محمد واحدیان شاهرودی

 Considering the importance of nutrition in the growth and health of adolescents, this study aimed to determine the effect of education based on Bloom's taxonomy on the level of self-efficacy and nutritional behavior of female students.

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 in Mashhad, Iran. In the first part of the study, 236 female students aged 13-15 years were enrolled using cluster sampling. In the second part, 70 students (35 in the experimental and 35 in the control group) were selected. The educational program for the experimental group was conducted in 4 sessions. Data were collected using food frequency, self-efficacy, and stages of behavior change questionnaires, which were validated for content and face validity and Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and appropriate descriptive and analytical tests. Ethical considerations were taken into account in all stages of the study.

 The results showed no significant change in the stage of change in the control group before and after the intervention (P<0.05). In the intervention group, the number of participants in the pre-contemplation stage decreased from 23.5% before the intervention to 14.7%; however, there was no change in the action and maintenance stages. Additionally, there was a significant difference in self-efficacy scores between the intervention and control groups (P<0.05).

 This study was effective on the level of self-efficacy and behavior change in the pre-action stages, but did not have much effect on the higher stages of action. Therefore, designing programs with other models and longer durations for these individuals is recommended.

Having children is one of the important factors in the development of society and country. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of educational intervention based on the stages of change on the attitude and behavior of married women to have children.

This Quasi experimental study was conducted on 80 married women (40 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group) under the cover of Saman Health Center Mashhad in 2022. Sampling was done by simple random method. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Educational program was held in 4 sessions for one month for the intervention group and the participants in both groups answered the questionnaire questions before and 3 months after the intervention. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20. 

The mean attitude scores of women in the intervention group before and 3 months after the intervention were 16.01±2.21, 17.85±2.06. Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between education and women's attitude towards having children (P<0.01). Also, the educational intervention had an effect on changing behavior of women for having children (P>0.05).

The educational intervention in this study was able to significantly improve the attitude of married women in the field of childbearing. However, it is suggested that in the future programs of individuals, the stages of preparation and action in educational interventions should also be considered.

Brucellosis has an important effect on public health, economic and social status of society in most parts of the world especially in developing countries. Society education is one of the basic solutions for controlling and preventing this disease. This study was designed to explain factors affecting behavioral and non-behavioral incidence of brucellosis.

The present study is a qualitative content analysis carried out among 30 people purposely with a semi-structured interview. Then, the sampling was completed based on the goal and with the snowball method. Data analysis was performed based on the five steps of Landsman.

 In the current study, 3 themes were extracted from data analysis (behavioral factors, organizational factors and Effective factors on behavior). Behavioral factors theme includes 3 categories (unhealthy nutritional behavior, protective and safety and environmental health issues); organizational factors theme includes 2 categories (attracting the cooperation of the key people, the attraction of the collaboration of organizations); Effective factors on behavior theme includes 3 categories (predisposing factors, enabling factor and strengthening factors).

 According to the results of this study getting brucellosis is not limited to the lack of knowledge in farmers and their family members but also cultural-related behaviors, incorrect beliefs, government policy, insufficient participation of stakeholders in performing programs can also play a significant role in increasing the prevalence of the disease.

From the end of 2019 until now, the coronavirus pandemic created an extraordinary situation in the world, which resulted in an unprecedented social, political and economic crisis. The most critical solution to this pandemic is to fully comply with health protocols and public vaccination, which requires informing society and changing people's health and social behaviours. The present study was conducted to investigate the factors related to preventive behaviors against Corona)  SARS-CoV-2( among women in the suburbs of Mashhad using the Pender health promotion model.

In this Cross-sectional analysis study conducted in 2021, 300 women living in the suburbs of Mashhad were included by multi-stage sampling method, who were satisfied with the research., and a checklist of demographic information and an 82-question questionnaire designed based on Pender's health promotion model (whose validity and reliability were confirmed). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Among the demographic characteristics of job variables (p=0.03), history of corona infection (p=0.01), vaccination (p=0.04), blood pressure (p=0.01), and diabetes (p=0.04) had a significant relationship with the structure of behavioral outcomes. The highest and lowest scores of the participants in the study were in the structure of Perceived Barriers (48.66 ± 12.87) and Commitment to Plan of Action (8.68 ± 1.42). Among the different parts of Pender's health promotion model, perceived self-efficacy (p<0.001, B=0.39), perceived benefits (p<0.001, B=0.13), interpersonal effects (p=0.001, B=0.16), and preferences (p<0.001, B=0.20) had a significant effect on the structure of behavioral consequences.

Self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of preventive behaviors against Corona. As a result, carrying out interventions to increase the self-efficacy of the residents of the outskirts of the city will probably lead to an increase in their behaviors of avoiding Covid-19 in them.

Since the corona epidemic continues, preventive measures are very important in controlling this disease. In general, teachers play an important role in preventive behaviors, including behaviors to prevent corona, and they can do this as a role model; Therefore, this study was conducted with the purpose of factors related to preventive behaviors against Corona based on self-determination theory among the teachers of Quchan city.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on 420 teachers of Qochan city who were selected based on cluster sampling. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used (CVR=0.73, CVI=0.86, and α=0.8) based on self-determination theory. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25 software and using independent t-tests, linear regression test and Pearson's correlation coefficient and their non-parametric equivalents (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman).

The average score of self-determination theory constructs: communication, competence and independence of action showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between these constructs and corona prevention behaviors, so that in the relationship (p<0.05 and r =0.30), in competence (P<0.05 and r=0.62) and in independence of action (P<0.05 and r=0.67) a positive and significant correlation was observed, and the highest correlation was observed in independence of action.

Based on the results, increasing the independence of action, competence and communication improves preventive behaviors against Corona, according to which, self-determination theory can be used as a useful framework for preventive behaviors against Corona.

Although cesarean section has saved the lives of countless mothers and infants, in many cases, medical necessities do not lead to cesarean delivery, but misbehavior has led to cesarean delivery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior in choosing the type of delivery in pregnant women referred to the Mashhad Comprehensive Health Service Center in 2020.

This study was a quasi-experimental study that was performed on 96 pregnant women who were in the third trimester of pregnancy. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and delivery type selection questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. The educational intervention was carried out in the framework of the theory of planned behavior in the experimental group. Data were collected at three time points before, immediately and three months after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software and statistical tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Friedman and t-test.

The mean age of pregnant women participating in this study was 29.05 ± 1.6. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups before the intervention in terms of attitude, intention, abstract norm and perceived behavioral control (P > 0.001). But after the educational intervention, in all these variables except the behavioral intention in the experimental group increased significantly (P < 0.001). The rate of normal delivery was 37% in the control group and 63% in the experimental group, so there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the behavior of choosing the type of delivery (P = 0.01).

Education based on the theory of planned behavior is an effective intervention in choosing the type of delivery in pregnant women.

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common neonatal problems that occur for various reasons and may lead to brain complications and even death. Considering the effect of mothers' beliefs on the timely referral of neonates for treatment and prevention of its serious complications, this study was performed with aim to identify the women's viewpoint on the traditional and complementary medicine in the case of neonatal jaundice.

This qualitative study was conducted with participation of 103 mothers with different personal and social characteristic in Neyshabour in 2019. Data were collected through focused group discussions and semi-structured individual interviews. Purposeful sampling continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis and Atlas.ti software. The proposed methods of Lincoln and Guba were used to evaluate and increase the validity and reliability of the research.

The main extracted concepts included preventive beliefs and therapeutic-based beliefs. The theme of preventive beliefs originated from the subclass of protective nutritional beliefs. In addition, the theme of therapeutic-based beliefs included the subclass of beliefs in herbal medicine, common non-herbal beliefs, nutrition therapy, and alternative therapy.

The preventive and therapeutic-based aspects of traditional and complementary medicine about neonatal jaundice were the important beliefs of mothers. It is suggested that in the health planning and interventions to pay attention to modifying these beliefs in the formation of mothers' behavior for the prevention and treatment of neonatal jaundice.

Spiritual health is one of the dimensions of health that has a positive effect on physical and mental health. On the other hand, studies show that one of the factors that promote womenchr('39')s general health is self-efficacy. In this study, the relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy in women referring to cultural centers in Mashhad were examined.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 women referring to Mashhad Municipality Cultural Centers in 2019. Personal Characteristics Questionnaire, Pulotzin and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire and Scherer general self-efficacy questionnaire were used to measure the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS - 16.

The mean age of women was 34.22 ± 9.8 years. 53.2% of  the participating women had a moderate spiritual health score and 46.8% had a high spiritual health score. Also, 37% had a moderate self-efficacy score and 62.8% had a high self-efficacy score. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of spiritual health (P =0.006) and self-efficacy (P <0.001) in education levels. The general linear model showed that there is a significant relationship between womenchr('39')s spiritual health and self-efficacy with education control (P <0.001 ,β = 0.96).

Since there is a significant relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy of women, it is recommended to pay attention to spiritual health in order to promote self-efficacy in women.

failure to thrive (FTT) is one of the most common and important problems in the age of 6 to 12 months. Maternal behavioral factors are the most important cause of FTT in children. One of the most important theories to improve the nutritional behaviors is social cognitive theory. This study was conducted aiming to identify the determinants of maternal nutritional behavior for children 6 to 12 months with FTT based on social cognitive theory.

This quasi-experimental study was performed with the participation of 100 mothers with children aged 6 to 12 months with FTT referred to health service centers in Torbat-Heydariye. Mothers were selected by cluster sampling and were divided into two groups of experimental and control. The educational intervention was performed in 6 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were completed using researcher-made questionnaires by mothers in three stages and analyzed by using SPSS24 software.

Results showed that there was no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups before the educational intervention on score of the demographic variables. However, after educational intervention, there was a significant difference in maternal behavior and weight of child (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the scores of social cognitive theory structures before and after the intervention (awareness, outcome expectation, outcome value, task self-efficacy, self-efficacy of overcoming obstacles, self-regulation, in case of situation, emotional adaptation, modeling) in the experimental group(P<0.05).

The results after the educational intervention showed the positive effect of education based on social cognitive theory on the behavior of mothers and the weight of children 6 to 12 months with Failure to thrive (FTT)

The high prevalence of childhood dental caries is one of the most common dental problems and mother’s participation in oral health programs can decrease the caries rate. Undoubtedly, one of the applicable strategies is health education and one of the most effective training models is the Planned Behavior Theory. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify influential factors that predict motherchr('39')s health behaviors about their children’s oral health based on the Planned Behavior Theory in Khaf city in 2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed by 200 mothers with children under three who were randomly selected from the mothers referred to Khaf Health Centers. Data collection was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The questionnaire included demographic information, knowledge questions and Planned Behavior Theory structures. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 using descriptive statistics, regression and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significant level of 0.05.

Our results showed that motherschr('39') average score for knowledge was 17.55 ± 5.75, for attitude, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention was 42.49 ± 4.61and 17.40 ± 2.89 and 47.3 ± 9.43 respectively. The motherschr('39') average score of subjective norms was 32.66±4.80 and average score of behavior was 24.86± 8.76. Based on the results of the linear regression test, predictors of health behavior include behavioral intent (β = 0.198, P = 0.002), and subjective norms (Β = 0.432, P < 0.001), and predicted 28.8% of behavior variance. Structures of attitude (Β = 0.199, P = 0.003) and subjective norms (Β = 0.287, P < 0.001) explained 13.8% of behavioral
intention variance.

Planned Behavior Theory can predict a part of oral health behaviors. The results of this study showed the application of this theory with emphasis on promoting abstract norms and the intention to perform behavior in educational interventions have effective results.

Ecological factors such as climate change as well as environmental, social, economic, and political factors are effective in increasing the incidence of Leishmaniasis disease in the Middle East. This study aimed to evaluate the ecological causes of leishmaniasis in Fariman town during 2006-2017.

In this descriptive-analytical study, all patients who were residents of Fariman  and completed the Leishmaniasis Survey Form were included. The data of climatic variables of the town were extracted and analyzed using MS- Excel and SPSS software. Finally, the above information was plotted using Arc-GIS software.

The highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Fariman was 38.2% in 2009, while the lowest incidence rate was 12.0% in 2017. According to the incidence date, the disease was prevalent in the summer, spring, and autumn. Based on the diagnosis date, the disease had a peak in spring, winter, autumn, and summer. In this study, no relationship was found between the type of cutaneous leishmaniasis and any of the demographic variables. No significant relationship was also observed between climatic variables (temperature, humidity, precipitation), climatic factor of height, vegetation index, and Comprehensive plan in rural areas with leishmaniasis.

Given that most disease cases were in the urban area of Fariman and two rural areas of Ghale No and Kate shamshir, entomological examination is required in the area in order to make better use of the GIS. Furthermore, the overlap of relevant layers with other layers such as patientschr('39') accommodation and type of cutaneous leishmaniasis are required.

Pregnancy is one of the most important events in marital life. One of the remarkable aspects of this period is marital burnout, which has a significant impact on mother and child. This study aimed to investigate the marital burnout status and some associated factors among pregnant women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Gonabad, Iran, during 2017.

This cross-sectional study included 261 pregnant women who were selected randomly from those referring to health centers in Gonabad, Iran, during 2017. The data were collected using the Pines Marital Burnout and Demographic characteristics form. Furthermore, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25) through the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The total mean±SD score of the marital burnout in pregnant women was estimated at 2.63±0.79. The corresponding values were determined at 2.28±0.71, 2.51±0.84, and 2.42±0.88 in physical, psychological, and emotional dimensions. According to the results, the levels (percentage) of marital burnout in pregnant women were very low (21.5%), low (45%), moderate (24.9%), high (7.3%), and very high (0.4%). Regarding demographic and midwifery characteristics, marital burnout correlated significantly with variables, such as husband's education level, number of pregnancy, marriage duration, number of children, and number of male children (P˂0.05); however, there was no significant association between marital burnout and other variables (P˃0.05).

The present study showed that more than half of the pregnant women burned out or were susceptible to the risk of marital burnout. Given the adverse effects of this condition on family, it is of utmost importance to develop effective interventions and programs to deal with this issue.

Health-promoting behavior and health literacy is one of the main determinants of health and benefiting from them can increase health behaviors and improve access to health care. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the behavior of patients with tuberculosis and the health literacy of their caregivers in Mashhad.

This descriptive study was performed in 2010 on 90 patients with tuberculosis and 90 caregivers per patient in Mashhad. Multi-stage sampling was used for sampling. Data were collected using a personal information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess patientschr('39') behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive and inferential statistical tests (Spearman correlation and regression and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal varicose veins). The significance level was considered at P<0.05.

The relationship between tuberculosis prevention behaviors and caregiverschr('39') health literacy was significant, so people with higher health literacy levels showed more preventive behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to health literacy in health promotion programs and increase preventive behaviors.

There was a significant relationship between tuberculosis prevention behaviors and the health literacy of caregivers. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to health literacy in health promotion programs and increase preventive behaviors.

Failure to thrive (FTT) is one of the most common and important health problems in children aged 6 to 12 months. Maternal behavioral factors are amongst the most critical causes of FTT in children. One of the most important theories to improve the nutritional behaviors is social cognitive theory. This study was conducted aiming to identify the determinants of maternal nutritional behavior for children 6 to 12 months with FTT based on SCT.

This analytic study applied stratified sampling to select 475 mothers of children 6 to 12 months with FTT who referred to health service centers in Torbat Heydariyeh. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24.

The mean age of mothers was 29 years and children was 8 months. Average score of motherschr('39') behaviors of 6.6± 1.8. There was a significant positive correlation between motherchr('39')s education, family income, age and weight of child with mother’s behavior (P<0.05). Regression results showed that Barrier self-efficacy, Outcome expectations and knowledge constructs had the most predictive effect on motherschr('39') behaviors with 6 to 12-month-old children with FTT(P<0.05).

Based on our findings, barrier self-efficacy, outcome expectations and knowledge constructs, can be used to promote the maternal behavior for children 6 to 12 months with FTT.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and factors that affecting the nutritional status of elderly people.

In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 250 elderly adults attended to health centers in Mashhad, Iran in 2018 were studied. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the elderly. Moreover, a standard 10-item self-efficacy questionnaire was used to evaluate the self-efficacy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS25 and the significance level was set at less than 0.05.

32.4% (n=81) of the participants were men and 67.6% (n=169) were women with age range from 60 to 89 years. It was identified that 20.4% of the elderly (n =51) were at risk of malnutrition and 79.6% (n =151) had a favorable nutritional status. The results indicated that people with high self-efficacy had a better nutritional status. Additionally, the evidence suggested a significant relationship between self-efficacy and age, gender, level of education and marital status of the elderly (P value<0.001).

The results indicated that the elderly with a favorable nutritional status had higher self-efficacy than the elderly in the risk of malnutrition.

Disasters and accidents are the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and cancers in the world. The purpose study of domestic accidents prevention behaviors based on protection motivation theory among mothers with children less than 6 years covered by health centers in Torbat Heydariyeh

This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study that 204 people mothers with children less than 6 years were enrolled in a multi-stage cluster approach The data collection tools was researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were reviewed and confirmed and was Includes two parts 1- demographic information 2- Structure of Theories of motivational protection. Data analysis was done in 95% confidence level using SPSS version 16 and analyzed using Descriptive and analytical tests

The mean of age was 29.4±6.51. Mean score of self-efficacy32.6±5 and Perceived vulnerability20.6±3.7and Perceived cost 11.3±3.7and Perceived severity12.5±1.7and Response Efficiency 16.3±2.4and Perceived rewards 6.1±1.6 and Perceived fear 12.8±4 was obtained. and higher education had positive effect on self-care and Also Independent Samples t- Test showed a significant direct relationship between higher education and self-efficacy (r=0.297, P<0.01).

According the effective role of mothers in preventing domestic accidents in children under 6 years old, seems that designing educational interventions based on constructs of the theory of protective motivation can have a decisive role in reducing Home injuries in this age group

Spiritual health is one of the important aspects of health, which forms an important part of human life. The aim of this study was to determine the status of spiritual health and its relationship with demographic characteristics in students of Mashhad University of Medical Science.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 256 students of Mashhad University of Medical Science in 2018. The subjects were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Ellison and Paloutzian’s Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (SWBS). Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman’s correlation tests.

84.0% of students (n=215) had moderate spiritual well-being. There was a significant relationship between gender with religious health dimension (p=0.002) and spiritual health score (p= 0.014). There was a significant relationship between the student's job status and grade and field of study with dimensions of religious health, existential health, and spiritual health score (p<0.01). There was a significant correlation between religious health, and existential health with spiritual health (p<0.001).

Only a few students have a high level of spiritual health, and the majority of subjects have a moderate level of spiritual health. There is a relationship between gender and grade and field of study with their level of spiritual health.

Parenting is a complex activity, which includes special procedures and behaviors that affect the child's growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the health action process approach on the parenting skills of girl students’ mothers in Mashhad. This was a quasi-experimental study conducted on 100 mothers (50test and 50control), who had 10-13 year-old girls. Mothers were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire designed based on the health action process approach. The questionnaire also contained the demographic questions and its validity and reliable were completed before and 2months after the intervention. After completing the questionnaires, data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and SD) and analytical tests (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon) at the significance level of 0.05. The Chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of family size, mothers' age category, level of education, and job. The Mann-Whitney test showed that significant difference existed between the experimental and control groups before intervention) P=0.01Z=2.57( only with regard to action planning. Moreover, two months after the intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups in all constructs. According to the results, the educational intervention based on the structures of the health action process approach can have a positive impact on mother's parenting skills.

Today, with increasing the lifespan, the importance of health-promoting behavior and paying attention to maintaining individuals' function and autonomy are becoming increasingly evident and regular physical activity is considered as one of the important aspects of healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to apply the theory of planned behavior to predict the intention to do physical activity in the elderly. This study was conducted on the 371 elderly. A three-part questionnaire including demographic, knowledge, and theory of planned behavior questions was used. The views of the elderly were requested directly in this regard. According to the results, the elderly’s mean age was 69 and the sample included 53% women. The behavior intention in this study had a positive significant correlation with all planned behavior theory constructs. The perceived behavior control construct hold the most prediction power regarding the variance of the elderly’s intention of physical activity behavior. The constructs of theory could predict 26.7% of the variance of intention. Based on the results of this study, the theory of planned behavior was successful in predicting the elderly’s intention to do physical activity and the necessity of paying attention to the component is emphasized to teach intention to elderly people, considering the role of the perceived behavior control construct in predicting behavior intention.

It is important to identify people with inadequate health literacy, especially among health care providers. Also, their quality of work life is one of the important factors for ensuring the stability of the health system. It seems that the relationship between quality of life and nursing health literacy is an important factor in achieving a high level of care quality. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and quality of life in nurses working in Kashmar hospitals in 2018. This descriptive cross-sectional study of correlation type was carried out on 230 nurses working in Shahid Modarres and Hazrat Abolfazl (AS) hospitals in 2018 who were selected through the census. The data were collected using the demographic questionnaire, HELIA questionnaire, and Quality of Life questionnaire by qualified nurses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS v.16 software. The mean age of nurses was 31.3±6.82 years which included 37.4% male and 62.6% female. According to the results, 8.3% had inadequate health literacy, 52.6% had adequate health literacy and 39.1% had high health literacy. The mean score of health literacy was 80.98±10.65 (adequate). The mean score of quality of life was 65.39±11.55 (Moderate). The highest quality of life score was related to physical, social, psychological and environmental dimensions, respectively. The correlation coefficient (Spearman) showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of health literacy and quadruple dimensions of quality of life (P <0.05). According to the findings, there is a direct relationship between health literacy and different dimensions of nurses' quality of life. Therefore, more emphasis on the importance of health literacy and the quality of life in health system policy-making and improving the quality of services is necessary. By planning and designing useful programs in the health literacy area appropriate to nurses, effective steps can be taken to develop health literacy skills in the community and improve Nurses' quality of life. Paper Type: Research Article

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescence and adulthood, especially in girls, has a high prevalence. One of the strategies for reducing anemia is the implementation of iron supplementation programs. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of high school girl students about iron supplementation. This cross-sectional study was performed on 399 female students. A cluster random sampling method was used in the northern, southern, eastern, western, and central parts of the country. Data were collected using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS V. 20 software. In this study, only 15% and 17% of the students had a proper level of knowledge and a positive attitude toward iron supplementation. Moreover, 77% of the students reported taking iron supplementation and 89% used iron supplements distributed in schools. However, Only 38% of the students stated that used iron supplements in the classroom or after class (at school). There was a significant relationship between the use of distributed pills in schools and knowledge (P = 0.026) and attitude (P = 0.016). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the place of supplements use and the knowledge level (P = 0.032) and attitude (P = 0.003). Based on the results, students’ knowledge and attitude are not sufficient and the rate of use of distributed pills in schools is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out revisions in the implementation process of the iron supplementation program.

Health literacy is the amount of person's capacity to gain, interpret, understand basic information and health services that is necessary for a proportional decision. Nutrition behaviors are also health related issues that are somewhat causative and have a significant impact on health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and nutrition among middle-aged women. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 600 middle-aged women referring to comprehensive health centers in Dargaz city in 2017. The available sampling method was a multi-faceted researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, after collecting the questionnaires using SPSS-23 software, data were analyzed and analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests and linear regression test. The mean and standard deviation of health literacy score was (67.46 ± 16.07)Also, (16.7%), inadequate health literacy, (27.8%) and border health literacy (55.5%) had sufficient or indeed high levels of health literacy. According to one-way ANOVA test, there was a significant relationship between health literacy and education level. Results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between health literacy and parasitic behaviors. According to the findings of the study, increasing the level of health literacy can enhance the nutritional behavior of individuals. Therefore, educational activities should pay particular attention to the level of health literacy of individuals.

Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common metabolic disease and endocrine disorder in children and a major cause of mental retardation, which can be prevented only through early diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in newborns referred to Shahid-Ghodsi Health Center in Mashhad, Iran. This cross-sectional study, including 4484 newborns referred to Shahid-Ghodsi Health Center for congenital hypothyroidism screening, was conducted during the first six months of 2015. Data were collected from the screening forms and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS 21, the tests being the two-sample T-test, analysis of variance, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests; in all the tests the significance level was 5%. Of the 4484 neonates screened, 51% and 48% were males and females, respectively. The recall rate was estimated to be 2.6% and prevalence of the disease 1 in 370 neonates. There were statistically significant associations between hypothyroidism on the one hand and birthweight, type of feeding (nutrition), primary and serum TSH levels of the neonate on the other. Based on the findings, the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in Mashhad is significantly higher than that national and global averages. It is essential to conduct more comprehensive research to determine the associated factors and design suitable interventions in order to prevent the disease.

Investigating factors affecting the adoption of self-care behaviors in diabetic patients is necessary, especially by using a model that would identify and reinforce the factors affecting behavior. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictor factors associated with self-care behaviors among type2 diabetic patients by using social cognitive theory. In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study 320 patients with type2 diabetes mellitus were selected based on multistage random sampling. The data collection tools were a demographic researcher-made questionnaire based on the cognitive social model constructs- the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were calculated - and the standard self-care questionnaire for diabetes. After data collection, data were analyzed using independent t-test, one –way ANOVA and spearman’s correlation coefficient in SPSS21 at a significance level of 0.05. According to the findings, Outcome Expectation(r=0.263,P<0.05), Outcome Values(r=0.151, P<0.05), Self-Efficacy (r=0.350, P<0.05, Barrier Efficacy (r=0.432, P<0.05), the Environmental (r=0.173, P<0.05), Observation Learning )r=0.416, P<0.05), Understanding the Situation )r=0.251, P<0.05), Self-Regulation (r=0.462, P<0.05) and Emotional Coping (r=0.374, P<0.05) variables were positive correlated with self-care behaviors. Also, Emotional Coping variable was the most predictive variable (Beta=0.283). To maintain and improve the health of diabetic patients, social cognitive theory can be used to design and implement educational interventions for the self- care of diabetic patients.