فهرست مطالب محمد بهرام زاده

The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. In the situation in the sources of the Safavid era, there is ambiguity in applying the terms state and province to the regions of Iran, the state of Gilan has been drawn with high precision for the first time. What added to the value of the map was his personal observations and field research from local experts while passing through Gilan, which has doubled the validity of the map of Gilan as an authentic document of the historical geography of this region in the 17th century. The map (1656 AD) is the oldest and perhaps the first regional map of Gilan in modern European cartography that has corrected the previous information.
There are no maps left from the Safavid period, and therefore the concepts of the map have been matched with the most important geographical source of the Safavid era, Mokhtasar Al Mofid book, in order to determine the difference between the inside and outside view of a geographical place. Matching this information with the geography of Gilan, along with the nomenclature of this region, is one of the goals of the research with the help of the historical research method and library search. The findings show that the information of Olearius map is significantly more than the geographical text of the Mokhtasar Al Mofid in terms of quantity and details.
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Kerman, due to its vastness and special geographical and natural location, has been considered by central and local rulers in different periods and has always paid special attention to governing this vast territory. Kerman rulers ruled large parts of southeastern and southern Iran. they did. In this study, we study the administrative system governing the province of Kerman from the Qarakhtayan period to the Safavid period. First, the province of Kerman has always been one of the most important and influential regions on its neighboring states and other states of Iran, which despite many studies and researches, still has room to conduct scientific research on its various dimensions. Another is that the identification of influential components such as ethnicity, power, climate and geography on the administrative, political system and geographical divisions applied in this land in the periods of this study is very important. Therefore, it is appropriate to consider these characteristics based on the impact on the history of territorial divisions of Kerman province to determine the role of each of these characteristics in the growth or recession of cities and provinces of this land.

The establishment of the Safavid Empire soon drew the Europeans' attention to Iran. This era coincided with the progress of mapping knowledge in Europe and the recording of eastern geographical locations full of wealth such as Iran. This paper, using historical research and content analysis method, seeks to find the answer to this main question: whether the territory of Iran and its concept in the first period of the Safavid era as recorded in the maps of Europeans was affected by the political, geographical realities and the intentions of the Iranian rulers or not. Seven maps (for the years between 1511-1600 AD/907-1008 AH) have been selected, described and compared in order to get a clear picture of the reflection of the geographical territory and the political concept of Iran in Safavid era in these documents. The results show that there is a significant (indirect) alignment between the interests of the Safavid kings and the intentions of the European clients of the maps.

Territorial divisions (system of states and provinces) have long been one of the long-standing concerns of the rulers of the vast land of Iran and suggest that one of the rich political and administrative legacies of the Iranians has been established in this regard. Meanwhile, the land of Kerman, due to the change of territorial boundaries, governments and political organizations that have ruled it throughout history has been considered one of the most important regions of Iran, and has always been considered as one of the important centers of government. It was managed. The subject of this research is the influential components on the development of Kerman cities from the Seljuk era to the beginning of the Al-Muzaffar period. The question of this article is which of the components (such as ethnicity, power, climate and geography) have the greatest impact on the administrative, political system and geographical divisions of this land? This research is based on historical research method and based on geographical and historical sources. The achievements of this research are: the study of various social, geographical, cultural, economic and political factors affecting the growth of these areas from the Seljuk era to the beginning of the Al-Muzaffar period and understanding the most important components in the development of cities and provinces of this land.

Archaeological studies behold a significant position in the analysis and recognition of economic, social and cultural history in antiquity. The use of oil in Iran dates back to ancient times, in the meantime, archaeological evidence plays an important role in clarifying this issue. According to ancient Iranian sacred texts, the word oil is derived from the word Penta in the Avesta. The results of archeological excavations and the report of historians indicate that the inhabitants of the Iranian plateau have been familiar with oil since approximately seven thousand years BC. Thus, it is central to study the effect of oil and its derivatives on the cultural developments of ancient Iran in this specific period; hence, discovering and applying this natural raw material and its impact on the material, cultural, political, religious and economic effects of Iranian societies in this period is noteworthy study. The ancient period from the rule of the Elamites to the Sassanid period is an imperative part of the developments of ancient times, the study of how oil was used in this historical period can reveal important points about the use of oil in Iran. This research has been completed by a descriptive and analytical method and based on field studies and library resources. The method of data analysis has been qualitative and, in this regard, a historical approach has been used in data analysis. The results of studies show that oil was used for lighting, heat, mortar in buildings, bitumen ships, create decorative vessels and ornaments, treat diseases and many more usages. Most of the bitumen works obtained in Iran belong to the Elamites and Achaemenid civilizations.

A study of the history of oil use in ancient Iran.
Study of the effect of oil and its derivatives on the cultural developments of ancient Iran Elamites -Sassanid).

From what period and using what technical methods were obtained in ancient Iran from the first archeological works and evidences of oil exploitation and its derivatives?
The distribution and frequency of material effects of oil and its derivatives in which of the periods of ancient Iranian governments was more?

In today's diverse and pervasive media, the issue of women is very important and covers a significant part of media contents. The media, such as the BBC Persian, have also paid more attention to various issues in the field of women, especially Iranian women, in recent years. The main question is what are the feminist tendencies in the BBC Persian media texts about Iranian women? The research method is qualitative content analysis with a layered semiotic approach. The sample size includes texts published on the BBC Persian website in the period March 21, 2018 to September 21, 2020 in which "Iranian women" has been the main and prominent topic of discussion. The number of these texts that have been selected by purposive sampling is 65. The result of the analysis shows that, despite the diversity of the subject, these texts, like interconnected layers, have formed a syntext containing the main words and symbols. Articulating these issues within the framework of the four main approaches of feminism (liberal, Marxist, socialist and radical), BBC Persian tries to represent and induce an unrealistic and integrated picture of the patriarchal atmosphere of today's Iran and the unfavorable conditions of Iranian women.

Understanding the religious architecture of the Jews of Tehran is one of the important aspects of knowing the city as an important archaeological data. The religious architecture of the Jews of Tehran has received less attention from researchers due to reasons such as the disinclination of the Jews to provide information in this field and the lack of significant architecture in the field of religious architecture and for this reason, there is less knowledge about them than other religious minorities who have been studied extensively in the field of religious architecture and hence, the need for study in this filed is palpable. Due to the lack of significant information in this area, the present study compares the architecture of the 7 remaining synagogues of the Qajar and first Pahlavi eras. Some of these synagogues were built in the old Jewish neighborhood of Tehran (Oudlajan) and the other part of it has been created outside the mentioned neighborhood; and their division into three distinct periods, the process of change and evolution of the religious architecture of the Jews of Tehran and how it is influenced by the social and political conditions of the Qajar and first Pahlavi periods will be reviewed. We will also examine and distinguish between Qajar and Pahlavi synagogues. It is worth mentioning that the religious architecture of the Jews of Tehran has been strongly influenced by the social and political conditions of this minority and has been influenced by the residential architecture around it. Accordingly, the view of religious architecture and the reluctance to show the synagogue in the urban context changed with the post-constitutional political changes and the greater freedom of action of the Jews, and caused a level of extraversion and a desire to build magnificent religious buildings in later periods. This research is of fundamental research type. Research data were collected through field study and library research and presented by descriptive-analytical method.

The spatial analysis became very important in various fields of landscape archeology and statistical analysis. Spatial relationships of archaeological data, patterns created by human activities, their implications for the interior space of archaeological sites as well as their surroundings are studied by spatial archeology. The main purpose of the study is the geometric analysis and clustering of three archaeological periods of Khonj County. The central question of this research is; “What patterns do the spatial distribution of the archaeological sites of the Khonj plain follow based on periodic clustering (prehistoric, historical-Islamic, Islamic) and what factors have played a role in locating these sites?” The present study is a descriptive-analytical. Through field studies, initially, 192 archaeological sites were recorded in three periods of classification and their location (latitude and longitude). By studying the research literature, then, to extract 8 effective indicators (distance from the river, altitude, slope, direction of slope, climatic conditions, vegetation, precipitation, distance from villages) in the distribution of centers and ancient sites in the Khonj County were extracted at the level of 4 identified villages using Delphi technique. The final status of the points was analyzed using the Semivariogram tool in the Geostatistical analyst section with ArcGIS software. Research results show; more than 45% of the areas are scattered at an altitude of 1100-900 meters and on a slope of 5 to 10%, their climate with an average precipitation of less than 100 to 150 mm, temperate climate, and pastures around them can be irrigated. The average area is more than 1 hectare and the average distance from the villages is 3000 meters. On average, the distance from water sources is more than 3 km; the areas are concentrated in the eastern half and partly in the southeastern part of the county.

The phenomenon of war, despite its nature and time of occurrence, is part of the history of nations and as a historical phenomenon plays a key role in shaping the identity and social and cultural life of societies. War tourism can be a key axis in cultural exchange and one of the potential aspects of tourist attractions. The main issue of the present study is to investigate the strategic operational model for the development of tourism and sacred defense museums in Khuzestan province. One of the objectives of this study is to study and analyze the obstacles and present a strategic operational model for the development of tourism of the museums of sacred defense in Khuzestan province. This research in terms of purpose; Applied and its study method was descriptive and survey type. The statistical population is all tourists and visitors to the museums of the holy defense of Khuzestan in 1399. Meanwhile, the sample size (265 people) was determined. SPSS19 software was used to analyze the data. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been used to measure the reliability of the structures. In addition, SWOT analysis has been used to present a strategic model. The results show that the most effective effect on tourism of sacred defense museums is the marketing weakness variable with a coefficient of 0.27. The results of the SWAT analysis method also suggest a systematic ST strategy.

Urban archeology pays special attention to religious minorities and their role in the historical and social context of cities. The study of subsistence, index architecture, and how religious minorities interact in the urban context are among the topics of interest in this branch of archeology. Tehran’s Ciye Tir and Mirza Kuchakkhan streets, which are the subject of this study, were part of the newly established government neighborhood, according to the division of urban areas in the late Qajar period. Existence of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Armenians, The Gospel Church of St. Peter belongs to Protestant Christians, The Haim Synagogue belongs to the Jews and the Zoroastrian Adrian which were created in this area from the end of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign to the end of the first Pahlavi period has a distinct urban texture compared to other parts of the city. From the perspective of archeology, the present study will examine the architecture, visibility, and interaction of these works in the historical context of Tehran to reveal the position of these minorities in the social structures governing the city. Also, by comparing these works, the amount of influence of each religion in the context of Tehran will be determined. The study found that the minorities had created distinct structures within the urban fabric by changing their attitudes toward religious architecture over the pre-constitutional era. Meanwhile, Armenians, due to their rich history in architecture, have benefited the most from the socio-political conditions after the constitution and have had a great impact on the urban fabric of Tehran. This research is a kind of fundamental research. The research data were collected by field study and library research and presented by the descriptive-analytical method.

Sufism is an inner aspect of Islam which manifested itself in an ascetic form in the first century (AH), evolved over time, and came close to gnosis. At the beginning, Sufism followed an individualistic approach but gradually developed a systematic form from the third and fourth centuries (AH) onwards. Since then, Sufism and its related principles have been discussed in different books and documents. Various theories exist as to the etymology of the term “Sufi”. Moreover, different researchers have provided different views regarding the origins of Sufism in Iran during the early Hejira centuries. Some researchers have also presented a number of arguments on the influence of Christian, Buddhist, Sabian, gnostic, and neo-Platonic ideas and theories on Sufism. Following a descriptive-analytic method, this paper briefly examines each of these views. The findings of the study indicate that Sufism has no specific origin and has been influenced by all the prevalent philosophies of its time to some extent. However, it has eventually found Iran as a desirable context for its transcendence.

The study of military provisions (logistic) is considered as one of the functional areas of logistics and logistics system and is of great importance. This research aims to investigate the military logistics and strategic management during Achaemenids. The present research method is historical of an applied type in a descriptive-analytical way which is mainly based on field and library study.The scope of this research covers the Achaemenid period under the rule of these kings. The central question of the present study is how was the situation of military procurement and strategic management during the Achaemenid period?  The results show that the method of battle changed during the reign of each king and period.The logistical model was governed during the reign of the most powerful Achaemenid kings like Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes, based on regional domination, consolidation of power around the periphery, maintaining contact with the center, and establishing and expanding trade such that the Achaemenid armies recruited troops from different regions each had a separate command and a special flag. In the Achaemenid period the ranks of the army were very complex and this indicates the development of military systems at that time.Accordingly,the Achaemenid empire included logistical measures in crises such as war, activities such as equipment supply, warehousing and maintenance, fleet management, transportation of tools and materials, asset management, facility management, security, information and communication management.

Upon the rise of the Safavid government to power in Iran, the boundaries of the country were gradually specified and,after many centuries, the whole geographical realm of Iran was finallyruled by a single government. Through establishing security in different regions and trade routes of Iran and declaring Shiismas the official state religion, the Safavid government succeeded in bringing all Iranian people together under a single flag once again. During this period, because of the expansion of political and business relationships between Iran and other countries, foreign ambassadors had a vast presence in the country and, as a result, several travelogues were written by some travelers such as Shirley brothers, Charden, Tavernier, and Kaempfer. Following a descriptive-analytic method, the present paper examines the travelogues of this periods and explores the biography of their writers, the reasons for their presence in Iran, and the significant points in their travelogues. The findings of this study indicate that political and trade purposes were among the most important reasons behind the presence of travelers in Iran during the Safavid period.

The coins of the local kings of Persia are among the important tools used in the study and reconstruction of the history of ancient Pars during the Seleucid and Arsacid periods. The purpose of this study was to explore and identify the image engraved at the back of some of the coins of the local kings of Pars using a descriptive-field method. The coins which were examined in this research consisted of 20 coins which are now preserved in Sepah Bank Museum. Ten of them belong to the periods of the first and second groups of the local kings of Pars. The existing ambiguities regarding this image have led researchers and archeologists to present different views in this respect. Given the present archeological proofs, the findings of this study indicate that the main reason behind depicting this image was its religious background. The same can be observed regarding an image attributed to Ka’ba-ye Zartosht )the Ka’ba of Zoroaster( in Naqš-e Rostam. The engraving of this image on coins gradually underwent some changes, which resulted in the decline of artistic subtlety in minting such coins.

During the Safavid era, some of the structural and functional aspects of executive and administrative positions in Iran underwent a series of changes. Some of these positions were more developed and expanded in order to perform the related official, political, economic, and social duties more efficiently. In the light of such changes, the administrative and political roles and functions of these positions also changed in line with their social place and significance during the reign of Safavid kings. The structural pattern and functions of the administrative-financial structure which emerged in this era began to decline in later periods and were completely annihilated during the late Qajar period. The present paper reports on a historical study of such structures and functions in the Safavid era based on available documents and data. It also examines the administrativefinancial structure of the Qajar period and, eventually, compares these two periods with respect to such structures. The findings of this study demonstrate that during these two historical periods, because of the development of the functions of the administrative and financial systems, the related positions were assigned to military and administrative high ranking officers. They also reveal that many posts in those times entailed a variety of important responsibilities and functions in administrative, judicial, and social security fields. The official and social significance of high ranking authorities sometimes made it necessary for them to serve as ambassadors, counselors, and financial delegates in addition to performing their main assignments. Moreover, they were sometimes required to go on military missions or undertake other similar responsibilities.

The use of hydraulic energy in its different forms has been common in Iran since long ago. One of the uses of this energy in the past was in the grinding of wheat, barely, rice, etc. in water mills, which were used in different regions of the country. Conducting scientific studies in order to learn more about these ancient mills as a part of Iranians’ past civilization motivated the writers to tackle this issue through reviewing the existing related historical documents and performing library and field studies (in the Persian Gulf region). The findings of this research indicate the perfect familiarity of ancient Iranians (during the Sassanid era) with the potentials of water and the science of hydrology, which resulted in the making of water mills in order to satisfy people’s every day needs. In sum, they demonstrate that during the Sassanid era, Iranians had made great advancement in the fields of technology and hydrology. Moreover, it was observed that, at that time, they followed a common architectural style in the construction of all water mills on the coasts of the Persian Gulf.

Tarom-e Olya is a Valley in north of Zanjan province and Qezel-Ozan river flows through it. Alborz mountain range in Parallel with the east-west direction is limited. In this survey may were using very few archaeological researches and new studies for making a new scenery of the region's cultural statuses in different periods presented and can by analyzing of this project data, determined regional and between regionals of communications and interactions cultures in this area. For this purpose, Abbar and Darram were studied in central brough of Tarom-e-Olya city. During this survey, 39 sites were introduced, record and identified. According to this Survey documents, we can see lots of Iron Age sites (16 cases), and historical period (12 cases), and watch the development of quantitative and qualitative settlements of the area from the second millennium BC. To the first half of the first millennium AD.Due to the large number of sites and cultural materials (19 cases), it seems this prosperity to have continued in different periods of Islamic era.

Qorveh destrict of Kurdistan in the South East contains many Parthian relics due to its geographical location and certain environmental conditions and geographical proximity with important Parthian settlements in west and north-west of Iran. During the field studies conducted mostly in the so called areas, it was discovered that Parthian regions are remnants of small settlements. According to the description, this article is to help increase our knowledge about the cultural condition of the site in Achaemenid period, based on the description, classification and typology of the obtained pottery from this area. According to studies, Parthian pottery of this region includes pottery with cordage motif, piteous and one of the Parthian typical pottery or Clinky - common forms of these potteries - include bowls, cups, jugs and jars, pots and small pots. The pottery decoration techniques generally include carved images with wavy and parallel lines, and a unique inlay working technique. Bsed on the the results of these studies, it can be said that Parthian pottery of Qorveh is very similar to samples of Bistoon, Noushijan, Qale-e-Zahak , Qale Yazgerd , Khorhe, Kangavar, Asadabad, Paveh ,Marivan, Salas-e-Babajani, despite having some local characteristics. 

As one of the largest markets in Iran and the most important socio-economic center of Zanjan province and in the shape of a beating heart in the old urban context, Zanjan market has played a privileged role in organizing the livelihood and religious affairs of the local people. Although the performance of this important part of the historical context has changed sometimes due to unavoidable social reasons and sometimes due to the imprudence of the planners of different urban eras and cultural and social transformations, but still apart from the significant number of urban dwellers, a large number of residents and villages around Zanjan have also benefited from its diverse and continuous services. The building mass and existing spaces, the existence of hierarchy and spatial structure, from the main streets to the public buildings in the vicinity of the streets, including mosques, baths, water reservoirs, houses and shopping centers (Timcheh), and the function of the market from the Qajar era to today are the characteristics of this valuable national work. Further, the effects of modern urban developments are well evident in the transformation of part of the functions of the old market. In this way, Zanjan market can be considered as one of the most alive and dynamic traditional markets in the world, which has preserved its vitality and life in interaction with contemporary urban developments and modernity.