محمد حسین رامشت

subsidence in urban areas poses significant risks to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, sewage systems, and wells. Therefore, assessing its potential is crucial. This study models the subsidence risk in Karaj city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Weight of Evidence (WoE) model. To achieve this, we created maps of factors influencing subsidence, such as slope, alluvial thickness, groundwater fluctuations, aquifer layering, particle size, and permeability. These maps were then compared with recorded subsidence data to determine the weight of each factor's influence. By integrating the effects of these factors, a Subsidence Index (SI) map was generated and categorized using the Success Rate Curve (SRC), identifying five sensitivity zones from very sensitive to very low sensitivity. The effectiveness of the WoE model was evaluated, revealing that the subsidence sensitivity prediction map covers 93.64% of actual occurrences. Results indicated that aquifer layering positively influences subsidence development, with the highest impact arising from alluvial deposits with good permeability and fine particles. This factor, with a weight of 3.72, demonstrates significant influence among all evaluated parameters. In terms of thickness, the most significant subsidence occurred in alluvial deposits exceeding 200 meters. Areas experiencing groundwater level declines of over half a meter annually markedly contributed to subsidence. Additionally, slopes of less than two degrees were identified as the most susceptible to subsidence. Thus, while many areas in Karaj are relatively safe, the threat is notably higher in the southern and southwestern parts, requiring special attention in urban management.

Introduction:

Since about a century ago, Iranians have been careful in facing the social developments of other nations and the implementation of the "development" paradigm in Iran and third world countries. And gradually their thinking has reached a degree of maturity to start an official effort to replace this paradigm.A review of Iran's social history from 100 years ago until now, clearly indicates that Iranians have continuously observed the social developments of other nations and with the coming of the Pahlavi period, they witnessed profound spatial changes in Iran.These developments took an organized form especially during the second Pahlavi period, and many programs were prepared in the field of administrative organizations, buying satellites, establishing a nuclear power plant, building big dams, creating amodern army, etc. The implementation of these programs in several decades was followed by a national review of what had happened. The general understanding of the society based on the emotional wisdom of what had happened can be summarized in a few basic points.What has happened is pushing Iran towards a country with mass consumption and leading to dependence on foreigners. The class gap and the population of the poor have increased drastically every day. Nomadism and muralism are in danger of extinctionEnvironmental vulnerability has become a serious problemIran's cultural and historical identity has been exposed to destruction and its major change has manifested as a fundamental attack )Crossing identity, history and security(.

This article followed a comparative logic and mostly analyzed the differences between the development and progress paradigms. Also to run the progress paradigm it is tried to benefit from the executive structures of the development paradigm

In order to achieve the goals of this research, at first, the bases and foundations of the development paradigm (Rusto in America), the land use paradigm (the French and the Germans) and the regional foresight paradigm (the European Union) in terms of epistemology are investigated, and according to the definition of paradigm according to Cohen, the semantic variables of each paradigm are indexed. The semantic variables defined for each paradigm were: The Hometown  of paradigm. The Doctrine of paradigm.The goals of paradigm.The final destination of paradigm.The executive subsystems of paradigm.The ideological contexts of paradigm .After recognizing each of the semantic indicators of the paradigms, the recognition of these semantic indicators was discussed in the paradigm of progress. This work was done based on the latest version of the Paradigm of Progress document at the Iranian Islamic Pattern Center. In the next step, to compare these paradigms with each other, “Nich method” was used to calculate their spatial distance. The degree of difference of each in the field of Hometown, Doctrine, and Goals was determined. This comparison has followed “Jeanette's method” of analysis.

Investigations showed that the four paradigms in spatial planning have sometimes fundamental differences in terms of Hometown, Doctrine, and Goals. These differences in their Hometowns, Doctrines, and Goals are different from what is discussed in the progress paradigm of Iranian society, and therefore, a review of the theoretical foundations of social and spatial evolution in Iran requires a serious revision.

For the implementation of any paradigm, three systems (scientific-philosophical, governance and cultural) are necessary Which can generally be summarized in the following cases:Borrowing the executive organization of the "development" paradigm is one of the valuable experiences, the use of which can reduce the fifty-year period of the progress paradigm to one or two decades.Certainly, the implementation of the progress paradigm cannot be implemented without having three systems of "governance", "scientific" and "cultural", and this is the most important achievement of the development review and international experiences of several decades in the development paradigm.In the field of philosophical and scientific system, although the combination of the field knowledge and the university is a suitable combination, but the change in the content is necessary both in the field of knowledge and in the university. Iranian scientistsand researchers in both areas should define indicators that can continuously and intelligently evaluate the paradigm elements and the extent to which they have been achieved.In the realm of culture, the tricks and techniques of the evangelists are very rich and only updating them and their form of presentation should be adapted and updated according to the taste of today's societies. In this matter, the main axes of the norms of the progress paradigm should be placed in the agenda of the cultural trustees and help in all processes that can transform these norms into social behavior at various scales.

Environmental reverse engineering is a new approach that can be used to obtain a visual representation of the ancient environment. This method can convey the message to researchers about the conditions under which it is possible to revive past environments. Dynamic systems that rely on current environmental data can be classified based on variable classification and Chaos Theory in Vensim software. This allows for the dynamic algorithm of the relationships between variables and their dependencies to be modeled using "Dynamic Systems" modeling, without facing the limitations of static systems. In this study, using Dem10m data, analysis of written documents, and field data, an initiative was taken to reconstruct the past environment of Jazmourian Lake. The results of the study show that: i) the water level of Jazmourian Lake has a significant role in controlling environmental factors. ii) If the lake restoration scenario is implemented according to the 390-meter terrace as the most effective policy for controlling dust, it can reduce the annual average DSI (Dust Storm Index) by 1. iii) By restoring the lake, the negative effects of dust will be neutralized to a significant extent through increased relative humidity, increased vegetation cover percentage, and surface soil moisture.

Extended abstract IntroductionKey assets include systems and assets, whether physical or spiritual, which are necessary for a system and any disruption in its services can have a serious impact on national security, economic well-being, public health or safety. , or a combination of them (zhang et al, 2015:7). Looking at the recent wars, including the war of the occupation regime of Al-Quds against Hamas and the war between Russia and Ukraine, we come to the conclusion that the enemy's attack has always been focused on key assets in order to reduce the ability to defend the country with the least cost and power. Invasion, take away and in the destruction strategy, the centers of gravity of key assets are located in the primary rings, and in case of malfunctioning and being threatened, the possibility of providing services will be denied.Passive defense is considered as a platform for sustainable development and one of the most effective and sustainable methods of defense against threats and includes different areas of urban spaces. This type of defense includes five main objectives; It follows increasing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, continuing necessary activities, promoting national stability and facilitating crisis management (Ghazanfari, 2013:3). In this regard, the objectives of the research are as follows:Identifying the key assets of the case studyEvaluation of the value of the key assets of the case study MethodologyIn terms of the type of research, the present research is considered as applied research and in terms of research method, it is considered as descriptive-analytical research. According to the goals and questions of the research, in order to collect information, library studies and questionnaires are used. In this research, the FEMA (American Emergency Management Agency) technique has been used to evaluate the value of key assets of a case study.  ResultsThe sample studied in the research, the key assets of Qazvin province with an emphasis on Qazvin city include; Qazvin Karaj Freeway, ShahidRajaei Electric Power Plant, Qazvin 16th Armored Division, Northwest Radio Communications General Directorate, MurghAjdadBarkat Company, ShahidRajaei Hospital, Qazvin Governorate, Qazvin Governorate, Imam Khomeini International University and Qazvin Railway Station. After the distribution of the stratification questionnaire and the evaluation of the assets affecting the key assets of the case sample and its completion by the research expert community, the geometric mean of the expert community's opinions was extracted.  DiscussionKey assets were leveled using the center of gravity leveling guidelines. The results of the research show that Qazvin Karaj Freeway, ShahidRajaei Power Plant, Qazvin 16th Armored Division, Northwest Radio Communications General Directorate, AjdadBarkat Chicken Company are among the assets with sensitive level and Qazvin Governorate, Qazvin Governorate, Imam International University Khomeini, ShahidRajaei Hospital and Qazvin Railway Station are among the important assets.According to the asset evaluation results, ShahidRajaei Power Plant with a score of 9.33, Qazvin Governorate with 7.96, MurghAjdadBarkat Company with 7.33, Qazvin Governorate with 6.84, Qazvin 16th Armored Division with 6.8 ShahidRajaei Hospital with 6/17, Imam Khomeini International University with 5/88, Qazvin Railway Station with 5/75, Northwest Radio Communications Directorate with 5/5 and Qazvin Karaj Freeway with 5/48 are of high value. are ConclusionIn comparing the findings of the current research with previous researches, it is worth mentioning that in the previous researches, there was no process and instructions for how to identify, stratify and prioritize the value of key assets, and it was based solely on The expert and qualitative opinions of this issue have been covered, but in the current research, the instructions for leveling the centers of gravity and the instructions for assessing the value of inactive defense organization's assets have been used, and the results are more accurate.

The space syntax and its models is a method of visualizing the spatial relationships of places and analyzing the environmental configurations of settlements, in which novel titles such as territorial land-contexts, land-texts and configuration are examined as components of spatial analysis in the arrangement of settlements and the environmental relations of settlements.
Coastal land-contexts are among the geographical land-contexts that are the legacy of sea level changes and where a large population of people of the world have settled. What becomes important in this research is the understanding of the geographical analysis of the rules of the layout of the coastal land-context, which has created a unique identity and differences in the landscape and diverse social and environmental configurations. The fundamental question here is that the southern coast of the country with the unique nature of the mangrove marine ecosystem can be introduced as a marine garden city, in a way that, inspired by the rich Iranian-Islamic culture, meets the needs of a new sea-based civilization.

The current research is compiled according to the phenomenology method;
In the first step, it was determined and recognized the space of the research field. Then, by field investigation and study of library sources and articles, the database was collected.
In the next step, the frequency distribution of the research hydrogeomorphic arrays (height, slope, slope direction) is first analyzed as two spatial dimensions, and then the two parameters of distance from the coast and distance from waterways in relation to the number of foci Demographics and their population are analyzed in the scope of the research.
In the next step, relying on the phenomenological method, it has been analyzed (urban and rural settlements) and after identifying and analyzing the existing social configurations and their identity context, it has been introduced to Marine Garden City Metropolis and the role of configurations We examine the existing social issues in creating a new and smart configuration of Marine Garden City Metropolis.

Hydrogeomorphic Arrays
Height as the first hydrogeomorphic component is examined in order to limit the development of settlements. The results show that with the increase in altitude above sea level, the number of urban and rural settlements and their population decreases.
The second hydrogeomorphic component is the slope. The results show the number of urban and rural settlements and their population in the 0-2 percent slope class has increased and the difference between this class and other classes has increased.
The third hydrogeomorphic component is the direction of the slope. The results show that most of the urban and rural settlements are located in the direction of the slope from east to west.
Distance from the beach
The results show that most of the urban and rural settlements are located at a distance of 5 kilometers from the coast, and with the distance from the coast, a decreasing trend in their number and population is observed; As a result, the beach is considered the best factor in attracting the population of urban and rural settlements.
Distance from waterways
The results show that the largest number and population of urban and rural settlements have been formed at a distance of 500 meters from waterways, and as this distance increases, the number and population of urban and rural settlements decreases.
Explanation of mangrove land-context and social configurations
The mangrove land-context has a unique identity that has created various landscape differences and environmental configurations. In order to explain and extract the logic of the land-texts syntax in the mangrove land-context, the transformational role of the distance of the settlements from the waterways and the distance from the coast in this area is addressed, and the population centers of the mangrove land-context are explained as the land-texts of the research scope. Each environmental social configuration in the mangrove land-context have an independent and unique identity, which are described in the form of urban configuration, rural configuration, nomadic configuration, coastal configuration, and mangrove configuration.

In this research, while proposing new concepts in the knowledge of geography with the phenomenological method, some fundamental issues of social configurations existing in the coastal mangrove land-context were explained and analyzed. In the first step, "mangrove land-context" was introduced and analyzed. Also, in order to identify and obtain the environmental components and to examine the layout of the population centers of marine garden city, some of the environmental components effective in the establishment of these coastal civil centers were selected and analyzed.
Distance was considered as the most important basis of place identity in the spatial analysis of marine garden city, because this index has served as the most attractive component in the history of settlements on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Also, by examining and analyzing the syntax of population centers in the scope of the research, urban, rural, fishing, mangrove and nomadic configurations were identified.
Considering the above and regional competition and its continuation in the Persian Gulf, the development of coastal areas should not be focused on population displacement, but the creation of coastal settlements in the form of marine civil production centers is a good solution against the formation of sea-based and air-based development in the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf. Therefore, it can be concluded that the interaction of the coast and the sea is the main factor in the formation or revival of a maritime civilization or a pattern of sea-based civilization based on a unique natural environment, i.e. mangrove habitats, which can be considered as a complementary necessity. Continental civilization is part of Iran's long-term development and progress goals, which is the fundamental infrastructure for the crystallization of maritime civilization and guarantees Iran's dynamism in international scenes.

Social transformation and redaction of text related to the society is not possible without having specific goals that is called a paradigm in the semantic sphere. The “Progress” paradigm evolved during the past century by the attempts of Iranian scholars in their confrontation with “development” paradigm that has reached its maturity but requires time to provide the necessary ground for its implementation. Undoubtedly, every paradigm has epistemological foundations, origins, doctrine, and particular goals whose accomplishment needs three systems of governance, philosophical-scientific and cultural systems. The Progress paradigm should be interpreted as intangible behavioral language of Iranian revolution. Formulation of the behavioral language is considered as a strategic planning by Iranian scholars through in the Center of Islamic-Iranian progress pattern. The results of the process carried out, based on Jeanette's analysis method, show that: The paradigm of progress is an attempt to formulate the ideals of the Iranian revolution in the form of a strategic document. The paradigm of progress is based on five principles, namely spatial balance, truth and correctness, livability and territorial resilience, spatial identity, and the precedence seeking to achieve civil process. The progress paradigm has an essential tension compared to the development paradigm

Khanmirza plain is one of the plains of cold and temperate regions of Iran, with an average rainfall of 500 mm per year and sufficient nutrition in terms of surface resources, the subsidence event is currently happening in it with a rapid trend. In terms of geostructure, Khanmirza plain is located in the folded Zagros zone in the south of the Dana fault, and the presence of piezometers protruding from the soil, as well as the presence of springs, etc., are signs of crustal movement on the surface of this plain. For this purpose, with the aim of evaluating the tectonic activity of the region in creating the phenomenon of subsidence from some geomorphic indices such as basin shape index (BS), river longitudinal gradient (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (AF), reverse topography symmetry index (T), integral index Hypsometry (H) of the region's subsidence was studied tectonically. Likewise, the subsidence rate was determined using radar interferometry. Examining these indicators showed that the indicators of basin shape (BS), river longitudinal gradient (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (AF), reverse topography symmetry index (T) are active tectonics in the region. Earth construction activities have caused the plain to stretch and become asymmetric on both sides of the main river. Likewise, the results of radar interferometry in the two-year period indicate that parallel to subsidence (at a rate of 9 cm) in some parts of the plain, other parts are facing uplift (at a rate of 21 cm).Collapse and subsidence can be caused by natural geological phenomena such as earthquakes, dissolution of limestone, chalk and salt rocks, melting of ice and compaction of deposits, slow movements of the crust and the release of lava from the solid crust of the earth, or activities human activities such as mining, extracting underground fluids such as underground water, oil or gas (Galloy and Barbie, 2011: 1459). Radar interferometry has been widely used by Earth researchers since the early 1990s (Shirani et al.: 2013). This technique can be used to measure displacements resulting from many phenomena such as earthquakes, landslides and subsidence. In general, there are nearly six hundred plains in Iran, and it is likely that more than half of them are subject to subsidence (Kia Sharifi, 2010: 58).

In order to evaluate the tectonic situation of the region, from topographic maps 1:50000 and geological map 1:100000 to calculate basin shape index (BS), river longitudinal gradient (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (AF), symmetry index Inverted topography (T), hypsometric integral index (H) from (DEM) 30 meters and topographic map were used, which were processed in GIS environment. D-InSAR radar images were used in the period from 2003 to 2005, which were processed in ENVI 5.3 software. Radar interferometry technique

How to calculate the SL river gradient index: The SL index is calculated for the middle point between two flow curves. Symmetry index of transverse topography (T): this index can also specify the state of symmetry and, as a result, the active or inactive state of the region. Drainage basin asymmetry index (AF): The asymmetry index is a method to evaluate the existence of tilts caused by tectonic activities at the scale of the drainage basin. Basin Shape Ratio Index (BS): Basins that have an elongated shape are tectonically active. And the shape of basins that are tectonically inactive tends to be round. Integral Hypsometric Index: Integral Hypsometric is an index that calculates the height of the entire area in relation to the area of the entire area. The values of this index show the transformation stages of the landscape in the erosion cycle. Today, radar interferometry, as a technique that estimates the displacement of the earth's surface with high accuracy and resolution, is a common tool for investigating the change of the earth's surface due to various factors, including land subsidence. In this technique, an interferogram can be prepared using two satellite images. So that by using the interferometric tool, the phases of the return signal from the ground are subtracted from each other in two time-delayed satellite images of the same region to extract changes in the ground surface. The radar interferometry technique uses Sarscape software as one of the powerful tools in the digitization of satellite images to survey the changes in the earth's surface. In this research, 12 Envisat satellite images from the European Space Agency were prepared

 The amount of subsidence calculated from 10 paired images is 9 cm drop in a two-year period, and the amount of elevation obtained from the images was calculated as 21 cm in a two-year period. By comparing these two numbers, it can be concluded that in this basin, the uplift rate is twice as high as the subsidence rate.The obtained values show that in addition to groundwater extraction as one of the main and common causes of subsidence, considering the tectonic factor in areas such as the Khanmirza watershed with high rainfall input is one of the main reasons for its formation.

Nowadays, sustainable development has been proposed by experts as an important strategy to improve the quality of life of citizens and the sustainability of resources due to the increase in the population of cities and the increase in pressure on resources. Meanwhile, the metropolis of Kermanshah has many social, economic, natural, and environmental issues and problems. Therefore, according to these issues, the aim of the study is to identify the most important driving forces on the sustainable development of Kermanshah with a future research approach. The purpose of the study is applied and the method is based on structure analysis. The required data and information have been collected by library methods and the Delphi method (use of elite opinions). The statistical sample of the research consists of 50 experts, managers, and relevant researchers. The key drivers were identified using MICMAC software. According to the output obtained from the software, the saturation index obtained for the variables with two times data rotations is 91.80 percent, which confirms the strong influence of the variables on each other and shows the efficiency of the information obtained from the opinions of the elites. The results show that the drivers empowering the urban infrastructure in the field of smart city and electronic city, government credits, tourism, and border location have the highest net effect on the sustainable development of Kermanshah. Also, out of 2500 valid output scenarios, 5 scenarios with the highest inertia (high validity, repeatability, and probability of occurrence) have been presented as final scenarios. Finally, according to the obtained results, suggestions were made in the direction of moving the intermediate scenarios toward the favorable and sustainable development of the Kermanshah metropolis based on the upcoming scenarios.

Semantics is one of the new topics in linguistics that have been developed as an applied methodology today.The analysis and interpretation of the Geographical landmarks (that known as space generator)is related to the domain of semantics in Cognitive Geomorphology.When Spirn (1998)wrote "the language of landscape"book,semantics concepts unexpectedly entered in Geographic discussions.In this book, landscapes, Geographical text and its structure are considered as language.She has given us the concept of "Earth meaningfully" as a broader cognitive pattern of what has already been common in Geomorphology. In this method, Geographic landscapes are presented as a text consisting of phenomena, sentences, and paragraphs that define many semantic patterns for their residents.This study was carried out according to the"context analysis" method.The purpose of this study is to compare the differences between the paraphrastic view and thepositivism in Geomorphology.This research by analysis of the works of five influential personalities in philosophy,Experimental Science and Geomorphology the meaning – substance ratio and its contrast were studied with experimental sciences, andthe"Earth meaningfully"was investigated in this analysis.The results of this study showed:- Cognitive Geographical methods are not possible with the conventional approaches in the present semantics, and this method has led to the separation of various domains of this field in our era.- Methodological study of the"Earth meaningfully"brings new horizons of understanding for Geography researchers that are not possible with conventional methods.-The Earth meaningfully teaches us that the democratization of recognition and lack of scientific despotism is the key to solving many of the current problems.

The Middle East as one of the most important and strategic regions of the world, after the end of World War II and throughout the Cold War, one of the main areas of conflict and rivalry between the two superpowers. The United States and the Soviet Union. In the meantime, although the Soviet Union, with one or two few footholds in the region, did not play a significant role in the region's processes and relations, much of this vast and important region was the field of activity and power mapping. Western countries, especially the United States, were completely under the control and influence of this world power and had a relatively integrated structure within the framework of the goals and policies of this country. With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978 (1979 AD), the first major blow was dealt to the integrated and uniform structure of the region and it faced a major instability and rift. The Islamic Revolution in Iran, in addition to its internal effects, left far-reaching results and consequences among the nations and countries of the region, and the source and inspiration of popular movements and the emergence of anti-American and Western currents and movements of Islamic nature in Became countries of the region. Expansion of popular movements inspired by Islamic teachings and especially influenced by the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the ground for the rise of the above currents and movements in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon were provided and in fact a definite alignment emerged between the countries of the region and the spatial construction of the region became de-polar in nature. In this regard, several other events such as the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the events of September 11, the US invasion of the region and the occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, the fall of Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq and finally Popular uprisings in the Islamic countries of North Africa spread to some Middle Eastern countries, such as Syria, Bahrain, Yemen, and Jordan, and eventually the military conflict between the Palestinian and Lebanese jihadist groups and the Israeli government and other similar incidents became more prominent. Political and economic alignments led among the countries of the region and practically divided the countries and movements in the region into two groups and specific fronts of resistance and surrender. The Islamic Republic of Iran as the main center of this front, was located along with countries such as Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestinian and Yemeni jihadist groups, which converged on axes such as common threats and views and had achieved relative unity, in the opposite row, the group of countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf with the government of Israel, which, relying on Western powers and large arms purchases, are trying to confront the countries of the resistance front.

The present study is among the theoretical and future research and in terms of purpose, it is part of applied research and problem solving that is in a descriptive-analytical form and using methods. Quantitatively and qualitatively, adjusted and compiled. How to collect data in two methods library and documentary and also by designing a questionnaire of 20 questions from the table of strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats of the SWOT analytical model and available to research samples selected by purposive sampling method Have been located. The research sample includes 30 experts in political geography, political science and Middle East studies who provided with a questionnaire by Delphi method and elite interviews. Then, the results obtained from the experts' answers reviewed and then the components of opportunity, threat, strength and weakness normalized separately. The weight scores of each obtained by normalizing the four components, and finally the sum of the weight scores is calculated. Thus, the number 2.56 obtained for the components of opportunity and threat and the number 2.49 obtained for the components of strength and weakness, which indicates that it is very close to the average number (2.5). In the following, 20 strategies have been extracted from the components, 9 of which have been prioritized with high scores. The TOPSIS method has also used to prioritize strategies.

As the developments in the Arab world became more complex and popular uprisings spread to most of the Middle Eastern countries, the increasing competition of powers for the intellectual and operational orientation of these developments began. In the meantime, a group of countries and groups called the Axis of Resistance activated to consolidate and increase their own geostrategic and ideological depth in the Middle East. Although the background of a number of actors in the axis of resistance dates back to the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, but the field developments in Iraq, Syria and then Yemen, added to the multi-layered nature of this axis and attracted new activists.

The research findings show that the sum of the weighted scores obtained indicates that the factors influencing the formation or non-formation of the resistance-based union are neither too strong nor too weak. It is in the middle position. In addition, the final number obtained is 2.56, which indicates that the idea of ​​forming a resistance-based union is strong. On the other hand, the sum of weighted scores also indicates that the situation of countries and groups based on resistance is in average conditions and the probability of forming a union based on resistance is moderate. To increase the likelihood of the formation of a regional union of the axis of resistance have proposed 20 strategies based on the principle of complementarity and interdependence.

Introduction:

“Space identity” and this effects on analyzing the patterns of settlements and their space syntax, have opened new horizons in geomorphology and presented cognitive geomorphology to its world. Cognitive geomorphology is the understanding of space identity and its contribution to the meaning of collective biomass patterns of social mechanisms (Valdi, 1400). In cognitive geomorphology, the relationship between natural and human phenomena has become more clear and suggests the necessity of cooperation and cooperation of natural and social researchers. Obviously, what has been understood and obtained in the phenomenological method and space analysis of digital data is significantly different from what is mentioned in classical geomorphology. In cognitive Geomorphology, space identity is of particular importance in understanding the environment. In order to gain recognition and understanding of space identity, we must return to the memory of natural history, space and the logic of space syntax. In this research, by explaining and formulating the pattern of settlement space, in the realm of geomorphological knowledge and based on Gilbert's view, which relies on a kind of Paraphrastic phenomenology, The theory of "cognition" was analyzed and evaluated according to the geomorphic characteristics of the region. Geomorphic evidences, statistics and their role in identifying social mechanisms were investigated. Accordingly, in Yazd basin, the space identity of glaciers and lakes played a significant role in the syntax of urban and rural configurations. That,the logic of space syntax of cities can be considered as a function of the coastline of old Lake Yazd and rural mechanisms in this region as a function of the water and ice equilibrium line during the Quaternary cryogenic period. In the meantime, the technological achievement of the people of this region, with the invention of Qanat in the continuation of the natural Allometry relationship between mountain and the hole of this region despite major environmental changes, can be considered as one of the empirical intelligences of these peoples from the cognition and understanding of the environment.

Methodology:

The present study was conducted by phenomenological method. This method has a trend to advance the research objectives, which includes the following steps:Step 1: In this stage, based on the theory of "lakes of the fourth era of urban civility bed in Iran", (Ramesht 2001) the pits of Yazd were studied and its lake was proved. Topographic analysis (PO) was performed. Therefore, in this stage, the characteristics of Yazd hole and its relationship with the mountains adjacent to it were determined.Step 2: At this stage, it was necessary to identify the identity-building parameters in the region based on its historical memory because the existence of this lake raised the question of what mechanism the water of these lakes was directed to this hole by and what characteristics it had.Therefore, first, the separation of Yazd Lake from meybod hole of Ardakan from the hydrologic point of view, then the alometry components were calculated.Step 3: In this stage, based on Hillier's method, the relationship between glaciers and node points of biological identity was drawn and after achieving the syntx of these points in space, its logic was calculated.

Results and Discussion:

 In this study, the discovery of space identity and its role in the identification of social crystals in Yazd is the main goal in cognitive geomorphology. The researcher's view and subjective background here have played the main pillar in a new approach to creating social mechanisms in cities and villages of Yazd and also played an important role in presenting the final propositions as a result of the work.The two space identities of glacier and lake obtained in this study have defined the logic of space syntax of cities and villages of Yazd. The logic of this space syntax was the theory of "hillier space syntax logic", which has been confirmed with the support of the theory of "lakes of the fourth era of urban civility in Iran", "Geoallometry" theory and "space cognition" theory.

Conclusion:

The results can be considered as a foundation for fundamental planning studies in Yazd province, which are expressed as several propositions:1- Yazd-Meybod-Siahkouh pit formed a lake during the Qutterner era. The lake was divided into two lakes of Yazd and Meybod-Siyahkuh due to tectonic factor. Yazd Lake dried up a little later because it benefited from the support of Shirkooh and the building of Yazd city was founded on the lake bed. The meybod-siahkouh derpache was dried earlier in the thermal period and the first social mechanism was built on the terrace of Meybod Lake and the traces of the lake are now seen as desert in Siahkouh.2- Geoalometry theory in Yazd showed that the ratio of lake surface to ice-making surface was proportional in the past, but today this ratio has disappeared and unbalanced has occurred in this ratio.3- Glacial space identity and water and ice equilibrium line play an undeniable role in the logic of rural layout. Spatial identity of lake and land and water equilibrium line play an essential role in the logic of urban syntax. These two identities are relics of the memory of the region's past natural history, some of which have been left behind.4- Biological crystals in the formation of yazd urban network organization and villages reflect their superiority in space identity and with the pattern of urban and rural social mechanisms in identity-building points (water and ice and land equilibrium line). Of course, what happened in the modern era in Yazd has been the disruption of this order in the city.

The aim of the present study was to model a community-  based development approach in neighborhood development planning using structural equation methods. The analytical-descriptive research method is applied with a practical purpose and the approach governing the research space with a methodological focus is a quantitative approach. Two library and survey methods have been used to gather information on the subject of study. The statistical population studied in this study is all people over 18 years of age in the study neighborhood of Abarkouh city (Golkaran). Using a questionnaire tool that was adjusted according to the Likert spectrum, it was collected and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which includes both the total coefficient and the coefficient of different sections in the dimensions of the questionnaire and also to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Experts in the field of urban planning benefited. In the data analysis section, two levels of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to measure and evaluate the amount of components affecting the community-based development approach and also to formulate an operational model in the study neighborhood using structural equation model in Amos software environment. Was. This model examines the interrelationships and interactions of variables and the degree of effectiveness and effectiveness of each other.The results of data analysis using the model of structural equations show that having a community-based approach to neighborhood development has a direct and significant effect on promoting neighborhood development.

From the point of view of geo structure, the location of Khanmirza plain in the folded Zagros zone in the south of the Dena fault and the presence of piezometers protruding from the soil, the presence of springs etc. are signs of crustal movement on the surface. The purpose of this research is to use geological information, seismological information, and satellite images in order to obtain a view of the tectonic activity of the present era in the Khanmirza plain, as well as to simplify the displacement calculation, to evaluate the displacement of the earth's surface and the parameters affecting this displacement, and providing a suitable model for this plain. In this study, the displacement rate of the earth's surface for 8 years (2003-2010) was calculated using D-InSAR radar images and radar interferometry. The effective parameters of the DEM elevation layer, slope, slope direction, profile curvature, surface curvature, distance from The road, the distance from the fault, the density of the fault, and the earthquake's intensity were obtained from the GIS environment. Furthermore, multivariate regression in the SPSS environment presented the best model for this plain. In this environment, the 8-year displacement rate was considered dependent, and the rest of the parameters were considered independent variables. The results were challenged in the STEPWISE model. The results showed that among the 13 methods, the 13th method is the best regional model for calculating crustal mobility in this plain by providing the best correlation coefficient of 0.826, a determination coefficient of 0.682, an adjusted determination coefficient of 0.675, and a standard error of 99%. Moreover, the average movement in this basin is a 10 cm rise for 8 years.

1.Abstract
Changing the status of "Iranian studies" to “Iranistics " comes from the fact that the basis of the model of "Knowledge" has undergone a transformation. IN authentic Iranian studies, "Descartes' duality"; old and rejected, is assumed. Here, man is not considered as a mere knower, but knowledge is considered as a joint product between the knower and the phenomenon, and in this context, the patterns of knowledge and scientific autopsy of Iran undergo fundamental changes. On the one hand, the way information is reflected in the researcher's mind is important, and on the other hand, the role of the land of Iran in creating logic and the type of lived experience that the residents of this land have learned from living in it is expressed. In other words, place identity plays a major role in the type of knowledge resulting from the emotional intelligence of its residents. In Iranian studies, the researcher and the way the data is reflected in his mind become important. Because the result of such an analysis takes place in the form of the researcher's cultural, social and linguistic components, and therefore the influence and impact of the long-standing pattern of understanding and knowledge of each researcher is recognized by what we mean.In other words, the basics of knowledge are directed to the realm of culture and sociological features of the observer. This fundamental turn in the principles of Iranian studies should first be attributed to the theory of "Mirror Identity" and "Geographical Device of Iran".This pattern of reflection on phenomena has created a new realm of understanding and knowing Iran and being Iranian for us and can help us to better understand the atmosphere of Iran. And create a more logical connection with the environment and understanding of cultural differences. And explain the reasons for Iran's immortality throughout the ages. Therefore, in Iranian Studies, not only the researcher's mind and mental schemes, but also the residents' mental schemes and the decoding of their mental image are of interest. In this method, the "meaning of the land" is formed, which is a conceptual metaphor of the effect of the land on the understanding and logic of the knowledge of its inhabitants.
2- Introduction     
The recognition of various texts from Iran will be done by interpreting them through semiotic and semantic analysis until reaching the field of semantics and usage. Understanding the difference between Irenology and "Iranian knowledge" will help us present Iran not only as a hard truth but also as an interpretable reality and a factor in the epistemological logic of its inhabitants' thoughts and experiences. This perspective reveals the secret of Iran's cultural unit's immortality and permanence, based on culture and a rich cultural ecology, rather than race or nationalism. In this article, we discuss cultural Iran, Iranian identity based on Sapir-Whorf's (1960) theory, an epistemological identity, and introduce it.
3- Material & Methods   
 A question arises here: One question arises: why has Iran, among its 15 neighboring countries with a history of independence, always remained a cultural and independent unit in history's context? We can answer this question by referring to several central theories in the field of epistemology. In this article, we analyze two important epistemological features of Iran, relying on the theory of several researchers who are experts in this field. The phenomenological approach and the benefit of "text analysis" led to six new theories about Iran's land, resulting in a semantic autopsy. To achieve the research's goals, we studied the sources of the six theories, re-read and analyzed the texts, deduced the extracted conceptual propositions about Iran's characteristics, and explained the importance of each one.
4- Discussion of Results & Conclusions    
The research indicates that the change in researchers' approach from Irenology to Iranian knowledge defines new horizons of the cognitive understanding of the inhabitants of the land of Iran for us and leads to the mechanism of the influence of place in the epistemological framework of Iranians.
Studies have shown that Iranian studies can explain many cultural events our national rituals and celebrations and how the inhabitants of Iran understand their biological place. This issue can help us in understanding the biological, cultural, and social structure existing in Iran in the field of epistemology. As mentioned in the geographical framework of Iran, many of our collective and cultural behaviors are teachings that the place has instilled in them in the form of experimental and emotional knowledge.
Therefore, the concept of Iranianism is also separated from the classic forms of race, blood, and nationalism, which usually do not have documented scientific support.
Iranianism is presented in the field of epistemology in this way: the inhabitants of the land of Iran, since they have lived in this place, have a special mental and intellectual framework under the influence of the place's identity and think according to its cultural place.
Reference
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The concept of space identity that has been redefined in geographical sciences, has a significant impact on the human's behavior as well as his/her experimental and emotional knowledge. Many researchers of cognitive sciences believe that this concept has also had an undeniable impact on the communities' cognitive patterns. Many human emotions that appear in people as feelings such as missing, getting nostalgic or homesick, etc., are specially related to this concept. Thus, the issue of how can space and space identity influence and govern the human behavior and feelings in these areas, is one of the most important questions that has attracted attention of many scientists especially researchers in the humanities, cognitive sciences and neurology. This Article, which has been taken from a PhD research project at the University of Isfahan, tries to analyze the feelings of a number of non-native and dormitory students of the University of Isfahan by the phenomenological method and aiding of the text of the four geographical theories in space identity field in two place the Khajoo Bridge and the judiciary. Determine the relation between space identity and expression of feeling like missing, getting Nostalgic and Homesick furthermore survey how the nervous systems function in each of the above moods.

Cognation and discovering the Logic of Settlement Syntax in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. However, the discovery of spatial relations and the logic that dominates it can be used in the preparation of the document of the fundamental spatial planning of the land of Iran and the landscapes of Iran. This research is based on the theory of space syntax and aims to Land cognation and discovering the rules of spatial syntax of settlements and with a quantitative-analytical and modeling method, using Python programming and geographic information system (GIS), it has analyzed the pattern of space syntax of urban settlements and space configuration. Space syntax of urban settlements in Iran, using environmental parameters such as; elevation, slope, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST),precipitation, relative humidity and urban demographic space have been considered and by combining these parameters, the raster data model and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them are processed and Compound Geomorphic Systems for Iran have been extracted. and then the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed in each of the geomorphic systems and subsystems. The results show that the patterns, context and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran have interacted with geomorphic systems and the analysis of spatial syntax can express the macro-strategies of the residential system in Iran based on the foundations of fundamental spatial planning.
The method of space syntax is the basis for understanding the configuration and analysis of environmental structures. In this research, what is considered as a question; The Logic of Settlement Syntax in Iran.

In this research, the approach of space syntax has been proposed and using quantitative-analytical method, based on environmental parameters, the space syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed; Therefore, in order to achieve the research goals, the following process has been designed:Step one: Determining and recognizing the land of Iran and understanding the subject of research.Step 2: Study the documentary sources.Step 3: Prepare the database.Step 4: Raster Analysis, Modeling the earth and Environmental classification and threshold. In this step, the optimized Natural Breaks (Jenks) algorithm provided by Jenks is used for environmental threshold This method is one of the 7 methods of classifying tolls in the geographic information system (GIS). The natural breaks method is one solution to the failure of maximum breaks to consider natural groupings of data. In natural breaks, graphs are examined visually to determine logical breaks (or, alternatively, clusters) in the data. Stated another way, the purpose of natural breaks is to minimize differences between data values in the same class and to maximize differences between classes. Later we will see that this is also the objective of the optimal method, but with the optimal method, the classification is done using a numerical measure of classification error, whereas with natural breaks, the classification is subjective.Step 5: Estimation of the number and total urban population in the class - codes and presentation of new models and graphic Patterns in the field of space analysis and analysis of the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements in Iran.

In this research, for the recognition and paraphrase of space, geomorphic and climatic elements; Altitude, slope, land curvature, temperature, precipitation and relative humidity have been analyzed as environmental components, selected and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran.Iran is part of a highland called the Iranian Plateau. Mountainous heights and landscapes and the height differences of this area are the most prominent features of the land, the extent of which is impressive not only in terms of nature but also in terms of residential space and it has caused a lot of environmental diversity and environmental differences.therefore; Due to altitude diversity; Which is the main factor in the emergence and development of large- Scale Geomorphic systems of different geomorphological formations and landscapes in the land of Iran, in this study, altitude is considered as an independent variable and other parameters as dependent variables.Generally, the classifications are based on the factors of elevation-slope, elevation-curvature, elevation-temperature, elevation-precipitation and elevation-relative humidity and Iran, based on each of these environmental characteristics, is divided into 4 main systems and a combination of 16 subsystems. Each of these subsystems has certain differences in terms of geomorphic structure and each has an area of Iranian territory.The final result of this spatial analysis; Procurement of formation systems and subsystems with specific geomorphic characteristics in the territory of Iran and preparation of graphic maps and models Curveo-Hypsographic, Gradio-Hypsographic, Thermo-Hypsographic, Meteoro-Hypsographic and Humio-Hypsographic.After preparing a map of the formation systems, steps have been taken to analyze the level of civilization in each of the subsystems, to find out which subsystems in each environmental system have the most urban civilization, Or the power of urbanization of each subsystem. This analysis is based on location, number of urban settlements and the total urban population in each subsystem.

The classification system presented in this study, which is done by combining the altitude parameter with 5 other environmental parameters, has presented different Compound Geomorphic Systems. This classification can be applied in various fields of geomorphology and even other natural geography trends. Each of the five proposed systems, which includes 16 other subsystems, will be used in pure geomorphology. To identify, differentiate, and identify Landforms, depending on the type of dominant Geomorphic Systems in each environment, the results can be used in the hierarchical organization of geomorphological research work. Also, for climatic classifications with a geomorphological perspective that climatologists pay less attention to, the results of such research can be useful. The results of this study are widely used in the classification of Compound Geomorphic Systems in various fields of geomorphology and climatology and fields related to human geography and population geography, and in growth and development. The theoretical and practical fields of these sciences will be effective.

The importance of the coastal spatial identity has not only clarified the dynamics of the economic and communication role of the coasts, which also defines new ideas in the structure of future cities. Modeling the spatial syntax of the coastal areas of southern Iran promises an emerging social configuration that will have a different spatial identity from other configurations. This social configuration is nature-based and eco-based and has international role. In this research, modeling and discovering the spatial syntax relationships of such a configuration, relying on environmental rules and phenomenological perspective, are developed and discussed. Therefore, the new settlement named here as a marine garden city, is the result of such assessment. Spatial syntax analysis has been conceptualized, formulated and modeled by looking at the geodemographic space of the mangrove marine ecosystem on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman at the levels of spatial syntax, array and layers, and explained at three levels: conceptual, mathematical and graphical. Spatio-graphs with fractal and non-fractal structures is used to index the depth and degree of relationship between spatial components and in the syntax of spatial patterns, compression, distance, scattering and distribution arrays are considered and Conceptual models have become experimental models using quantitative and mathematical data.The results of this study show:Analysis and perception of the geodemographic space can be effective in the fundamental land-use, identity and discovering the existing relationships between the configurations and their development.

According to the statistics of the Organization of the Environment, a total of 48 days of air pollution exceeds the admissible threshold (AQI more than 150) for the three months of the year. These days coincide with the time when Tehran's inversion reaches its maximum stability. The purpose of the present study was first to determine the height of air pollution in Tehran on the days when pollution exceeds the permissible limit. It also aims to study the pressure and temperature masses of such days, considering the geographical and topographic conditions, and finally to identify the best of these cells for theoretically possible air turbulence. The results of this study, based on Tehran temperature and pressure data over a 15-year period (2003-2017), show that the highest elevation of Tehran inversion does not exceed 1800 meters on polluted days. Only within 6 days of whole days beyond the admissible threshold, temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of such cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, as well as a temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December. Based on the results and topographic conditions as well as the cell adaptation to such conditions, it seems that theoretically, it is possible to artificially create air turbulence in Tehran to mitigate the contamination amount.

Air pollution is measured using the air quality index and by air quality measuring stations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal-spatial changes of air pollution in December and January and during ten years from 1389 to 1398 using the average data of air quality index in Tehran. For this purpose, first air quality data were extracted from 21 air quality control stations in Tehran and then the average air quality data in the two months were calculated and IDW interpolation maps were drawn for both months during the ten years studied. In the drawn interpolation maps, the trend of temporal-spatial changes of air pollution during ten years can be observed, then the percentage of air pollution zones in the city of Tehran for both months during the study period have been calculated. Finally, the maps of December and January of the ten years studied were put together separately and analyzed. Thus, spatial and temporal analysis of air quality was performed in December and January for 10 years. The results show that during December and January of 1389 to 1398, the largest area of Tehran, respectively, in the areas, Relatively healthy (54%), unhealthy for sensitive (23%), healthy (20%) and clean (1.5%) and unhealthy (0.5%) groups. In other words, less than 2% of the city of Tehran is located in a clean area, and even in some years in Tehran, there has been no clean air in these two months. In terms of time, December 2010, January 1991 and January 1995 with more than 70% of unhealthy zones for sensitive groups were among the most infected years. Also, Sharif and Shadabad industrial stations without having a clean zone and with AQI 75 and above have been among the most polluted stations in the ten years studied. Therefore, the problem of air pollution in Tehran, in addition to the spatial dimension (being located in a large area of the city in an unhealthy area), is also a matter of time (high pollution in a long period of time).IntroductionTehran is one of the 8 most polluted cities in the world and although it has only 1.2% of the total area of the country, but 20% of the total population, 40% of industry and 85% of all professionals live and work in it (Ahmadi Moghadam, Mahmoudi. 1390). The importance and necessity of research stems from the fact that the political center of the country with a population of tens of millions of people today has more than 200 days of air pollution (Seidaei et al., 1998). In this study, temporal and spatial changes of air quality index by IDW interpolation method in December and January and during 10 years from 1389 to 1398 are investigated. According to the intensity of this index during these ten years, first two months, December and January, were selected as the most polluted months in this year, and then to continue the work of air quality data, 21 air pollution measuring stations of Tehran Municipality were calculated and produced inside The search took place.MethodologyAccording to the purpose of this study, which is to study the temporal-spatial changes of the average air quality index in Tehran during the ten-year period from 2010 to 2017, the following steps were performed. Air quality data were extracted from 21 air quality control stations affiliated to Tehran Municipality that are scattered throughout Tehran. Then, the average of each month of December and January in each year was calculated. Then, IDW interpolation maps were drawn. Then, from the maps drawn in each year, the percentage of the area of air pollution in the city of Tehran was calculated. Finally, to identify changes and air pollution zones during this ten-year period, ten-year maps were stacked separately and analyzed each month, thus spatial and temporal analysis of air quality in two months. December and January were studied during 10 years.DiscussionAccording to the calculations made during December of the ten years under study, on average, about 3% of the city of Tehran was in the area of clean air. Most of Tehran is located in a relatively healthy area, which during the study period, an average of 58% of Tehran is located in this area. The next area of air pollution in Tehran is a healthy area with an average of 22%, the highest area of this area with an average of 75% is in 1390. Unhealthy zones for sensitive groups with an AQI value above 100, cover an average of 18% of the area of Tehran. In just one year, an unhealthy area with an AQI value above 150 can be seen in Tehran, which in 2010 with an average of 0.5% of the city area.The results of the table and maps show that in January of the ten years under study, on average, only 2% of the area of Tehran was in the clean air zone, and the healthy area, on average, included only 20.5% of the area of Tehran. Becomes. Most of the city of Tehran is located in a relatively healthy area, which during the ten years under study, this amount is 52.5 on average. The unhealthy zone, with about 27% of the city, is in second place.. In the drawn maps, the trend of pollution changes during December can be seen. According to these maps, the highest range of air pollution was recorded in December 2010 and the lowest in December 1990. In the drawn maps related to January, the highest air pollution zone is related to January 2016 and the lowest pollution zone is related to January 2010.The results of the two-month maps of the temporal and spatial analysis of the air quality index are very similar, and there is not much difference between December and January in terms of spatio-temporal distribution of air pollution. The only slight difference is in some stations, such as the Sharif University of Technology station, where more pollution was recorded in December than in January.Conclusion and SuggestionsThe results of the research show that during the months of December and January of 1389 to 1398, the largest area of Tehran in the areas of relatively healthy (54%), unhealthy for sensitive groups (23%), healthy (20%), respectively. ) Are clean (1.5%) and unhealthy (0.5%). In other words, less than 2% of the city of Tehran is located in a clean area, and even in some years in Tehran, there has been no clean air in these two months. In terms of time, December 2010, January 1991 and January 1995 with more than 70% of unhealthy zones for sensitive groups were among the most infected years. Also, Sharif and Shadabad industrial stations without having a clean zone and with AQI 75 and above have been among the most polluted stations in the ten years studied. Therefore, the problem of air pollution in Tehran, in addition to the spatial dimension (being located in a large area of the city in an unhealthy area), is also a matter of time (high pollution in a long period of time)..

The analysis of the pattern of the arrangement of settlements in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. This research in the area of spatial planning and relying on quantitative-analytical method, has analyzed the pattern of spatial arrangement of rural settlements based on environmental factors.Therefore, it analyzes the spatial pattern of rural settlements. Morphology of the space of rural settlements in Iran according to environmental factors such as; Elevation, slope, aspect, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST), precipitation, relative humidity have been analyzed. And by analyzing and combining these factors, raster data models and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them have been processed and Iran's Geomorphic systems have been extracted. Then, the pattern of spatial syntax of rural settlements and the potential of environmental civilization in each of the Geomorphic systems and subsystems have been analyzed and studied. Also, the potential of environmental civilization with morphological components including Elevation, slope and aspect was calculated and analyzed. The results of this study show that the pattern of spatial syntax of rural settlements has been in interaction with Geomorphic systems and morphological components. Also, the analysis of the land spatial analysis can play an important and effective role in achieving the strategic goals of the Iranian residential system, within the framework of the principles of fundamental spatial planning.

Geomorphic and topographic landscapes are not only effective in dispersion or selection of human activities, but also one of the effective factors in the formation of physical structures of space structures. Analysis of urbanization can be influenced by the conceptualization of phenomenology, because in this view, the basis for the development of a human settlement is first of space identity. According to the theory of "4th-era lakes, the crystallization and expansion of civilization in Iran", lakes have been considered as identity-making components of urbanism in Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to supplement other geomorphologic studies in this field by focusing on Yazd basin, located in the great catchment area of Yazd-Meybod-Siahkooh. This research has been carried out with a phenomenological view based on a set of archaeological, geomorphologic, sedimentological, Space syntax analysis and field visits. The findings indicate that: 1-There are separate lakes in Yazd-Meybod-Siahkooh catchment area, of which Yazd Lake is one. During the glacial periods, the lakes were connected and ended up in the Siahkooh desert. 2- Yazd, (Meybod and Ardakan) owes its urbanism to its space identity, namely the existence of these lakes. 3- Small cities such as Islamabad (Farasha), Taft, Khezrabad and Mehriz take their space identity from the Water-Ice equilibrium line.

The presence of formations containing gypsum layers will enhance the formation of gypsum karst forms. The thickness of the gypsum layers and the quality of the mentioned beds influence the formation of such landforms. The Maroon plain is located in the folded zone of the Zagros Mountains in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. The existence of the Gachsaran Formation and occurrence the karst phenomena (among which sinkholes are the most significant) in this plain have a very destructive impact on the roads, facilities, farmlands, residential units, and the reservoir of the Maroon Dam located in the plain; but unfortunately, this phenomenon is not well-known and well-studied. In this research, karst evolution zoning map was prepared using the fuzzy model; to produce this map, ten environmental factors including the slope, slope direction, geology, distance from Knick line, distance from flow line, distance from the river, elevation, land use, climate, and the NDVI Index were used. The results of this study demonstrated that 55.2% of the study area is situated in the zero-risk zone because it is situated out of the Gachsaran Formation realm and lacks the gypsum layers; as well, 11.2% of the area is in the high-risk zone, 18.5% in the medium-risk zone, and 15.1% in the low-risk zone. Field observations and studying the zoning map indicate that the main factors influencing on the karst evolution of this area are slope and streamlines which superimposed on the gypsum layers.

Wielding a direct effect on the local climate and water resources across different latitudes, particularly arid areas, and creating favorable living conditions, geomorphological phenomena are among the primary factors driving urban and rural settlements' development. One example of such geomorphological features is the cuesta, a single-dip, inclined structure with hard upper strata and a slope of less than 15 percent on one side, and asymmetrical, steep valleys extending normal to the loose sedimentary rock strata. Different theories have been presented regarding cuestas in Iran. Some argue based on geological grounds that cuestas do not exist in Iran, whereas proponents recognize the features as pseudo-cuesta. However, the authors of this paper believe in the existence of both cuesta and pseudo-cuesta, as geomorphological features depend on the form and not the geological properties or age. In this light, an attempt was made to prove this theory by investigating the geomorphology of the largest cuesta in southeast Iran, the cuesta of Negur, located 30 Kilometer east of Chabahar City, covering 221.66 Square kilometer and 92.69 of Perimeter at 25°19′05″ to 25°28′55″N and 60°57′42″ to 61°09′47″E coordinates on the coastal plains of the Gulf of Oman.

The field study was carried out, relying on RS and statistical analysis. Different sets of data and statistics, including topographic and geological maps, ALOSPALSAR and ASTER DEMs, satellite images from Sentinel-2 and Landsat8, radar data from Sentinel-1, daily statistics of synoptic weather stations of Area, and climatology, rain gauge, and local CRU data. The present study uses RS and GIS for analysis. Geostatistics was used to calculate the temperature and annual precipitation in the area was performed using Simple Cokriging. The stream network layer was prepared using the ArcHydro extension. Moreover, the SAVI Index was used to create the vegetation map, and radar data from the Sentinel-1 and digital elevation models 30 meter, as well as the DInSAR technique With a time difference of 27 months, were adopted to determine the reasons for the formation and evolution of the Cuesta.

The Makran mountain range is the result of the subduction of the Gulf of Oman's oceanic crust under the Iranian Plate. However, the transverse faults also make a notable contribution to the fracture and changes in the heights to which the formation and evolution of the cuesta can be attributed. The cuesta faces west extending to the east with a gentle slope until reaching the plains on the coast of the Gulf of Oman. The hard and thin caprock is composed of conglomerate and sandstone dating back to the Pleistocene and tops a loose layer of thick, fossiliferous, chalky and lime marls dating back to the Late Miocene. The cuesta stretches on a 2.99 percent slope from its forehead of cuesta (outcrop) to coastal plains. The cuesta reaches a maximum height of 545 Meter at the outcrop, and dips to a 30 Meter elevation, making an average elevation of 153 Meter from the Gulf of Oman. The elevation difference promotes climate change on a local scale. The average temperature and rainfall in the cuesta region were calculated at 27.8° Celsius and 130 millimeter, which is different from the conditions at the Chabahar Synoptic Weather Station. Given the fine-grained texture of sediments, high humidity, and low evaporation, the temperature drop and more precipitation over the heights provide abundant water resources to the downstream, particularly at the ends of cataclinal streams of the cuesta. Due to the fine-grained soil, vegetation covers 1264 hectares only at the foot of the mountain and in areas with suitable soil porosity and water resources. A remarkable feature of this area is its rainwater reservoirs, locally referred to as Hootaks, often constructed in arable areas. Accordingly, most of the local vegetation is concentrated around these Hootaks. The DInSAR (Differential SAR Interferometry) approach was used to explain the formation and evolution of the cuesta. The results are suggestive of the rise due to the subduction and active tectonics in the area. Accordingly, over a 27- month period, a maximum tectonics- induced rise of 2.8 centimeter was recorded southwest of the cuesta outcrop, as well as a maximum descent of 2.5 centimeter caused by the stream erosion in the floodplains southeast of the geomorphological feature. According to the above evidence, the cuesta of Negur is of the tectonic type and is the result of the simultaneous rise of the coastline due to the subduction of the Gulf of Oman and tectonics of the transverse fault pushing the cuesta outcrop upward.

Given that most urban and rural settlements in the area are established at the lowest part of the cuesta along the cataclinal (consequent) streams, this part of the cuesta houses most of the population. According to a 2016 consensus Negur, the highest urban area across the coastal plain of the Gulf of Oman sitting at a 40 meter elevation, is home to 5670 in 1320 households, as well as 45 small and large rural areas with an overall population of 17,118 in 3896 households. In total, the area houses a population of 22,778 who have dug large wells known as Hootaks to make use of surface water resources of the cuesta. A total of 558 Hootaks have been dug for agricultural, husbandry, and other purposes to hold water, promoting vegetation in the surrounding area. Indicating the remarkable volume of runoff in the area, 627 hectares of the entire 1264 hectares covered in vegetation are concentrated around the Hootaks downstream of the cuesta. The substantial water resources can be attributed to the temperature drop and promoted precipitation at the 545 meter height, which creates a substantial discharge given the high humidity of the Gulf of Oman region and the low permeability of the loose layers supporting the cuesta. Accordingly, before discharging into the Gulf of Oman, the surface runoff is trapped in the Hootaks to be used. In this light, the geomorphological role of the cuesta of Negur was found to be crucial in the establishment of local urban and rural settlements.

Geographical researchers provide normative interpretations, of the territorial characteristics of Iran. According to most writings, the amount of precipitation in Iran is less than one-third of the global average. When it comes to the time of precipitation, it is contrasted with the time of water need, and regarding the spatial distribution and pattern of the precipitation, the heterogeneous distribution is considered along with random and flood patterns. Now the question is that whether we are allowed to offer normative interpretations of this situation as scientific researchers, and if there are appropriate strategies that can turn these characteristics into opportunities. The present study has tried to answer these questions by relying on the phenomenological method and analyzing the texts of 50 works by Iranian geographers based on the Janet method along with the use of central core indicators, maximum repetitions, Brust Detection, and centrality of the CiteSpace. The results of the study show that: • Normative loading is not permissible in the field of science for identifying the precipitation characteristics and water resources of Iran; • The climatic characteristics of a region shape its territorial identity, and strategic planning policies should be a function of it; and • Normative analysis of the climatic characteristics of Iran is mostly the product of the dominant positivism of Iranian geographers.