محمد جواد حسینی

Older adults are susceptible to infectious diseases for various reasons. Additionally, these infections mainly account for their hospitalization and visits to doctors. Parallel to this, the progressive process of antimicrobial resistance has reduced the effectiveness of antibiotics in aged individuals. One promising novel method to overcome these complications is the application of phage therapy to treat these instances of infection. In fact, phages are viruses which exclusively destroy target bacteria. The present research aims to apply a foresight method to study phage therapy in older adults.

Using Horton’s foresight method, this study was conducted in 2024 in three stages: 1. Input or data collection, 2. Translation and interpretation of the initial stage results to attain a conceptualization of the future, 3. Assimilation and assessment of the concept obtained for practical application.

Infections constitute one of the main causes of mortality among older adults. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance against common bacteria in the elderly population, particularly in hospital acquired infections, is reported to be high. In general, laboratory evidence indicates the potential effectiveness of phage therapy against invasive bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, which are resistant to antibiotics.

Notwithstanding the fact that due to scarcity of human studies, the application of phage therapy is limited, it could be introduced as a replacement method or together with antibiotics to curtail and treat resistant infections in older adults. It is necessary to conduct clinical trials on older adults alongside the study of phage therapy in low-risk groups. Providing the required facilities and promoting the design and development of bacteriophages in Iran through science-based and private corporations appears advisable.

Paying late payment damages by the government to citizens is accepted in many legal systems, and whenever damage is done to citizens due to the actions or omissions of the government, the government is obliged to compensate the damages. However, in the Iranian legal system, this issue has faced many challenges and demanding damages and receiving them from the government does not have a proper place in the judicial and administrative system of the country, and the laws and opinions issued by some authorities in recent years have confirmed its non-fulfillment. In the past years, the non-payment of late payment compensation was not very important due to the low inflation rate, but the economic developments of the last decade and the unprecedented increase in inflation and the significant jump in prices have added to the importance of the issue, and if the old routine continues, the citizens will face a lot of losses. In this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, and scrutinizing manner, the legal principles such as the principle of equality of persons before the law, the principle of fairness, the principle of non-discrimination and the principle of the necessity of compensation, the existing judicial procedure and the non-payment of this damage by the government have been criticized and this lack of payment has been investigated as a violation of the fundamental rights of citizens.

Participatory democracy, which seeks to create continuous and daily participation of people in the administration of public affairs, is a transformative relationship between the administrators and the governed and the reason for the transformation of the special functions of governments. The implementation of participatory democracy in Iran's administrative system creates huge changes in the way local affairs are administered and public services are provided, public supervision, the right to be heard and the role and performance of councils. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical way and using library sources, the influence of this type of democracy in the evolution of administrative law in Iran and the role it can play in the expansion of democracy in Iranian society have been further explored and scrutinized. The results of the research show that although the administrative law system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has thought of measures for the role of the people in the administration of affairs, these cases do not ensure the continuous participation of the people in the administration of public and urban affairs and fundamental changes should be made in administrative law and the government's approach to the role It was citizens.

The transition from autocratic governments and the movement of societies towards accepting the role and will of the people in managing public affairs and ruling over their own destiny will lead to the emergence of the idea of democracy, and this paradigm has accepted many changes and developments in the long run of time to guarantee the participation of the people in the society. . One of the new types of democracy is participatory democracy, which relies on and emphasizes the continuous activism of citizens in the administration of public affairs and transforms them from merely electing public officials to participants in the administration of public affairs. In participatory democracy, people's participation goes beyond elections, and in the field of urban life and issues such as how to plan and prioritize public budgets, how to organize urban construction affairs, how and how to prepare and pass laws and regulations, public policies, direct intervention of citizens and They are continuous and monitor the performance of public officials. This type of democracy requires creating freedom in accessing administrative documents and information, surveying people and recognizing the right to participate in all public areas of society for them. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical way, using library sources, it has been used to draw the face and explain the principles and roots of participatory democracy

Legislation covers the major activities of the parliament, and the abundance of laws approved by the parliament shows that this overshadows other duties of the parliament. In every legislative period, many plans and bills are presented and approved in the parliament, and in order to be implemented, many regulations are established by the government, and besides that, other government institutions also have mandatory approvals, which in general causes the inflation of laws and the confusion of the executives and subordinates and their lack of correct implementation. Scrutiny in the legislative procedure shows lack of proper and efficient management of the legislative process and the lack of management has caused many laws to be added to the total laws of the country every year. In this article, the challenges ahead for the correct management of legislation are depicted in a descriptive-analytical way. In order to properly manage the legislation, one should first assess the legislative needs, look at the history to see how far the previous laws or their amendments will meet the new needs, and with the foresight, proceed to approve new laws and cancel previous conflicting and abandoned laws. This requires correct and efficient management of the legislative process.

The simultaneity of the chairmanship of the Expediency Council and the twin membership of the same person as a jurist of the Guardian Council, according to the constitution, creates new issues in the relationship between legal and political institutions of Iran. Although there is no contradiction in the silence of the Constitution, the internal regulations of the Parliament, the Guardian Council, and the Assembly, this appointment raises questions and assumptions in the implementation stage of the Constitution, which is inconsistent with some general legal principles, such as the principle of neutrality of the dispute resolution authority. It can be observed by looking at the constitution that many principles do not have the capacity of this appointment and are silent in the face of it. The results of this research show the weight of the scales in favor of the jurists of the Guardian Council in the Assembly, the questioning of impartiality when examining cases of disagreement and plurality and the difficulty of performing the duties of these two positions for one person.The lack of attention of the legal circles to this appointment and its challenges has caused the authors to scrutinize more, and the innovation of the research lies in the explanation of the new and ambiguous relationships between these three institutions.

The Study of Hot Spots as a Cause of Circumstantial Initiation in Energetic Materials in order to Increase Work and Storage Safety of these Materials is of Special Importance. Hot Spots, by Converting Different Types of Force like Mechanical Forces, Friction, Heat, and electro static discharge into Heat, Cause the Temperature to Rise Exponentially by about 700 Kelvin in 10-3 to 10-5 Seconds at that Point. If This Temperature Higher than Energy Threshold Required for the Initiation of Energetic Materials, it will Operate Combustion or Explosion Reactions at that Point, and then the Bulk of Energetic Materials may Initiate. Several different Mechanisms for the Formation of Hot Spots (such as Impact, Adiabatic Cutting, Adsorbed Gas Heating, Sparks, etc.) Are Investigated. The Type of Mechanism Involved in Creating the Hot Spot Depends on the Type of Energy Entering, the Nature and Components of the Mixture, the Physical Properties of the Material as well as the Environmental Conditions. Depending on the Conditions, one or more Mechanisms at the same Time may be Involved, and the Effect of each Mechanism is Different in Various Situations.

Nosocomial infections (NIs) during ICU admission may cause morbidity, mortality and hospital readmissions. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors of nosocomial infections in ICUs with an emphasis on preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis.

A retrospective study of NIs was conducted in ICUs of a public hospital in Iran between October 2019 and May 2020. The overall rate of NI, distribution of the infection sites and responsible pathogen and the length of ICU stay as well as the risk factors of NIs were investigated.

The rate of NIs in patients receiving one preoperative antibiotic was much lower than that in patients receiving more than one antibiotics (p<0.001). Long-term pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis or use of broad spectrum surgical prophylaxis increased the risk of NIs in ICUs.

The results indicated that using of more than one antibiotic as preoperative prophylaxis is associated with higher risk of NIs. Moreover, administration of broad spectrum antibiotics as preoperative prophylaxis increase the risk of NIs in critically ill patients.

It is very important to study the collision of high-energy material HMX in the form of simulations in order to increase safety and prevent a possible explosion, as well as to increase the quality of the product, in situations that practical testing may be very dangerous.
In this study, due to its high consumption in the military industry and the important role of the size of the material in military equipment, the high-energy HMX material has been used to simulate and evaluate the results. In this article, the energy production rate during the breakage of energetic solid particles in the size of 40 to 150 microns has been investigated. The purpose of this study in the first step is to find the optimal operating conditions in the breakage machine and then to investigate the various parameters caused by the collision of particles of energetic materials during breakage in the introduced jet mill machine. Therefore, in this study, first the designed jet mill in different operating conditions (different inlet pressures) was simulated and investigated using the DPM model. Gas flow behavior, particles moving path and HMX particle temperature were simulated by Ansys-Fluent software. The results showed that The operating pressure of 4 (bar) provides the possibility of maximum breakage in the jet mill machine without the risk of explosion.

Examining the theory of Benjamin Constant regarding the separation of powers and the position of Wilayat-al-Faqih in Article 57 of the Iranian Constitution, these two theories can be considered compatible in terms of relations between the ruling powers. In Constant's thought, power is divided into five branches one of which has the role of "moderating power" and has a higher position than the other powers, and in cases of necessity and problems in the relations between the powers, resolves matters involved. From this perspective, it is very similar to the role of the Supreme Leader in supervising and directing the ruling forces and his duties in the political structure of the Islamic State, especially regarding the moderating power. In this research, through a descriptive-analytic and comparative approach, the arrangement of powers in the constitution and the position of the Supreme Leader as a reference for moderating power relations and resolving inter-power and intra-power disputes with Benjamin Constant's ideas have been discussed. The results demonstrate that the position of the Supreme Leader in the Iranian Constitution, determining the general policies of the Islamic system, resolving problems and disputes between powers is exactly in line with the views of Constant and this position without direct stipulation in the text of the constitution under many Articles has been manifested for the position of the Leader as the comprehensive jurist.

The possibility of litigation for irrational and illegal actions of administrative officials creates a right, which is called the "right to administrative proceedings" and allows citizens to refer to the judiciary to exercise their right to administrative authorities. This right is one of the fundamental rights of citizens vis-.-Vis the government, which is recognized in the administrative law of many governments. In this article, this right has been examined and implemented in the legal systems of Iran and the European Union and the existing institutions and strategies for its implementation. The results of the study show that the existence of the European Court of Human Rights to hear administrative cases and the European Court of Human Rights for non-judicial proceedings are similar to the Court of Administrative Justice in Iran for judicial proceedings and the Commission of Article 90 of the Constitution for non-judicial hearings. This similarity of authorities can pave the way for greater interaction between Iran and the European Union in the field of administrative law and the exploitation of the progress of the administrative proceedings of this union.

28  of September has been designated as World Access to Information Day. The importance of this fundamental human right in modern administrative law in the form of "good governance" is the most important component of civil rights. In line with the transparency of various government bodies, at the international, regional and domestic levels, various laws appropriate to the development of societies and the acceptance of legislative institutions from a political and cultural perspective have led to basic human rights standards such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international civil and political covenant,
steps should be taken to gradually improve administrative rights and provide efficient public services to citizens, establish an independent judiciary, and be accountable for the issue discussed in Iranian and EU law.
Based on the analytical-descriptive and comparative method, the answer to the following question is: "How is access to documents and information achieved in the two legal systems of the European Union and Iran based on the attainment of citizenship rights?" That is, the EU system has more serious mechanisms due to the delay in regulating in this area on Iranchr('39')s administrative law. The regulation of various regulations in the form of the Law on Dissemination and Free Access to Information, the approval of the Supreme Administrative Council, the Charter of Citizenship Rights and the preparation of the Transparency Bill are positive steps that Iran has taken in recent years. Despite various regulations, ambiguities is remain.

The roots of Constitutional Conventions depend on the political, cultural and social contexts of any society. The characteristics of the parliamentary regime in the United Kingdom and the relationship between the head of state and the head of government and the evolution of the role of parliament from advisory to special function can be the source of some Constitutional Conventions and arise from these customs and is equally important in quantity and quality. Which is used in Constitutional Conventions to regulate the relations between the two irresponsible elements (queen = king) and the responsible (prime minister) and to fill the gaps in the unwritten constitution, including in regulating the relations between the cabinet and the parliament. In Iran, the Constitutional Conventions have a hidden and of course important role in the political-legal life of society, and in all government institutions and in the relations between these institutions, traces of these customs can be seen that in addition to the field of behaviors, establishment Some institutions, such as the Expediency Council or the creation of some phenomena, such as the revision of the Constitution in 1989, are practical examples of the impact of these customs. A comparative study shows that the origins of customs in England are rooted in tradition; Thus, in England, customs are more stable, but in Iran, customs are typically born of the exercise of power by institutions of power, and for this reason, they try to cover up the custom of law.

The penetration of human rights in administrative law due to the intersection of the people's relationship with the government has caused administrative law to be required to comply with rules that are rooted in the observance of citizens' rights in the administration and this has led to the emergence of a new concept of "administrative human rights". Human rights should protect the fundamental rights of human beings in the administration and the rules of administrative law should be under the protection of human rights standards. The purpose of this article is to explain the dimensions of administrative human rights and its examples in the three generations of human rights in a descriptive-analytical way to draw the position of human rights standards in the administration when providing public services or establishing public order by the government and its components. To express. According to the findings of this study, administrative human rights support the rights of individuals in the administration, especially where the observance of individual rights is directly related to the administration's decisions to bring about "good governance", regulate and restrict government power, Guarantee humanity and civil rights and dignity

The present study aimed to evaluate the sensory-motor changes in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery with spinal anesthesia by two drug combinations of ropivacaine plus dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine plus fentanyl.

In a clinical trial study, 90 patients underwent lower extremity orthopedic surgery with spinal anesthesia were selected and randomly allocated in three groups of 30. In the first group, 4.5 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% isobaric plus 5 micrograms of dexmedetomidine in 0.5 cc of distilled water, in the second group, 4.5 cc of isobaric ropivacaine plus 25 micrograms of fentanyl in 0.5 cc distillated water, and in the third group, 4.5 ml ropivacaine 0.5% isobaric in 0.5 cc distillated water was injected. The severity of pain and sensory and motor characteristics of patients were determined and compared between the three groups.

The mean time of onset of sensory motor block in the three groups of ropivacaine-dexmedetomidine, ropivacaine-fentanyl and ropivacaine alone was 9.1 ± 3.0, 11.2 ± 3.2, and 12.5 ± 4.3 minutes, respectively (P = 0.001). The mean time of motor block in the three groups was 10.9 ± 3.3, 14.7 ± 5.1, and 15.8 ± 4.8 minutes, and this time was shorter in the groups of ropivacaine-dexmedetomidine (P < 0.001).

The onset of sensory and motor block was shorter in the ropivacaine-dexmedetomidine group.

The possibility of establishing a parliamentary regime is one of the issues that has been raised recently. The bugs and shortcomings of the challenges in the relationship between brokers-whether due to some constitutional defects or some interpretations of practical perceptions unnecessarily-have left the minds to transition from the current political regime, a semi-presidential and semi-parliamentary regime to the parliamentary regime has led.But the important thing is that by changing the current political regime and turning it into a parliamentary regime that often with a head of state, a first person to be irresponsible, and a head of government with a political responsibility, How will the interactions between the leadership and the parliament, as well as the government, in the meaning of the executive branch, will be with each other? How will the responsibilities and the scope of the powers of the Wali Faqih be? What are the relations between them in the relations between the Provincial Law and the jurisprudence? What is the relationship between the leadership and the parliament and how much will the powers of each one be?In this study, there are numerous assumptions that each of the different issues of the cross between these two important occur in a political system and should be followed by a response to them.The move to the parliamentary regime needs fundamental changes in both areas of existing structures and norms, especially in the constitution.

By utilizing its different soft powers aspects, the Chinese government is implementing a global progressive strategy, especially on the African continent. The presence of the Chinese on the continent of Africa is very pervasive, which can be attributed to the proper utilization of the negotiations results and the programs approved by the regular China-Africa Summits meetings along with the increasing wave of presence of Chinese governmental media and cultural institutions on this continent. The purpose of this research is to help Iranian decision makers to better understanding of China’s policy makings in Africa and its effects on the political and economic interactions with the continent which many of its capacities have been unknown for different sectors of our country. This paper while using the analytical data, information and documents published, by examining the China›s soft power components in Africa and its effects on the interactions of this country with the continent, tries to answer the following question: What is the soft power performance of China in Africa and what components does it have? The hypothesis used in this connection is that China uses its soft power components on the African continent including culture and educational-cultural exchanges, strengthening diplomatic presence, and the provision of financial and investment assistance in different parts of Africa, has succeeded in attracting positive view of public opinion and the support of African governments to continue cooperation with the country in order to create the proper context for pursuing its political and economic goals on the continent. This research shows that the Iranian officials’ approaches towards Africa and their expectations from this continent will be the basis for defining any mechanism and exploiting of soft power and its tools in line with the expected interests.