محمد اجزاء شکوهی

Informal settlements pose a major challenge for transitional cities, as their lack of infrastructure and urban services creates adverse living conditions for residents. This study aimed to identify an effective model for empowering informal settlements in Herat.

Conducted as a qualitative study in Herat, Afghanistan, in 2024, this research employed in-depth, semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection method. MAXQDA software was used for qualitative content analysis. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts, managers, and personnel from governmental and international organizations engaged in urban management. Open, axial, and selective coding techniques were applied for data analysis.

Analysis of the data resulted in 198 open codes and 69 conceptual codes, organized into 11 subcategories and two main categories. The first category, the "policy-making domain," encompassed five subcategories: legislation, residence formalization, integrated planning, coordination and mobilization of community organizations, and mechanisms for institutional coordination. The second category, the "executive domain," included six subcategories: institutional and managerial aspects, socio-cultural and legal factors, physical development, provision of essential services, resident empowerment, and local economic strengthening.

Empowering informal settlements in Herat requires a dual-domain model, integrating both policy-making and executive domains, each with multiple dimensions addressing the various needs within these areas.

The main perspective of this research is to investigate the existing potential of Mashhad to become tourist-friendly and the capabilities of Mashhad to become a tourist-friendly city as a new topic. For this purpose, efforts are being made to systematically compile the indicators of the tourist-friendly city according to the existing cultural and pilgrimage potentials of Mashhad. Behavioral patterns of tourists are analyzed in the form of statistical and spatial databases. The results showed that in all 19 field sampling points, on average, about 65% of tourists' responses to the directional questions raised (with the topic of the tourist-friendly city) were negative. Among the studied parameters, the parameters related to the spatial components have not been satisfied and approved by the tourists. The parameters studied in the research were analyzed and weighted by the hierarchical analysis process of AHP and used to overlap the layers of spatial maps and the final zoning in GIS. The results of our study showed that the highest satisfaction of tourists was recorded in the central area of Mashhad and around the shrine, which shows the characteristics of religious tourism in Mashhad. Considering the facilities and limitations of Mashhad city from the perspective of the research topic, the appropriate strategies for production and formulation, and the obtained results showed that the policy of strengthening and expanding service and welfare uses is important and preferable and a higher priority for the realization of the research topic in Mashhad city.

Attention to the physical development of the city is a basic necessity in urban development programs. In Iran, the rapid physical expansion of cities in the form of unplanned and uneven growth for various reasons, including uncontrolled migration, is one of the main problems of cities, which is a phenomenon called superficial scattering of growth results of this species. The scattering of urban areas and its numerous economic and environmental effects have led urban experts to explore strategies to address this. One of these strategies is smart growth theory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators of smart urban growth in Sari urban areas. The present research is applied in terms of purpose. The research method is descriptive-analytical due to the nature of the problem under study. In order to analyze the data, in addition to citing documentary and library studies, statistical analysis have been used. Finally, the ranking of each area of Sari in terms of smart growth has been evaluated using the WASPAS model. . The results showed that there is inequality between regions in terms of smart growth indicators. In fact, smart growth indicators in the four regions of Sari have an unbalanced distribution.

The Tissues of the city is considered one of the elements of the urban form effective on the occurrence of theft crimes. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the effect of urban context on spatial-temporal patterns of robbery crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, Geoda and ArcGIS software and spatial-statistical models such as Moran's spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal cube model were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine fabrics. In fact, uses with an area of 50-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of urban context classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43% of the thefts occurred in peripheral contexts (marginal areas of Mashhad city, areas 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of area 13). Also, 19/2% of crimes are in checkered patterns (localities located in the west of Mashhad), 14/6% in star patterns (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi) and 5/7% in middle patterns (area 1 and parts of the region 2) has taken place. Investigating the spatial-temporal cube patterns of theft crimes in Mashhad city showed that in the peripheral contexts the pattern of theft crimes is of the type of new and scattered hot spots, which indicates the intensity of theft crimes in these areas, but in the checkered contexts, the pattern of crimes is of the type of cold spots is an increase that shows that theft crimes in these areas are increasing in recent years.

Housing is one of the main human needs, which is known as the basic biological need for humans. Sustainable housing refers to a wide range of opportunities to improve economic development, environmental protection, quality of life and social equality. It requires a detailed and comprehensive look to be able to address the various dimensions of security, in fact, as the discovery of the hidden connections between those dimensions at different levels. Among the effective factors in the security of every city are urban spaces and places, therefore, due to the increase of social anomalies in today's societies, it is necessary to examine social security and factors affecting it. Urban areas are a place to live and to know the sense of belonging to the place of its residents is one of the necessities of maintaining the quantity and quality of this population. For this reason, social security is considered as one of the development indicators, based on which the level of development of urban housing and even countries is evaluated. Therefore, in order to solve the problems of feeling insecure in urban housing and achieving sustainable urban development, examining the components of well-being, The comfort and safety of citizens, which is one of the basic goals of urban planning. Urban insecurity in different fields includes that part of anomalies that have emerged as a result of the emergence of urbanization and the social problems caused by them and cause structural and functional damage in the urban society at different levels. Results The preliminary data from the studied area shows that the building materials used in the construction are often of very low quality and due to the lack of attention to the executive instructions considering that the city of Nowshahr is exposed to many natural disasters such as floods and especially earthquakes. Housing is one of the important indicators to maintain the safety of the residents of the study area. For the reasons that were mentioned, it seems necessary to examine the issue of housing sustainability due to its importance and impact on life-financial security, etc. In other words, the need to live in a safe environment in the study area is very important, which requires adaptation and interaction with the environment for the well-being of citizens, both mentally and objectively, according to the above-mentioned contents of this research. is to examine the set of factors that cause the stability of housing in social security in the study area .

The current research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Two library and field methods have been used to collect the required information. The statistical population of the research is Nowshahr city, which was determined based on Cochran's formula with an error of 0.05% of 384 questionnaires. A simple random method was used to distribute the questionnaire. It has been used to propose indicators using internal and external studies. The validity of the questionnaire items has been confirmed by the opinion of a number of academic researchers and its reliability has been calculated using Cronbach's alpha test to the extent of 0.75. In the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, structural equations of laser (SEM) have been used. In fact, structural equation model is the Persian translation of Structural Equation Model, which is also called SEM for short. This method is a special causal structure between a set of latent variables and observable variables. Using the structural equation modeling method, the relationships between hidden variables can be investigated, as well as the measurement items of each hidden variable with the relevant variable. Lisrel software is used to perform the calculations of this method. 

The findings of the research show that among the 384 respondents, 15% are in the age group of 30-40 and 30% are married, gender is 79%, place of birth is 78%, and employment is 70.24% of the total respondents in this research, the largest age range is related to the age group of 33 up to 43 years old with 32.45% and the lowest age group is 20 to 35 years old with 0.8%; Also, 17.5% were in the age group of 35 to 40 years old, 24.3% were between 45 to 55 years old, and 19.9% were over 65 years old. One of the presuppositions of using structural equation modeling using Lisrel software is the normality of the data. Therefore, in this research, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the research data. In conducting factor analysis, one must first ensure the appropriateness of the desired data for analysis (sample size and relationship between variables). For this purpose, KMO indices and Bartlett's test are used to verify the adequacy of the sample size. If the value of the KMO index is less than 0.6, the results of the factor analysis are not suitable for the data in question. 

The purpose of this research was to study the role of sustainable urban housing in social security, and the results showed the positive impact of dimensions on household social security. The results of the descriptive findings show that 10 important factors play a role in the extreme fluctuations in housing prices in Nowshahr, which include things such as: lack of access to cheap housing for citizens, fluctuations in housing prices and household savings, construction fluctuations Housing, the role-creation of municipalities and the increase in housing prices, the role of builders in housing market fluctuations, the role of intermediaries and sellers in the housing market, income inequality and high housing prices, land prices and their effect on housing price fluctuations, the presence of brokers in the housing market. and the increase in housing prices and the lack of firm rules in determining housing prices and the prevalence of speculation .

There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city

Livable cities are places for social life, the creation of beauty, the presence of all residents in the public space without pollution and traffic. Social principles and its values have a special position in livable city. The thresholds of social satisfaction and identity values are very important in livable city. The main goal of this research is analysis on Mashhad metropolis livability with emphasis on culture and social sustainability indicator. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. Based on the GIS Software, maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators according to the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones were drawn. For mental indicator, including 15 questions, questionnaire have been applied for a sample size of 402 persons in all zones of Mashhad. The results of this research show the zone Samen (13) of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of culture and social sustainability indicator, followed by zones 8. By contrast, zones 2, 4 and 7 have the worst conditions in terms of culture and social sustainability indicators.

Increase in urban population has led to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of cities, which has led to an increase in energy consumption, including electricity. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of Karaj’s form on electricity consumption and the length of power network lines as carriers. The required data of this applied and descriptive-analytical study was collected through the library resources and going to organizations. The statistical population is 173 neighborhoods of Karaj city. The geographic weight regression (GWR) tool was used to determine the spatial variation between the independent and dependent variables. The results showed that the form of Karaj city highly compacts the neighborhoods of Regions 5, 1, 7, and 2, but the neighborhoods of Regions 3 and 4 have a spiral state due to the villas and the high infrastructure of the villa gardens in part of the city. Based on the results obtained from local weight regression, the population density index as one of the important indicators of city form has the highest impact on electricity consumption in Karaj (R2 equals 78). That is, the city form index, according to this index at the 95% confidence level, justifies 78% of electricity consumption. Moreover, the entropy index as one of the indicators of the independent variable (city form) with (R2=0.66) has the highest impact on the length of Karaj electricity network lines. Therefore, the results showed that the form of the city of Karaj has a spatial relationship of more than 0.50% on the electricity consumption and the length of the lines of the power grid of the city.

The effect of the city’s form on the emergence of crime anomie is logically discussed in the sense that the  form and the social order of the city, cannot be separated. Rather, they develop in parallel and mutually inspire each other. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is done based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of years 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, ArcGIS, Geoda and Depth map software were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine-grained textures. In fact, the regions with the area of ​​51-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of texture classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43 percent of the thefts occurred in peripheral textures (marginal areas of Mashhad, districts 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of district 13). Also, 19.2 percent of theft crimes occurred in checkered areas (western neighborhoods of Mashhad), 14.6 percent in star areas (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi), and 5.7 percent of theft crimes were also committed in middle areas (Region 1 and parts of Region 2). The results of the research indicate that the more land is used, the less amount of theft crimes will occur, so that only 22% of theft crimes occurred in areas with high land-use mix. Investigating the correlation between macro interconnection and theft crimes in Mashhad, showed a positive and significant relationship (correlation coefficient equal to 0.878) between them, which indicates that increasing the interconnection and permeability of the road network, causes the amount of theft crimes to increase. Finally, investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes, showed that the scattered form pattern with 56.76 percent has a greater effect on theft crimes than the compact form pattern.

A Smart city ensures sustainable economic development and life quality improvement using human and social capitals and communication infrastructures, manages its natural resources consciously, and includes the dimensions of Smart economy, mobility, environment, people, life and government. This study aims to understand the Smart environment component, using future studies approach in order to investigate and structurally analyze the interactions between the environmental drivers in the Mashhad metropolis and present future scenarios.

This is a quantitative survey carried out in 2022 in the Mashhad metropolis. In order to identify the drivers. The opinions of 30 urban management experts and specialists were collected using targeted non-random sampling and were analyzed in the Mic Mac software. For compiling the scenarios facing the Mashhad metropolis in the Smart environment, the questionnaire was given to 20 foresight experts to collect their opinions to score the matrix of the conditions facing the descriptors.

According to the results of Mic Mac software, three indicators, including environmental regulations, raising citizens' awareness and encouraging them to participate, and the environmental supervision and monitoring were the most influential and impressible variables. Variables' places in the "matrix of direct influence" shows that system is unstable.

Just two scenarios (Golden and disaster scenarios) out of 115 possible ones had high compatibility in Mashhad. "Environmental regulations" and "environmental supervision and monitoring" were the most influential factors playing an important role in making Mashhad environment smarter. These two factors are of great importance in making the first scenario more probable and to avoid the second scenario.

Goal: The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability based on environmental indicator in Mashhad metropolis. Research

The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. The sample size used for the questionnaires was 402 persons chosen from Mashhad metropolis with the population of 2766258.

To investigate the urban livability in terms of environment, objective indicators and subjective index (questionnaire) were analyzed. Firstly, Entropy model was used to determine the weight of each index, which is as follows: Carbon monoxide = 0.0035, Particulate matter (PM2.5) = 0.5974, sulfur dioxide = 0.0122, nitrogen dioxide = 0.0019, ozone pollutant = 0.0162, air quality index (AQI) = 0.0038, per capital green space = 0.2515, noise pollution = 0.0394, the amount of household waste = 0.0534, and subjective index = 0.0029.

The zone 9 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of environmental indicator, followed by zones 7 and 8, respectively. By contrast, zones 1, 2 and 6 had the worst conditions in terms of environmental indicator, respectively.

The growth of urbanization and the desire to urban environments have increased the importance of the concept of quality of life and urban viability, and the replacement of quality approaches instead of paying attention to general standards has led to issues such as urban quality of life and urban habitability. The habitable city is not only about meeting physical needs, but also to satisfy the public's satisfaction with the city. The purpose of this study is to investigate urban bioavailability in the neighborhoods of QAENTo determine the sample size, the Cochran formula was used for calculating 381 questionnaires for the population of 42323 people. Then, to each of the urban neighborhoods, based on the population size, the proportional quota was determined. The results of the data were analyzed using the software, ARCGIS, SPSS model The analyzes of GWR and WASPAS were analyzed. The results of the research show that among the neighborhoods in terms of the overall weight index, Azadegan neighborhood having the highest weight (0٫419) was ranked first in terms of having the indicators of viability and satisfaction level of citizens, which indicates the desirable condition of the neighborhood. On the other hand, the Kawi Beheshti neighborhood with a weight of 0٫216 is low in the neighborhood level in terms of having indicators of citizens' survival and satisfaction, which indicates the unfavorable situation of the neighborhood in the city of QAEN. . In other words, it can be analyzed that in the neighborhoods of the city of Cain, living standards that show a better quality of life are more favorable in the Azadegan neighborhood. On the contrary, in the neighborhood of the Kufa Paradise, where living standards are minimal, there is an unacceptable livelihood for its inhabitants.

The increase in Solid waste has been generated as a result of rapid population growth and increasing urbanization. A one-dimensional waste management system has had negative environmental consequences as well as increased costs. The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) model is one of the most effective ways to reduce waste's economic and environmental costs. This futures research sought to identify the key indicators influencing the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) model in order to develop waste management scenarios for Mashhad. The study's statistical population included 25 experts (Mashhad Waste Management Organization (MAP)) and specialists (academic). Then, using MicMac, 10 indicators were identified as key drivers out of 23 effective indicators. Possible scenarios for urban waste management based on Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) for Mashhad were identified by formulating 30 uncertainty hypotheses for the drivers using a cross impact matrix and ScenarioWizard. According to the findings, there were 59048 possible scenarios, with only 5 having high compatibility and being more likely to occur. The first and second scenarios, which received a total score of 167 and 149 as probable favorable scenarios, respectively, provided promising conditions for the future of waste management in Mashhad. The third, fourth, and fifth scenarios were identified as critical (unfavorable) scenarios, indicating unfavorable conditions for the future of waste management in Mashhad. Finally, the first scenario was identified as the most desirable scenario, while the fourth scenario was identified as the most critical (unfavorable) scenario for the advancement of waste management in Mashhad.

the aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of city form on fuel consumption in Karaj metropolis. The data and information required for the research have been collected in two ways: library (study of documents, plans, articles, etc.) and referring to related organizations (municipality, National Petroleum Products Distribution Company, etc.). In order to analyze the data, G statistical test and the Moran model were used to determine the pattern of gasoline consumption in Karaj, and geographic weight regression (GWR) was used to determine the spatial variation between city form variables (mixing, accessibility) and gasoline consumption. The results showed that central neighborhoods of areas 5,1,7,8,9 such as; Dehghan Villas 1 and2, Hyderabad, western Golshahr 1 and 2, Movahedan town, eastern Golshahr, Mehrvila and Karmandan dormitory have the highest accessibility index, and Mehrshahr suburbs, districts 10 and 6 have the lowest accessibility index to services, administrative, commercial, educational. Also, according to the value; 462 / 10Z-Scorse = and the value of P-Value = 0, it was determined that the pattern of gasoline consumption in Karaj is clustered. Also, the value of R2 of the accessibility variable is equal to 0.88. That is, the city form index according to this variable at the 95% confidence level justifies 88% of gasoline consumption. The value of R2 of the user mixing variable is equal to 0.87. That is, according to this variable at the 95% confidence level the city form index justifies 87% of gasoline consumption.

The rapid changes of the second half of the twentieth century and the inefficiency of conventional planning methods led to the emergence and expansion of futurism, which in turn was used in the approach and methods used to identify and solve the problem. Regional foresight operates in a sub-national geographical area to make certain decisions to achieve the desired future, focusing on a specific territorial area. Accordingly, implementing this approach in the framework of the concept of regional development can significantly help update the country's development literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting regional development in Ghaen.

The present research is based on an exploratory-applied research method. The research process is such that the present research has collected the required data and information libraries in two ways. Articles, theses, dissertations, books, plans, and reports related to the topic have been collected and studied to review and identify the basics, concepts, and variables related to the topic. Also, using MICMAC method, key factors and drivers affecting the promotion of Ghaen city in regional development have been analyzed.

Based on the Delphi method, 37 variables were identified as factors affecting the regional development of Ghaen city and then analyzed using the interaction or structural effects analysis method by MICMAC software to extract the main factors affecting the future state of the environment. Based on the number of variables, the dimensions of the matrix are 37 x 37. By placing these factors in a matrix, the effect of each of these factors on each other was determined by weighting the factors (from zero to 3). All the factors involved in regional development are considered a system with intertwined elements and as a structure, and the relationships of these factors are measured to extract the most influential factors. The number of repetitions of the interaction of variables is considered twice, and the degree of matrix filling is 97.15% and shows the dispersion of variables affecting the future of Ghaen city. Out of 1330 relations that can be evaluated in this matrix, 39 were zero, 502 were number one, 744 were number two, and 84 were number three. Also, the matrix based on statistical indicators with two times of data rotation has 97% usefulness and optimization, indicating the questionnaire's high validity and answers. In the following, for a general analysis of the system environment and finally identifying the key effective factors. After identifying the variables, the first step is to form a matrix of pairwise comparisons extracted from Delphi meetings of managers (30 people in total) in which the impact of each variable on other variables is measured. Because the method of distribution and distribution of variables affecting the regional development of Ghaen city in the dispersion plane indicates the system's instability, three categories of variables (two-dimensional variables, regulatory variables, and independent variables) can be identified. Bidirectional variables: Bidirectional variables have a high impact and high affectivity, and any action on these variables will cause a reaction and change on other variables. The location of these variables in the impact plan is in the northeast. Bidirectional variables have a very high capacity to become key variables of the system. The following variables are known as two-dimensional variables according to their position in the impact-impact plan: employment structure, production technology, investment security, social participation, method and capacity of agricultural production, skilled manpower, the concentration of activities, Social development relations of the region, production of science, development of universities, GDP, relative economic growth, the pattern of interaction and cooperation with Afghanistan, the geopolitical position of the province, improvement of information technology infrastructure, coordination of organizations, ‌ production, and industrial prosperity, international Yazdan Bazaar, increasing investment in the province and the government's macro policies. Regulatory variables: Regulatory variables are located around the center of gravity of the chart or plan of influence - influence. These variables can be upgraded to effective variables or two-way variables. The following variables are known according to their location in the impact plan - the effectiveness of regulatory variables: improving the health network, social injustice in the distribution of municipal services, polluting industries, water resources, the transnational role of the province, improving the main road network, reducing ownership Government, the extent of devolution to the provincial and local levels, energy resources, the development of social networks, the construction of the provincial rail network and drought and natural hazards. Independent variables: Independent variables are located in the southwestern part of the impact-effectiveness plan. The following variables are called independent variables according to their location in the impact-impact plan: ethnicity, biodiversity, urban green space, entry and exit points of the city, hoarding, and stock exchange.

The results showed that the factors affecting regional development include relative growth, GDP, prosperity, investment, and policies, respectively, and indicate the influence of Ghaen regional development that has directly and indirectly affected. Therefore, by considering these key factors, regional development can be achieved in the city of Ghaen.

With the increase of structural issues in Tehran, more attention has been drawn to the issue of transport over the last few years in order to solve the related problems. With this in mind, a transit-oriented development approach has been widely considered. By focusing on the detailed guidelines of this approach implemented in a number of cities, the current study explores the importance of transport, prioritizes it as the main element in structural development of Tehran’s District 12, and focuses on sustainable development of urban transport principles in the area under study. For this purpose, the study attempts to review the principles and foundations of this approach while taking spatial differences into account. The study utilizes a quantitative methodology with elements of futures research. Thus, desk research was conducted, and interviews with 30 directors and theoreticians on the aforementioned area were performed. The results of the first part of the study showed that transportation-related issues would have a higher impact than other physical challenges in the study area and it is logical to pursue the future development of the region with a focus on transportation. The results of the second part of the research on the principles of transportation-oriented development in the study area have also led to the identification of 12 main influential forces such as attention to density or diversity. In fact, they are fundamentally different from the principles proposed in the transportation-oriented development.

The rapid growth of cities around the world occurred at a time when cities were unable to provide services to their rapidly growing urban population, leading to the dispersal of land on the edge of cities, the proliferation of illegal and marginal settlements. Considering the physical development of the city is a basic necessity in urban development programs. In Iran, the rapid physical expansion of cities in the form of unplanned and unbalanced growth for various reasons, including involuntary migration, is one of the main problems of cities, as a result of which the phenomenon of urban sprawl occurs. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the physical-spatial development of Sari. The present applied research is analytical-descriptive. Theoretical data have been prepared through documentary method and experimental data have been prepared through survey method. In preparing the development drivers, the Delphi method has been used. According to the above criteria, 20 experts and specialists of academic and research centers have been selected to participate in the research. In data processing, structural interaction analysis method has been used in MIC MAC Software. Based on the obtained results, the most important factors affecting the growth of Sari spatial form include factors such as inefficient urban management, high quality agricultural land, land price, weakness and non-observance of communication network hierarchy, land and housing transfer policy, as well as being the center of the province and equipped it with superior regional services.

Today different approaches are proposed and used for solving the current issues and problems in cities, some of which are livability, smart city, ideal city, resilient city, child-friendly city, age-friendly city, city of learning, creative city and secure city. Multiple factors affect the livability of a place, of which can note the presence of people, mixed use, housing, safety and security, sense of belonging, efficiency and the environment. The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability with emphasis on housing indicator in Mashhad metropolis. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. GIS and SPSS software, and Vikor and Entropy models were used for analysis of the data. The person density in residential unit of Mashhad metropolis was 3.4 based on population and housing census in 2011. Zones 13 and 8 had the highest residential per capita with 56.9 and 56.8 m2, respectively, whereas zones 4 and 5 had the lowest residential per capita with 20.7 and 20.1 m2, respectively. Zones 12, 12, 1, 11 and 1 had the best situation in terms of oldness, durability, ownership, access to municipal sewage and housing price indicators, respectively. The results of this research show the zone 11 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of housing indicator, followed by zones 10 and 9, respectively. By contrast, zones 5, 4 and 13 had the worst conditions in terms of housing indicator, respectively. About 38% of Mashhad's zones are at housing very unfavorable level with respect to the urban livability.

Emphasizing the importance of sustainable urban development, the present study analyzes the futuristic approach and various factors of sustainability in the form of a system in districts one and two of Mashhad. The research follows a descriptive-analytical method using documents, questionnaires, interviews and software analysis. Based on previous studies, 30 initial variables of sustainability were selected and then based on the opinions of 30 experts, six key variables in economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental dimensions for district 1 and six key variables in economic and physical dimensions for district 2 in the impact matrix MICMAC software crossover was identified. Then, after defining the favorable, mediocre and catastrophic situations for each of the key variables, the experts were asked to consider the effects of situations on each other in the range of 3- to 3 with regards to conditions of the studied districts in order  to use the SCENARIO WIZARD software for analyzing the present patterns of the studied areas. The results of this analysis predict a favorable scenario and a catastrophic scenario for district 1 and five favorable scenarios, a middle scenario and a catastrophic scenario for district 2. If the first scenario, which is the most favorable future for the progress of each district, is not realized, the middle scenario, which is in fact the current situation, and the catastrophic scenario, which is the destruction and reduction of sustainable factors, will be pursued. Although institutional sustainability does not play a key role in the sustainability of districts, but it strongly affects other variables of sustainability. According to the results of matrix analysis of cross-effects, physical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental dimensions play a key role in the sustainability of district one, and physical and economic dimensions play a key role in the stability of district two.

Planning is one of the important strategies of planners and urban planners for the development of the form and shape of the city in the future which both meet the needs of the city and citizens in the best way and preserves the urban environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial development of the urban form of Karaj with a futures studies approach. The required data is collected through the library method (articles, meta-documents, urban plans, etc.) and using the opinion of experts (to identify key drivers, to compile and score hypotheses and to present scenarios). The statistical sample consists of 40 experts and researchers in the relevant field selected by snowball sampling. The comments and suggestions from this group have been collected using the Delphi method. To determine the factors affecting the spatial growth and development of Karaj in the period 1365-1395 (1986-2016), the Holdern model has been used. Shannon entropy has also been used to determine the density or dispersion of Karaj city areas. Morphol software has been used to compile the scenarios. The results obtained show that 95% of the growth and development of Karaj city during these 30 years has been due to population factors. Also, regions 1, 8, 5, and 9 have a compact form and the entropy number is close to the minimum while regions 10, 6, and 3 have an almost more scattered form. Among the 12 scenarios presented, 5 scenarios are in the intermediate state, 4 scenarios are catastrophic, and 3 are favorable scenarios.

In the modern era, one of the most important tasks of managers of organizations is to identify and manage human resource risks, among which one of the most important human resource risks is operational risk. The purpose of this study is to prioritize and systematically examine the relationships between the dimensions of operational risk of human resource in Mashhad Municipality. At first, theoretical literature and semi-structured interviews with human resource experts in Mashhad Municipality were used to identify the components and indicators of operational risk of human resource. Analyzing the interview information resulted in 4 external dimensions, 15 fixed elements of internal components, 41 variable elements of internal dimensions of human resource risks management. Risk dimensions were drown. Then, in order to measure and prioritize each of the identified risks according to the probability of occurrence and intensity of impact, for this purpose, a questionnaire were designed and 37 department directors answered them. In this study, Friedman test, structural equation methods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and t-test of two dependent communities were used to test the hypotheses. The results of the research showed that in terms of probability of occurrence, the risks of performance appraisal, service compensation, recruitment and training, respectively, and in terms of intensity of impact are the risks of service compensation, recruitment, performance appraisal and training. Also, according to causal relationships, the risks of recruitment human resource are effective dimensions. Finally, according the results, suggestions are presented as risk exposure and optimization.

This study aims to design a model for the factors influencing the improvement of the strategic position of the supreme council of the provinces in Iranchr('39')s national development. Physical aspects of the city and the countrychr('39')s optimal future development are the studied fields in the current research.

This is a qualitative study in terms of the methodology according to the grounded theory. The statistical population includes the elites in the provinceschr('39') supreme council that are selected using snowball sampling and continued until the theoretical saturation with 12 people.

There are 59 codes discovered for the main category of the research (good urban governance), 12 codes for the casual data condition, 36 codes for the contextual condition, 9 codes for the strategies, 11 codes for the intervening factors, and 54 codes for the consequences. 181 codes were extracted from the research interviews.

according to the research findings, some factors such as the art and science of management, national resources, and managerial attitude can form a good urban governing that highlights strategies such as creativity thinking (divergent thinking) and peaceful approaches as the provincial supreme council strategies. Such strategies may have some results for instance the development-oriented approaches and sustainable development.

Nowadays, livability reflects a robust discourse in urban development and urban design that has prevailed in the history of urban planning. Urban livability, on the one hand, testifies to the strong influence and attractiveness of the city, and on the other hand, intensifies urban communication and works by attracting more investment and human and cultural resources. Therefore, the viability of the city is closely related to a healthy city, ecological city and sustainable urban development. The present article seeks to create a practical understanding and knowledge for officials and managers of urban planning in the metropolis of Mashhad in the field of identifying and leveling key factors affecting urban viability. In terms of purpose, this study is applied, in terms of method, it is descriptive-analytical and in terms of data collection method, it is a combination of documentary-survey method. To conduct this research, after reviewing the research background and using the opinion of experts, 22 factors affecting viability in three dimensions were identified. Then, using interpretive structural modeling technique and using a questionnaire, the factors were classified into eight groups. Then, after determining the level of each factor and also considering the final availability matrix, the final model of the interpretive structure was drawn. The results showed that factors such as equitable distribution of infrastructure facilities and services, creating desirable and diverse transportation, meeting daily needs, creating employment and sustainable income, developing mixed land uses and urban diversity and creativity are among key and effective factors in relation to livability in Mashhad metropolis.

It can be argued that among the socially and culturally relevant variables affecting sustainable security and optimal control of border cities, political variables (formulation of the comprehensive plan and other urban plans), physical variables (distance between border cities and central or peripheral areas) and legalvariables (adaptingeconomic policies in accordance with themacroeconomic policies of the country by2025) are the basis for developingmatrix of key properties and scenario planning.In this regard, the importance and necessity of the present study lies in the fact that the future border cities research is a process of systematic and calculated effort and a long-term scientific approach toward good urban governance. It seeks to reach a sufficient understanding of strategic research areas, benefit economy of the country and especially border communities through wise management of space and the introduction of related technologiesand offer desirable scenarios for the development of border cities based on the patterns of democratic and ecosystem management.Accordingly, the present study demonstrates a kind of creativity and innovation in the field of strategic planning based on every aspects of sustainable urban development while emphasizing on the prospective and environmental aspects that are an inseparable part of geography and urban planning studies.

The present study seeks to answer the main research question which is, what are the key indicators and factors influencing the development analysis of Piranshahr border town?In this regard, the present study takes advantage of descriptive-analyticaland documentary investigations of strategic planningalong withrelated questionnaires in the framework of Delphi model and software analysis. Based on a consultation with scholars familiar with the status and conditions of the region within the dialectical framework of urban issues, a statistical population of 50, and 23 variables were identified for the present research. The selected variables were classified in 8 general categorizations as the primary variables of the research.Getting output from the Wizards software based on the scores entered into the matrix, the normalized and the standardized matrices were calculated, and the possible scenarios were categorized based on an analysis of the descriptor compatibility. Then, the goals set for strategic planning of Piranshahr, effective factors in strategy development, a competitive map, level of competitiveness in Tamarchinborderand finally challenges and opportunities of each domain were expressed in the framework of the Meta SWOT Strategic Model.

Based on experts’ opinions and software output, it can be argued that among the socially and culturally relevant variables affecting sustainable security and optimal control of border cities, political variables (formulation of comprehensive plans and other urban plans), physical variables (distance between border cities and central or peripheral areas) and legalvariables (adaptingeconomic policies in accordance with themacroeconomic policies of the country by2025) are the basis for developingmatrix of key properties and scenario planning.Finally, the status of key driving forces in cross-border strategic planning of Tamarchinborderand its effects on the development of Piranshahr city over the coming 15 years are explained in the form of three desirable, intermediate and disaster scenarios. Also based on the obtained results, Sairanband border in Bane had the highest score in enhancing the quality of life in border cities and adopting economic policies in accordance with the country’s macroeconomic policies by2025. Thus, Sairanbandis the most important rival of Tamarchin border.

The present study has proposeda desirable model for the development of Piranshahrborder town using a strategic approach toward the sustainability issue in border cities and taking advantage of indexes such as “cultural, human, political, economic, and physical development” indexes. It alsoapplies the pattern of futures studies used in wizard and strategic scenarios. Thus, factors affecting the level of urban development in Piranshahrwere classified based on 5general classes, sub-variables and a 23×23 matrix. So only by putting the indices in the distribution chart, a very favorable situation of the distribution of boundary related variables can be presented. In the context of the above mentioned results and according to the scenario formulation table, it can be concluded that the results of the present study are to a large extent applicable. Moreover, they can be applied for scenario-building and guide management toward the development of border towns within the framework of structural planning.