محمدتقی معصومی

Today, not paying attention to the correct distribution of educational centers in cities has created many problems for citizens and students. For this reason, it is very important to identify the spatial distribution pattern of schools and the key factors affecting it. The research is correlation type and its purpose is to explain the significant impact of key variables affecting the distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. OLS regression analysis and GWR have been used in ArcGIS software. The relationship between the spatial distribution of schools and the spatial distribution of the population in Ardabil city was carried out with OLS regression and according to the results, the key variables affecting the spatial distribution of schools were identified. The effect coefficient of each of the key variables was calculated with both types of regression and the maps obtained from the coefficients were analyzed with GIS analytical functions. The result shows that the distribution of schools in Ardabil city did not follow the population distribution, but cultural, religious and sports factors had more effects on this distribution. Thus, the variable of cultural and religious uses has had the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of schools in the old construction areas and its informal settlements, and the least in the newly built areas and towns. Also, the biggest disproportion between the population density and the distribution of schools is seen in the central areas of the city, which are mainly located in the geographical territory of a municipality.

Today's metropolises are always exposed to damage caused by natural hazards for various reasons. These risks require immediate prevention and measures due to the many human and financial damages. One of the most destructive and common natural disasters is the earthquake, which has caused the greatest damage to human society from the past to the present day.Several studies have been conducted in relation to the resilience and management of natural hazards at home and abroad; Among these studies, we can refer to the researches of Ebrahimzadeh et al. with the title of analysis on the vulnerability caused by earthquakes with emphasis on providing the optimal model for the location of special uses for health care and education, a case study of the worn out fabric of Tabriz city. Mansour Naimi et al.'s research titled "Earthquake Risk Microzoning with Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Model in Zone 1 of Ahvaz Metropolis", Alexander with a research titled "Resilience against Earthquake", Kusumastoti et al. Natural Indonesia as well as the doctoral thesis of Boston in relation to building resilience through design with the approach of improving the efficiency of hospitals after earthquakes.Resilience as a concept can be used for any community and any type of disorder, whether natural, man-made or a combination of the two. The definition of resilience includes: 1. The ability of a system to absorb damage and loss, without going out of normal state 2. The ability of a system to organize and reorganize itself in different conditions 3. The ability of a system to increase and create Capacity to learn and strengthen its adaptability.Vulnerability is the possibility that a person or group is exposed to the incompatible effects of a hazard, which is actually an interaction between spatial hazards and social forms of societies.One of the goals of this project is to provide solutions to improve resilience according to the results and the strengths and weaknesses of Khalkhal city. Knowing the characteristics of the resilient city, measuring the level of urban resilience and also determining the effective methods of evaluating the resilience of Khalkhal city are among the main reasons for conducting the present research.

The method of collecting information in this research is mainly field and library method was also used during the research. In this research, first, the theoretical framework of the research was done by collecting information using documentary studies.In the following, in order to check the degree of resilience of the studied cities by examining previous researches, criteria and sub-criteria of resilience were determined; Then, in order to analyze the data, from weighting to the research indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in the form of Super Decision software, and in the Arc GIS environment, after preparing a vulnerability map for each criterion, using the technique of layer weighting and scoring the main and sub criteria. Its criteria have been used to prepare the final map of the natural index of Khalkhal city in Arc GIS software.Considering that some criteria are more important than other criteria and had a decisive role in the physical resilience of the city, a questionnaire was prepared to determine the relative importance of each of the indicators and it was distributed and completed among 15 expert experts.

It should be mentioned here that in order to evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city, all the layers and sub-criteria effective in the natural resilience of the region, which was the result of applying the weights obtained from ANP in the GIS environment, were analyzed and integrated, and then after standardizing all the indicators and using From the weight obtained from the network analysis model (ANP), standard balanced maps were prepared and finally zoning of resilient urban spaces. Therefore, at this stage, the resilience of the natural dimension was calculated using the Raster Calculator tool to be used in the final zoning of this dimension of resilience. This process was carried out for each index, and finally, the general natural resilience map of Khalkhal city, which is the result of combining 8 sub-criteria of the research, was extracted.

In the researches that are formed with the aim of analyzing the state of resilience, the most important issue that should be paid attention to is the analysis of vulnerability and the recognition of upcoming threats in order to identify the capacity and capabilities of resilience. The city of Khalkhal has little resilience against the earthquake crisis due to its geographical and tectonic location, numerous active faults, the irregular growth of the city in the boundaries of the faults and unstable lands, so planning to deal with this risk is considered vital. The current research aims to measure and evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city against different earthquake intensities and to achieve the first step of planning to deal with the earthquake crisis, which is to identify the overall resilience of the city. In this research, using standard indicators, the degree of vulnerability of Khalkhal city has been determined, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city has been drawn. According to the final map, which is the output of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was determined that the conditions in the western part of Khalkhal city are critical and during an earthquake, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high. Finally, in this thesis, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well and showed the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the western areas of Khalkhal city, in the final map.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between creativity variables with the level of creativity in Rasht and also to identify the effectiveness of each indicator in the realization of urban creativity. To conduct this research, creativity variables in four dimensions including creative infrastructure (13 indicators), creative activities (12 indicators), creative community (9 indicators) and quality of life (10 indicators) were selected A questionnaire technique was used to collect information. According to Cochran's formula, the maximum sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The number of questionnaires in each region was determined according to the relative share of the population in each region. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to analyze the data. The results of regression analysis in region one showed that the creative community variable with a modified coefficient of 0.651 has the greatest impact on urban creativity. Also, in the region, two variables of creative community with a modified coefficient of 0.659 have the greatest impact on urban creativity. The results showed regression analysis in region three The variable of creative activities with a modified coefficient of 0.523 has the greatest impact on urban creativity. The results showed regression analysis in region four The variable of quality of life with a modified coefficient of 0.612 has the greatest impact on urban creativity. The results of regression analysis in region five showed that the variable of creative community with a modified coefficient of 0.645 has the greatest impact on urban creativity

Although the city and urbanization are not a new phenomenon in human history, the "urbanization of societies" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities) is a new trend and a product of the widespread redistribution of the population in favor of urban settlements after the industrial revolution. (Azeimi, 2013: 22). Therefore, physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be inevitable (Ziari et al., 2013: 256). This expansion, due to the increase in population, out- and intra-urban migrations, has often occurred in the lands around the cities, which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands, environmental damage, and the uneven and scattered growth of cities (Mohammadi et al., 2012: 176). One of the main axes of urban planning is land use planning. In other words, due to the increase in population, the establishment of municipal services, and the attraction of the population of the cities and villages of the province, Rasht city has undergone extensive physical-spatial transformations in the past decades, which has caused the uneven expansion of the city and the emergence of the phenomenon of dispersion in the city. This shows the necessity of using all the existing powers and capacities of the city. For this purpose, it is necessary to achieve the sustainable growth and development of the city instead of the excessive development and growth of the city horizontally in the surrounding spaces, by filling the existing tissues of the city, increasing the balanced density and changing the use of the old and polluting buildings. In order to implement this development, it is very important to choose suitable and desirable points for development, and identifying these points requires a correct understanding of the factors and components that are relevant and effective in the development of intermediate-level development (Khalili, 2016: 3). Therefore, the most important mission of the present research is to investigate and evaluate the inter-development in the lands of Rasht city, in order to improve the physical, social and economic identity and the fabric of the cities, to bring life back to these urban fabrics, social justice, social security, vitality and follow the people's satisfaction, etc., in order to prevent the excessive expansion of the city and remove the obstacles to sustainable development. In general, the current research was compiled in order to answer the following question: Which of the parts of Rasht city is more suitable for intermediate development?

The current research is classified as a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of its nature. In this regard, after documentary and library studies, theoretical foundations were compiled, then the census statistics of 1390 and 1395 were used to identify intermediate development indicators. From among the total indicators effective in the development of the intermediate, 3 important and basic indicators (materials used, building quality and population distribution) that have the most impact on the development of the intermediate were selected. In order to show the distribution of data, GIS layers have been used at the level of the regions of Rasht according to the administrative-political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. In such a way that after recognizing the intermediate development indicators, information layers related to them have been produced using digital information and GIS database. In the continuation of the analysis process and in order to prioritize the 5 regions of Rasht city based on the Cooperas model in terms of intermediate development, the opinions of 15 experts and specialists in the urban planning profession were used for the initial evaluation of the studied indicators. It should be noted that the Shannon entropy model was used to weight the indicators.

The assessment of the urban land of Rasht shows that this city is due to the inappropriate and unbalanced distribution of urban land to different uses, with the deterioration of the fabric, lack of improvement and renovation of the fabric, the creation of empty and dilapidated spaces inside the fabric, lack of exploitation. Suitable and improvement of networks, scattered expansion of the city, inconsistency between neighboring uses, etc. have been faced. Therefore, with the studies carried out in the present research on the development of intermediate development in urban lands in different areas of Rasht city, it appears that region 3 has more favorable conditions for the development of intermediate development than other regions, and the major part of region 3 has a worn texture. More than 50% of it has vacant lands, which means that the vacant lands of this area can be reused by filling vacant or inefficient urban lands. Based on this, only identifying empty, barren lands or reusing lands with disproportionate use and filling the existing structure is not enough to face the problem of population overflow and respond to the demand for housing and services of this population, but it is necessary in addition to the capacities of Previously, he also acted in order to identify and implement other intermediate development capacities, such as the capacities that result from converting the upper spaces of shops into apartments, separating residential buildings, and redeveloping existing residential areas.

The city of Rasht is one of the important and developing cities of the country, in the past decades, with the increasing tendency to horizontal growth and challenging the ecology, sustainable urban and regional development has faced many problems. Directing urban development towards the periphery and destroying environmental resources - agriculture, problems such as disturbing the ecological balance, increasing service costs, not paying attention to the existing structures for improvement and renovation - which has disturbed the urban form and the proper functioning of the city in that area. - The increase of informal settlements - the attitude towards increasing the urban area by the city management, which results in an increase in the short-term income of the city management, will have side problems such as the lack of monitoring the growth and development of informal settlements.

Today, with the expansion of urbanization and the increase in the population of cities, urban poverty is one of the important problems that it seems necessary to fight. In the 21st century, one of the indicators of urban progress is the issue of low urban poverty (Lemanski and Marx, 2015). In order to analyze and evaluate the indicators of urban poverty in Rasht city in different blocks and to cluster social poverty in this city (very poor, poor, average, wealthy, very wealthy), to analyze social poverty and extract spatial hot spots from Arc software. Gis was used. And the extraction of different areas of the city was calculated from the R software and by the multi-indicator Prometheus decision-making method, where the weight of the indicators was obtained by the ANP method from the raw data of the statistical blocks of Rasht city in the census of 2015. The findings of the research showed that comparatively, the central parts of the city are covered by medium blocks, and in the outer and peripheral parts of the city center, two hot spot areas are observed, which contain very prosperous blocks. Cold spots are also clearly visible on the outer edge of the city and they cover very poor and poor blocks, and except for the hot and cold spots, the city is mostly in the form of mild spots and most of the blocks are in poor condition. They are placed in average social poverty. Also, based on the findings of the research, most of the deprived areas in terms of social poverty in Rasht city are located in the north-west and north-east parts of the city.

Considering the correct criteria in determining the route of roads can play a major role in reducing economic costs, increasing safety and access to roads, along with preserving the environment, and provide the basis for the growth and prosperity of the region. This research is of a descriptive-analytical type and was conducted with the aim of identifying a low-cost and safe route to connect Ardabil city with the center of the country through Tabriz-Zanjan freeway. The data required to conduct the research, which includes elevation points obtained from the Google Erath image and the OLI Landsat-9 satellite image, were collected. Digital height model, topography map, slope map were extracted from Google Earth image and land use map from Landsat satellite image. Then, the current Ardabil-Sarcham road route was digitized from the Google Earth image, and the condition of the road was examined from the perspective of the slope, and dangerous slopes were identified. In the last stage, using the Geographical Information System Builder model and using Dijkstra's algorithm, the least expensive route from Ardabil to Sarcham has been identified by considering the slope factor and then by simultaneously considering the two factors of slope and land use in the region. The results of the research show that the optimal proposed route is much better and safer than the current route from Ardabil to Sarcham both in terms of road length and road slope and land use, so that the length of the road is reduced by 25 km and 43 km from the route It has a slope of up to 10% and was dangerous, it has been reduced to 23 km and this reduction will reduce the economic costs, more safety for travelers and native residents of the region. Also, in the proposed route, the crossing of the first-class pastures has been reduced from 36 km to 22 km, and the crossing of the water fields, which previously covered 26 km, has been reduced to 13 km in the optimal proposed route, and this has an important impact on It will protect the environment.

Despite the recent advances in the analysis of seismic performance of a variety of building structures, structural reinforcement strategies are still one of the most technically challenging topics. The aim of this study is to close this study gap by providing a simple methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of buildings located in the dilapidated structures of Ardabil. The proposed method is a qualitative method based on field studies of 1440 different buildings. Damage index for all buildings is calculated and their average in earthquakes with magnitudes 7 to 9 on MSK scale, in terms of intensity for different types of buildings are plotted in bar charts and PGA in linearly. Has been. According to the results, approximately 30% of steel buildings are less than 20 years old and due to the revision of Standard 2800 compared to the time of their construction against earthquakes with Intensity 8 has a high probability of damage and in intensity 9 there is a possibility of collapse and destruction of the building. The results show that this structural system is in a better condition than buildings with building materials. Buildings with concrete structures that are less than 15 years old are prone to moderate damage with a magnitude of 8 and high probability of damage at a magnitude of 9. Finally, concrete structures performed better than steel and masonry systems. In general, the results show that most of the buildings in dilapidated and historic structures are exposed to an earthquake with a magnitude of 8 in the row of high damage and a magnitude of 9 total damage and destruction. Highly vulnerable buildings are mostly located in central parts of the city (especially Zone One).

Twenty-first-century cities are rapidly changing in shape and size. This transformation in the present century has accelerated urban growth without planning for the main element of the city, namely man. But have cities been able to adapt to this increase in population and meet the needs of the people living inside them? Today's cities in Iran are no exception to this rule, but more than other countries have sometimes been involved in this issue. Historically, creativity has always been the driving force of cities, and cities have survived in terms of creativity. A creative city is a place for the growth of people's creativity and open space for creative development and investment and the creation of creative urban growth in the context of peace and comfort for the future. The creative city seeks to remove deprecation from urban spaces that push people rapidly toward the abyss of urban decline. Therefore, creative planning seeks to identify and create creative urban spaces that lead to urban development. In this study, urban creativity indices based on Florida’s theory were analyzed by the SPSS method using 384 questionnaires designed based on the Likert method. To weight creativity indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in Super Decision software and TOPSIS multi-criteria decision model was used to analyze the variables of urban creativity indicators. 

The world today is increasingly urbanized and more than half of the world's population lives in cities. Accordingly, the city is now a place where new combinations of cultures and economies are emerging and developing. Therefore, the city is conceptualized using terms such as creative city and creative class, which express the importance of culture in the urban context.  In modern approaches to the city, the creative city has been proposed as a strategic method in the field of thinking. The turning point of the third wave of urbanization is knowledge-based and creative cities. Cities and urban environments can be considered the best and most valuable technological, artistic, cultural, and social achievements of human beings over the centuries. Today, after the introduction of terms such as creative class, creative industries, and creative city by UNESCO, the approach of many cities has been towards creativity from urban planning to design and urban planning.The metropolis of Tabriz is no exception to this rule. The existence of cultural and educational places such as numerous universities, technology parks, research centers, industrial centers is very important in the field of economy and becoming the industrial hub of northwestern Iran. Finally, the existence of cultural, artistic, and tourist places such as the largest indoor market and historic houses with global and national registration has a great share in attracting foreign and domestic tourists. It may help to achieve economic prosperity and to become a creative city by attracting tourists and flourishing creative industries. According to the subject of the research, it is assumed that the historical-cultural region of Tabriz metropolis has the greatest ability to realize a creative city. Due to the importance of creativity in urban planning, this study seeks to find the answer to the following question.
What is the situation of the historical and cultural region of the eight metropolises of Tabriz in terms of creativity? 

This research is practical in terms of the type of research and purpose and the conducted method is descriptive-analytical. To weight creativity indicators, the ANP network analysis model in Super Decision software and to analyze the studied variables, i.e. indicators related to urban creativity, multi-criteria, or multi-criteria TOPSIS decision model was used to prioritize areas. After designing the questionnaires, the data of the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and the results are extracted.

The hypothesis formulated in this research is that the historical and cultural region of the eight metropolises of Tabriz is the greatest ability to create a creative city. Analyzes performed using ANP and TOPSIS methods show that the historical and cultural region of the eight metropolises of Tabriz is in the first place. The score obtained for the eight cultural and historical regions of Tabriz in the view of Florida with the TOPSIS model is equal to CLI = 0.3133.Also, according to the analysis of the questionnaires, the eight metropolitan areas of Tabriz was ranked first among the ten districts of Tabriz.Therefore, with all the analyzes, it is clear that the historical and cultural area of Tabriz metropolis has the most ability to pay attention to the creative city among other areas of Tabriz. 

According to previous research on the relationship between culture and creativity, which was mentioned in the research background, the results of this study also confirm that there is an effective and significant relationship between cultural factors in the city and the creativity of that city. The stronger the cultural factors (arts, cultural industries, performing arts, music and folklore literature, etc.) along with other indicators of creativity in a city, the urban area is the most urban creativity and the most prone area for creative planning.

Following the horizontal expansion of the city around the city, some spaces have been abandoned within the city and have failed to develop. These spaces, which are called intermediate levels, have the potential to develop the city because of their establishment within cities. One of the benefits of intermediate development is now environmental benefits and promotion of sustainable urban development indicators. Urban Development, unlike other urban development policies, is a complex, multi -faceted, intermediate and transcendental issue given that it takes place in the context of the existing city and with the presence of residents, citizens and neighborhood units. Inappropriate uses are reformed within the city's present -day life such as prisons, military garrisons, factories and intruders within the city. The level of passages and access networks, the level of green space, etc. approach urbanization standards. Increased development is to build new buildings on empty lands or unused parts between neighborhood units as well as commercial areas. In fact, the term of development, renovation, refurbishment and usability of existing urban areas, and equitable distribution of urban buildings and facilities at all areas and levels, is to provide and regenerate and reorganize the body of the city. Special for cities that face horizontal development restrictions is a good approach. Typically, cities that are facing natural bottlenecks and land limited to their horizontal expansion are the basis for the use of urban development, as well as other Iranian cities, have accelerated urbanization as a result of severe rural migration to the city. The agricultural and forest lands of its suburbs have been resolved, which in the future will lead to environmental consequences such as rising temperatures, shortage of crop land, urban irregularity, increased cost of service, and so on. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to measure the intermediate development in Rasht based on indicators (physical and demographic).

It is now possible to use the work of the work, and from the point of view of the method and the method in the sheets. For data analysis, the text of the text (document) of the general census of the population and housing in 2016 and the GIS layers in the Rasht city level are used in terms of administrative -political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. The present study attempts to analyze and analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development in different areas of Rasht in the context of the concepts and relying on the current situation. In the work process, the data were first compiled and theoretical by using library and electronic resources, and then, in order to analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development, investigate the existing capacities of the region in the form of physical indicators (type The materials, the life of the building and the quality of the building) and the demographic index have been taken. The following layers of information related to them are produced using digital information and GIS databases.

Spatial Distribution of Physical Index: In order to analyze the spatial distribution of the physical index of criteria (type of material, building life and quality of buildings) at different regions of the city of Rasht, each of which is described. • The materials used in the building and the life of the building The life index of the building or in other words the age of the residential unit is one of the qualitative indicators in the housing sector and related studies. In this study, the materials used in the building are specified in the form of 4 spectra, with the highest amount of the second spectrum (brick and iron), which have moderate to low resistance to natural disasters. In this study, buildings over 20 years have dated the title of development component between the criterion of action. That is to say, the older buildings of 20 years of life with brick and iron materials, the potential and development capacity of the inter -neighborhood in that area or neighborhood. Of course, it depends on the materials used in the building, which is more commonly used in the study city of brick and iron. According to the materials used in the building and the life of the building, the districts (2,3,4), dating back to 20 years, have the largest brick and iron building in Rasht and the neighborhoods (1,5) of the new neighborhood. And they are newly manufactured with steel structure materials. Therefore, areas (2,3,4), given that it is used as brick and iron, has the potential to develop intermediate development. • Quality of buildings The quality status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (renovation, medium, old and destructive) according to the research goals. Based on spatial distribution of buildings quality,District 2 of Rasht has the lowest and destructive area, and the neighborhoods of Rasht are among the old neighborhoods of the city and form the main core of the city. Areas (5, 3,4) in Rasht also have a renovation building. Accordingly, the greater the area of destructive and restoration, the higher the capacity and potential of the city for the development of the middle. District (1) Rasht is a renovation and without destruction. Finally, it can be stated that the neighborhoods (3,4,5, 2) have the largest area of destructive and restoration, so they have the highest potential for intermediate development. •population density Population density is one of the indicators in the field of developmental development. The population density status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (density below 50, density of 51-21, density of 150-101 and density above 150).High population density belongs to part of District 2, high density (4, 3, 2), which is the logic of 3 suburbs and informal, mostly due to the relatively high migration of villagers and other provincial cities, especially East Azerbaijan (Hashtrood). And Ardebil (Khalkhal) has been in this part of the city in recent years. Areas (3, 1) have a moderate population density and eventually the 5th district of Rasht has the lowest density. Given the population density index, which is one of the intermediate development potential in Rasht city, the lower the population density of the city, the capacity, potential and capacity to develop between greater and population attraction. So the concept of population density indicates the relationship between the number of people and their occupation space. Population scattering plays an important role in implementing urban development plan, and areas with low population density are more prioritized than elsewhere.

Regional planning is a collaborative effort for policymaking, organizing, exploitation and optimal use of regional resources and potentials, in accordance with needs and priorities, to raise the living standards of regional people with the help of regional institutions and structures. This study aimed to identify driving factors in regional development of Ardabil province. The study was done in three stages. The first stage was obtaining information from high-level documents and obtaining the opinions of 30 experts by using Delphi survey technique. The main driving factors of development were investigated in 9 areas and 50 factors were identified. In the second stage, using the cross-impact matrix, the identified factors were scored and completed by 30 experts, senior experts and specialists who were well-informed about the province's development issues. In the third stage, by using MICMAC software, the most key effective factors in the regional development of this province were identified. The results showed that among the 50 main variables, 14 variables, which had the highest score, were the key variables driving regional development in Ardabil province. Drawing the attention of planners and executive agents of the province to main roads, changes in the management style of the province, the transit network, and reforming the planning of the province can enhance the prosperity of people in Ardabil province.

In order to evaluate the level of urban poverty in different blocks of Rasht city and to cluster poverty in this city (very poor, poor, average, prosperous, very prosperous), 17 indicators of urban poverty using Arc GIS software and hot spot analysis method The space of urban poverty was drawn according to their poverty components. The rate of urban poverty in different blocks of Rasht city was calculated using R statistical software and Prometheus multi-indicator decision-making method, where the weights of the indicators were calculated using the ANP method from the raw data of the statistical blocks of Rasht city obtained in the census of 2015. The findings of the research showed that the hot spots (prosperous and very prosperous) are mostly seen in the central core of the city. On the other hand, cold spots (poor, very, and poor) are mostly observed in the outskirts of the city in the east, west, and southwest of Rasht city. The border between these two regions of moderate spots is a dividing line and the border of urban poverty from poor to wealthy. The comparison of the components shows that educational poverty has followed and expanded from a uniform structure in this city. The noticeable difference in the dimensions of urban poverty is in the social component and the economic component, so that the pattern of distribution of social poverty and economic poverty are inverted, wherever the social poverty is more, the economic poverty is less in them. Also, a significant difference between educational poverty and social poverty can be seen in the northeastern region of Rasht, which is poor and very poor in terms of social poverty, and on the contrary, it is prosperous and very prosperous in terms of education.

In this research, the multidimensional poverty index approach was used to calculate the amount of urban poverty in different blocks based on the components related to economic poverty, social poverty, and educational poverty.

In the city of Rasht, the dimensions of the physical development of the city have more obvious consequences. With its social, economic, industrial, etc. attractions, Rasht city has been known as a population attraction pole in the region, and the demographic changes and the subsequent physical development of the city after land reform in the second Pahlavi period from 1956 until now confirm this. Due to the location of this city in a smooth and fertile plain, this development has generally been associated with the destruction of agricultural lands and the annexation of villages around the city. Considering the rapid changes in population and the physical growth of the city, the need for planned development and urban organization is felt more than before.The effective factors in increasing the number of immigrants to the city of Rasht can be divided into two main natural and human groups from the point of view of geography and urban planning: natural factors such as: special geographical situation and earthquakes that happened in the surrounding cities. Human factors such as: political, economic-social factors, as well as rural repulsive and urban attractive factors. The increase in population has caused the reduction of urban per capita, so that different indicators are completely unbalanced in the city.The spatial expansion of Rasht city has expanded in a spiral and within the void and has integrated many agricultural lands within its service limits. Among other things that have been affected by the population growth are the heavy pollution of the rivers located in the city, as well as the increase in the production of garbage, urban sewage, and the change in the use of agricultural land. The growth of the population and especially the arrival of immigrants in Rasht city has caused a kind of selective economic-social separation in the city. Among other things, we can mention the increase in the level of informal settlements in the outskirts of the city and the increase in the amount of social crimes in these areas.Although the expansion of the city in the form of a star causes the land to remain empty in the distance between its radii, but these lands provide better conditions for the development of green spaces, forestry and parks. In general, at some distances from this design, the big ring roads connect the radii to each other. There is no development around the main roads. The main roads connect to different areas of the city at the intersection with Shuaa. This form is the logical result of the expansion of concentrated cities that begin to expand along the roads outside the city. Star city development allows for a centralized and compact model with a center and pulls public transportation to the city center, so that the entire city and its people have access to the city center, which, among other things, The merits of the plan are counted. Also, the existence of green spaces that have access to rural spaces also provides an environment for walking, cycling, horse racing and sightseeing. The theoretical model of the development of Rasht city, a combination of three models of multi-core construction (with the main cores of the central market, Zarjoub, Motahari Street, Pirsara and Golsar), general construction of the city (establishment of service units based on the geographical conditions of the city) and sectoral construction (Nashi) It is from the creation of radial streets such as Imam Khomeini, Shariati, Lahijan, Saadi, Shahid Ansari, Biston and Lakani Street). Due to the construction of this city, it has a radial-ring construction, which is indicated by the communication lines and accesses.

Based on the research findings and the comparison of social poverty, economic poverty, educational poverty and urban poverty in Rasht, the distribution of poverty in Rasht follows a uniform structure and has expanded. The noticeable difference in the dimensions of urban poverty is in the social component and the economic component, so that the distribution pattern of social poverty and economic poverty are inverted, so that wherever social poverty is more, economic poverty is less in them. A clear example of this is Hafez Abad in the west of the city. It is Rasht. Also, there is a significant difference between educational poverty and social poverty in the northeast region of Rasht, the rural neighborhood of Imam Reza, which is poor and very poor in terms of social poverty, but prosperous and very prosperous in terms of education. In terms of similarity, a significant similarity between the social dimension with the educational dimension and the economic dimension with the multidimensional poverty of Rasht city can be seen in most parts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the future study of urban resilience of Tabriz metropolis against flood chaos. In this regard, Tabriz resilience scenarios were formulated and the desired scenario was determined and executive strategies for the desired scenarios were developed using the SOAR model and the quality house matrix (HOQ). Thus, using the information obtained from the current situation study and survey of experts (10 experts by snowball method) and using Scenario wizard software, Tabriz metropolis resilience scenarios (scenarios with high probability to scenarios With low probability) has been compiled. Then, from a variety of scenarios, appropriate scenarios are selected that are tailored to the desired future. Understanding the key issues, understanding the current situation, and understanding the possible, probable and believable futures are the sides of a triangle that make it possible to map out the desired vision or future for planning. Finally, strategies for improving resilience regarding the desired scenarios were formulated, executive strategies for the desired scenario were presented, and superior strategies were selected. The results showed that the use of educational programs, domestic and foreign experiences, the desire of citizens to learn knowledge and awareness and benefit from the programs of domestic and foreign organizations in order to increase awareness and knowledge of citizens is the best The strategy is to increase the resilience of Tabriz.

The situation of Guilan province indicates duality and regional imbalances. It seems that there is a need to complete and sufficient knowledge of the factors that play a role in balanced spatial development of the cities in the Guilan province. The main purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors on the balanced spatial development of cities in this province. This research has used the questionnaire and Delphi method to collect data. In first step, 60 effective factors on the balanced spatial development of cities in Guilan province were identified in three dimensions of population, activity, and space. Then, the significance of these factors was evaluated using the One-Sample T-Test, and 28 high important factors were identified. Next, using Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) identified the main factors. Research results demonstrated that three main factors play a key role in the balanced development of Guilanian cities; and in the field of transportation, 41.74% ofthe variances could explain all research variables. Geographical location and tourism and services also explained 26.18 and 18.51% of the variance of all research variables, respectively. Totally, these threefactors explained 86.04% of the total variances. Results also showed that Gilan province has different types of transportation patterns, and its proximity to the Caspian Sea and its littoral countries has made it possible development of port commercial activities and tourism for province. Therefore, the favorable future of the province will be achieved relying on three factors of transportation, environmental and geographical potentials, and strengthening tourism infrastructure.

One of the main issues in today's cities is the decline of environmental quality in urban neighborhoods. In response to this issue, the neo-urbanism movement was raised to study in countries and shed light on urban planning. 

Objectives: 

The main purpose of this study is to identify the indicators of the urbanism movement at the level of urban neighborhoods and to investigate the situation of neighborhoods in Rasht based on these indicators.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. First, the study extracted indicators and items based on the studies of theoretical foundations and research background on urbanism. Questionnaires and GIS maps were used to collect information. The TOPSIS model was used to analyze and rank the neighborhoods.

 Geographical Context: 

The neighborhoods of Rasht metropolis were the study area. 

Based on the average scores obtained for the five districts of Rasht, District Two, which actually includes the historical context of Rasht, is more in line with the principles of neo-urbanism with an average score of 0. 466. District Three was ranked second with an average score of 0. 345. This district is in the eastern part of Rasht. Finally, regions four, one and Five were ranked third to fifth, respectively. The final average score for the city of Rasht was estimated to be 0. 342. 

Since the points of the TOPSIS model are between zero and 1, in general, the neighborhoods of Rasht have relatively low compliance with neo-urbanism principles. Therefore, the paper makes suggestions such as preventing the increase in building density in the historical context, strengthening public transportation, maintaining and strengthening public and green open spaces, increasing the optimal building density in new constructions, increasing the quality of sidewalks and increasing the safety and security of pedestrians.

The location of most of the cities in the boundaries of active faults has increased the vulnerability of urban buildings to earthquakes. The city of Marand is located within 15 kilometers of the active fault line of Azerbaijan in earthquake zoning. The presence of marginal and worn-out tissues will cause double damage to these tissues against earthquakes. The present research has investigated and analyzed the earthquake risk in the human settlements of Marand using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population of this research is the worn-out tissues of Marand. In order to assess the earthquake risk in the study area, first the earthquake risk assessment model was presented in the worn-out context of Marand, and then by weighting the indicators using the opinion of urban science experts and information processing in the geographical information system environment, through the model weighted overlap, vulnerability zoning map of worn out fabric of Marand was extracted. Building quality indicators, building age, structure type, distance from roads, facade type, building density, and population density have been used to evaluate the vulnerability of worn-out fabric. According to the maps derived from the weighted overlay model, 40% of the worn-out fabric area of ​​Marand with an area of ​​372,958 square meters (37.2 hectares) is exposed to very high and high vulnerability to earthquakes.

The prevailing opinion is that the model of New Urbanism can provide a city with a suitable quality of life. Therefore, the city of Ardabil was studied from the perspective of New Urbanism to propose solutions to solve its problems with the knowledge of the quality level of the region. The aim of this research is to know the executive strategies for improving the quality of the city's environment from the perspective of New Urbanism.

By using the survey method and collecting information through questionnaires, documents, and considering the climatic and biological conditions of Ardabil city, first the priorities of the ten principles of New Urbanism were determined by the AHP method, then by using the SWOT method, the type of dominant strategy was identified as a combination of strengths and opportunities (SO). 67 executive strategies of the SO type were proposed and scored by the votes of 45 experts and finally, three strategies were selected.

Examining the internal and external factors of the city showed that strengths will overcome weaknesses and opportunities will overcome threats. The state of the city in terms of compliance with the principles of New Urbanism is "bad" and is equivalent to a score of 2.288 out of four.

By following the selected executive strategies in the city, it is possible to approach the principles of New Urbanism and provide a city with better livability while preserving the city's identity.

The expansion of urbanization and the specific issues and problems of urban life, it is necessary to pay attention to the comprehensive and beneficial strategies for optimization the life of the inhabitants of the cities. In this regard, the concept of urban prosperity is considered as a broad conceptual framework in the field of human and social welfare development measurement, which includes 5 dimensions of productivity, quality of life, infrastructure, social justice and environmental sustainability. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate urban prosperity in the four regions of Ardabil. This research is applied theory in terms of purpose, and analytical description in terms of nature and method. To achieve the research goal, the 5 main criteria of urban prosperity index are used in the form of 55 sub-criteria. The information and data required in this research have been collected using library resources and statistics of 2016. For analysis, first the data is standardized and then the network analysis process (ANP) is used to weight each of the indicators. Finally, using the Prometheus model, urban prosperity has been scored for each of the four districts of Ardabil. Research results shows districts 1 and 2 of Ardabil city are relatively weak and districts 3 and 4 are weak in terms of having urban prosperity index. Also, due to the concentration of facilities in the central parts of the city, from the rate of urban prosperity decreases from the city center to the outskirts in all areas. the ranking of the regions shows that regions 1 and 4 have the highest and lowest urban prosperity by scores of 50.20 and 49.77, respectively.

The issue of environmental quality in the neighborhoods of Rasht is one of the priorities of managers, because some variables have challenged the quality of urban environment in Rasht in terms of quantity and quality. That can be addressed to issues such as environmental pollution, access, safety and comfort and the lack of neighborhood identity noted. The aim of this study was to identify the indicators of the new urbanism at the level of urban neighborhoods and to study and adapt the situation of Rasht neighborhoods based on the indicators of new urbanism. Three criteria of transportation, physical, housing and urban context were examined based on 15 indicators. GIS maps and expert questionnaires were used to collect information. For data analysis, AHP model and index overlap method in GIS software were used. The results showed the southern neighborhoods of the city had the highest compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism, the central and western neighborhoods had the least compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism, and the eastern and northern neighborhoods had moderate compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism. Finally, according to the situation of each area, solutions such as planning and design for the construction of neighborhood centers and neighborhood centers in the neighborhoods of the region, preventing the increase of building density in the area of valuable and historic buildings, tree planting along the sidewalks, increasing the optimal building density in new constructions to improve the quality of urban neighborhoods based on the principles of neo-urbanism was presented.

Various strategies and theories have been proposed to solve the problems caused by the phenomenon of urban decline and its various economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions, which are summarized in the urban regeneration approach. Reconstruction based on social components as a new approach to the development of cities. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting urban regeneration with emphasis on social components. Descriptive-analytical research group is located. Statistical population of research of knowledgeable people; Experts and elites in the field of sustainable urban regeneration in dilapidated texture and its effects on the development of public spaces in the 20th district of Tehran. Urban planners, municipal officials of District 20, Tehran City Renovation Organization, etc. were selected and appointed. In this study, the required information collection method was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and in order to exploit the strengths and opportunities as well as reduce weaknesses and threats for urban regeneration of worn-out tissue in the 20th district of Tehran, the SWOT model was used.Analysis of urban creation in the 20th district of Tehran has many strengths and opportunities for formulating appropriate urban strategies among SO, WO, WT and ‌‌ST strategies, and the results obtained from the strategies indicate that SO strategy, ie offensive strategy as The first strategy for urban regeneration is the dilapidated texture of District 20 of Tehran in the first place.

The historical study of cities shows a kind of defensive perspective in the context and construction of cities. Even today, in most countries of the world, despite the changes Basically in war patterns, the issue of defense against aggression and hostile actions has a special place in the heart of urban and regional planning. Passive defense refers to a set of measures that do not require the use of weapons and its implementation will reduce human casualties and financial damage to vital and sensitive equipment and facilities, and by using it can be in case of threats and attacks and damage. And damage, immediately rebuild or replace forces and facilities and continue services. The main purpose of this study is to study the field of Ardabil administrative centers with the principles of passive defense against threats and for this purpose to study the historical geography of Ardabil from defense and security aspects and defense considerations for the city in the past. Passive defense measures in the history of civilization in Ardabil have been studied. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical; One of the most important tools for data collection is the study and field study of the distribution of sensitive and important offices and centers and their distribution in the GIS environment is examined. The current situation of the city in terms of distribution of offices, important centers and Sensitive has been studied by preparing GIS maps for Ardabil city and finally a practical solution has been presented in observing the principles of passive defense in Ardabil urban planning

This study aimed to explore the development of provinces in Iran. To achieve this goal, 71 indices in 6 regions obtained from the statistical yearbooks of 2016 were used to investigate the development of the provinces. This is an applied research. Shannon’s entropy method was used for weighting and Electre and Vikor’s multipleattribute decisionmaking techniques were used to measure development. To have uniform results, Copeland’s technique was used. Also spatial statistical techniques,hot spots method, clusters and non-clusters were utilized for cluster and non-cluster mapping and spatial analysis of inequalities. The results showed that only Semnanprovince was in a very good condition and provinces like Isfahan, Yazd, Ardabil, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari were in a good condition. Among other provinces, Alborz, Kerman, Kurdistan and Khorasan Razavi were deprived areas and the provinces of Hormozgan and Sistan were very deprived. The results of spatial statistics analysis using hot spots analysis based on Copeland’s scorerevealed that Semnan and Mazandaran provinces with 95% probability and Golestan, Tehran, and Isfahan provinces with 90% probability were hot spots. Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan provinces were 90% likely to be cold spots. The other provinces of the country did not form statistically significant hot or cold spots. The analysis of clusters and non-clusters using Copeland’s method indicated that Semnan province was a high-value cluster (HH) and Alborz province was a non-cluster surrounded by high values (LH).

The religion of Islam, as a worldview, introduces principles and values to its followers and calls on its people to follow it, in which citizens are considered the most important element of the city and determine the manifestation and construction of the city. This is a kind of indication of urban planning policy. So, an Islamic city is meaningless without a religious world and without the people to whom it belongs. And the Islamic nature of the city indicates that this place should be a manifestation of Islamic values. Thus, all Islamic orders and laws have influenced the construction of cities and given them a special identity that is different from other cities in the world. But today, the physical structure of the Muslim urban space has suffered from confusion, multiplicity, and imitation of Western patterns, and it is difficult to find the characteristics of an Islamic city in it. And they have distanced themselves from Islamic guidelines, mainly as a result of the spread of foreign culture. Therefore, recognizing each of the components and criteria for building a genuine Islamic city and adapting it to existing cities can lead to re-reading and revitalization of Islamic cities. Ardabil is one of the cities which has shown the manifestation of many elements and components of the Islamic city.  Therefore, investigating the degree of compatibility of components and elements of Ardabil urban areas with the indicators and criteria of the original Islamic city in the framework of intellectual, behavioral, and objective requires appropriate and transparent research. This study seeks to achieve the extent to which the urban areas of Ardabil have been able to meet the criteria of the original Islamic city in their spatial planning policies.

In this regard, a combination of two descriptive-analytical methods was used to achieve the desired result. Documentary (library) and field (citizen questionnaire collection) methods have been used to collect data. First, the indicators and components of the original Islamic city were identified. Then in the next stage, criteria were identified for each indicator. Finally, for each of the criteria, the total number of which reached 21 primary criteria, about 3-4 items for each criterion were developed using a LIKERT scale (five options). A total of 80 research questions were prepared for intellectual, ideological, practical, and behavioral aspects. Expert opinions were used for the validity of the questionnaire, and CRONBACH'S alpha coefficient was used for reliability. The statistical population was the citizens of Ardabil. The statistical sample size was 383 people using Cochran's sampling formula by stratified sampling method from five Districts of Ardabil based on a simple random method without replacement. And the sample size is a function of distance measurement between the ages of 15 to 65 years.

Based on the indicators involved in the emergence and realization of the original Islamic city in the urban areas of Ardabil, the QI value indicates that Districts 1, 2, 5, 3, and 4 were ranked, respectively. According to this model, the closer the Q figures are to one, the more adaptable the urban areas of Ardabil will be to the criteria of the original Islamic city, and the better the urban space planning policy will be. Based on the final findings, the main gap is between District 1 and other ones. That is, the urban areas of Ardabil can be classified into two levels according to the indicators involved in the emergence and realization of the original Islamic city. The first level is District 1. The Second level is Districts 2, 3, 4, and 5. However, it can be stated that District 1 with the rank of 1 is in the best situation and District 4 with the rank of 5 is in the worst situation.

In the process of model analysis, the current situation of each urban area of Ardabil was evaluated and matched with 21 criteria, and the overall results indicate that the Islamic city of Ardabil has a near-average situation with an average (Qi 0.43062). Based on the results of the WASPAS model, District 1 of Ardabil city by achieving 17 out of 21 criteria with Qi 0.59393, was able to obtain the closest and first rank of compatibility of components and elements of the original Islamic city. District 2 of Ardabil city was ranked second with the implementation of 9 criteria out of a total of 21 major criteria of the original Islamic city (Qi 0.4258). District 5 of Ardabil city achieved the third rank compared to other urban areas by fulfilling 12 criteria and with the figure (Qi 0.4099). District 3 of Ardabil took the fourth place (Qi 0.3978) by fulfilling 14 criteria. Finally, District 4 of Ardabil, with adaptability and the realization of 5 criteria out of a total of 21 criteria of the original Islamic city, has gained the fifth rank with the number (Qi / 0.3803), which is the farthest distance. Thus, in spatial planning policies, this region needs more effective planning and organization based on the criteria of the original Islamic city. However, all districts have shortcomings until they reach the desired goal.

Each kind of worldview and ideology can create a certain type of urban planning and of course the appearance of the city according to its teachings. Islamic urban planning is not separate from Islamic ideology and its inhabitants and is the crystallization of their thinking and lifestyle. In Islam, the emergence of any phenomenon by the people occurs in three main aspects: Intellectual and ideological aspects, practical and moral aspects, objective aspects that all together lead to the emergence of authentic Islamic cities. Today, due to the influence of foreign culture, the mentioned aspects are weak and even disturbed. In this article, we intend to determine the location of each urban area of Ardabil from the mentioned aspects. Therefore, this study tries to answer the question: How close are the urban areas of Ardabil to the elements involved in the emergence and realization of the main Islamic city? This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose and its data has been collected both in the form of documents and field (citizens questionnaire). The statistical population of this research is the citizens of Ardabil. Using Cochran's sampling formula, 383 people were selected as the statistical sample of the study by stratified sampling method from five regions of Ardabil (proportional to the population of regions) and COPRAS model was used to analyze the data and it was found that each One of the urban areas of Ardabil has different ratios in terms of proximity and compatibility with the elements involved in the emergence of the original Islamic city In general, the position of Ardabil city in terms of compliance and proximity with the characteristics of the elements of the original Islamic city based on the COPRAS model and with an average (NJ 88.44) is a more appropriate situation.

The expansion of different problems in cities has clarified the necessity for comprehensive attention to useful strategies to optimize the life of residents in cities. In line with these new developments, new concepts and terms like creative city entered the area of urban management and planning and was used by urban scholars and planners for describing the new roles and functions of cities.Cross impact analysis is a method for identifying the key factors. Micmac software was used for this analysis.In this regard, the results of studies indicated that seven factors (Modern technologies, Tourism quality, Access to internet technologies, Educational programs and activities, Variety of job opportunities, Handicrafts and local exhibitions and Number of entrepreneurs) can be identified as the key factors in creating the creative city of Rasht. Then, a 21 * 21 cross matrix was designed for seven key factors based on the possible states of Rasht development with a creative approach to prepare the scenario portfolio and it was then provided to experts along with a questionnaire and a guide on how to respond. The data collected at this stage were entered into scenario wizard software for analysis. Based on the combination of 21 probable states, 2187 hybrid scenarios were extracted including all probable states and the progress of Rasht creativity development in the future. The scenarios provided by the Scenario Wizard software included:- Four scenarios with high compatibility- 1542 scenarios with low compatibility - and 641 scenarios without compatibility