of data collecting are employed. Based on research findings, the Khan garden should be perceived as a river garden and structurally could be classified as a uni-axial garden. However, since the specific context of the garden’s position, that axe has been placed on an indirect extension that affects constructive systems of the garden and provides an irregular and organic structure for that. Furthermore, according to other findings, agricultural activities, cultural influences of Qajar time, and surrounding characteristics have been the most significant factors in shaping the structural pattern of the Khan garden.

Evaluating and documenting post-war reconstruction (one of the most complex types of reconstruction processes) is a good way to learn from possible future accidents. The 8-year war between Iran and Iraq ruined the city of Rafi completely. The process of reconstruction began after the liberation with a different approach to other experiences (emphasis on the promotion of the role of survivors and attention to their needs and wants). The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of Rafi reconstruction from the perspective of creating a sense of belonging in residents, as one of the most important determinants of residential satisfaction. The research approach is quantitative and qualitative. The three main hypotheses of the research are based on the effect of satisfaction and sense of belonging in post-war reconstruction on the revival of social and economic traditions, as well as rebuilding in-situ and land ownership preservation. Samples of the study have been collected in a random-cluster method, and the necessary data for testing the research hypotheses was collected through questionnaires, field studies, and interviews. The research hypothesis was then tested using a dependent t-test. The average obtained for the process of reconstruction and creating a sense of belonging through the revival of social and economic traditions of the people (Hypothesis 1) 2.43 out of 5; creating a sense of belonging to the place of residence by in-situ building and maintaining land ownership (Hypothesis 2) 3.45 out of 5; and the degree of desirability of this process for people (Hypothesis 3) is 2.87 out of 5 on the Likert scale. As a result, the first and third hypotheses are rejected and the second one is accepted. At the end, according to the unique features of the high reconstruction process, a set of tips and suggestions for application in future experiences is presented by prioritizing research indicators.

The village is a long-standing form of human settlement that embodies the vernacular pattern of human habitation and innovative ways of adapting to the environment. Village dwellers are the creators of unique cultural landscapes which are looked upon as the heritage for future generations. Therefore recognizing the dominant patterns in rural landscapes has always been of interest to researchers. The spatial organization has considered that human habitats are the direct result of social, economic, political, and institutional processes. By studying and comparing two villages located in southwestern of Iran, the study’s aim is to investigate the spatial pattern and configuration of the rural form and examine the effect of villagerschr('39') lifestyle and livelihood on the formation of those patterns. One of the village case studies is Shalheh-ye Emam Hasan located in Abadan city along the Arvand tidal river which enable the villagers to develop their gardens of palms as far as the tidewater is available. The other one is Hadbeh Khanafreh village in Shadegan city at the edge of Shadegan wetland in which the village dwellers’ livelihood is dominantly based on small livestock farms, keeping water buffaloes within their houses and hunting wetland fauna such as birds and fish. Both villages have similar cultural backgrounds and are inhabited by indigenous Arab tribes but the villages are different in terms of the type of the livelihood and settlement organization.The research method is case modeling and case study benefitting from Geographic Information System (GIS). By applying landscape metrics, the blocking, mass and space system, grain size, spatial distribution and arrangement, physical density, shape of texture patches, and texture connectivity, the spatial patterns of villages were quantitatively studied and analyzed geometrically in two scales of landscape and texture. The comparison of the results demonstrates that despite the similar cultural environment and social context, there are differences in the spatial pattern and configuration of two villages’ textures and landscapes. The dispersed pattern of the houses located in Shalheh is due to the vast area of the village and the rows of the palm grounds which are included in each house and this fact gives rise to the probability of houses accumulation in each block. Meanwhile, the amount of residential texture of Hadbeh is 32% of the village area due to its confinement with the wetland. Similarly, the numbers of building blocks in Shalheh village are twice that of Hadbeh. The building blocks of both villages have relatively similar dimensions. However, in Hadbeh, the building blocks are applied in the larger number of houses. Particularly, in spite of the similar social and cultural environment, residential units in Shalheh village are, on average, larger and owing to the land limitation in Hadbeh, the dwelling houses are smaller. Besides, the results of nearest neighbor distance and the connectivity demonstrate the compact arrangement of the houses in Hadbeh and the scattering distribution of the houses in Shalheh despite their linear form, moreover the studied area in Shahleh village is by far larger than Hadbah while just 1.8% of which is included by village blocks. This study found that rural economy is closely related to the geographical context and settlement order of the village and totally the combination of these factors play an effective role on the formation of the spatial pattern of the rural settlement’s texture. This research shows that although social and cultural factors are very influential on a housing scale, what can further determine the spatial structure and pattern of rural housing is the capacity to exploit the geographical context in favor of livelihood. Due to the economic roots result in formation of the unique structure in both villages, any variations in economy or natural resources involved in the economy of the villages can lead to changes in the structure and pattern of the studied landscapes and have subsequent consequences including social disorders or migration. This highlights the need to understand the spatial pattern of the settlement before any decision making and planning at rural or large scale on the geographical basis. The use of landscape metrics in this study has made it possible to compare those metrics and trace the root causes result in formation of vernacular patterns.

Over the centuries, religious symbols and rituals have dictated the specific order to the structure of traditional cities, the reason by which, many cities in the past were able to respond to psychological needs of the residents. The rituals that are performed during the years, affect the structure of the city without which analyzing the form and structure of the city is not possible. This research aims to study the effect of rituals on the structure of traditional cities and Shushtar is chosen as the case study. This research investigates the role of rituals in particular the ceremony of Moharam in enhancing the disturbances resulted from modification of historical structure of the city and its spatial order. This research shows that the rituals break the modern structure of the city into the integrated stage area. “Takiya”s, shrines, “Hoseinia”s and mosques as religious and ceremonial places are focal points within the city structure. During ceremonies, the city abandons its daily routine and transforms in to an integrated stage for a great Theater. This Theater, performed by the citizens, reveals the connectivity between residents and city more than ever. Furthermore the focal religious points play a critical role in the ritual ceremonies. Therefore the morphology of the city needs to adjust to the ceremony to become connected and homogeneous. In that adjustment, modern urban elements, that fragmented the city structure, applied as an effective element during the ceremonies.

Apart from functional aspect; architecture can convey the meaning and express its own meanings clearly. Other arts such as painting also can deliver several messages that can be different in various madeia. Many contemporary architects constantly attempts to convey a message of an artwork to architectural media and in this regard, they try to restate the ideas and concepts in a symbolic environment. Without doubt, the meaning of an artwork can be imported with components or other expressive symbols, and thus the litigant meanings of an artwork can be transited to another. In this regard, one of the issues that is missed in architecture area, is the discussion of conveying the meaning from other art media to the architecture. This paper tries to explain how to convey the meaning from Painting to architectural media. It is assumed that conveying the meaning of other art medias to architectural media can help the architects to create the meaning and B) Using metaphor, plays an essential role in conveying the meaning from other art media such as painting to architecture. In this paper, in order to answer the research hypothesis, the way John Hejduk restates the Madame D’Haussonville painting by John Auguste Dominique Ingres and the studio series by Georges Braque in the architecture of the wall house 2 are discussed. The Methodology of this paper is based on descriptive analytic methods and logical reasoning. It also relies on the discussing and analyzing the library information. Finally, this study shows that conveying the meaning from one art media to another can develop ideas from other arts such as painting to architecture and vice versa and be effective in the enhancement of both of these art media.