محمدرضا مثنوی

Currently, many decayed urban fabric inside the cities suffer from physical problems, lack of sufficient green space and proper accessibility, and weak infrastructure. In order to overcome these problems, some researchers have proposed the creation and strengthening of urban infrastructures through the connection of open and green spaces in urban environments. The aim of this research is to improve the ecological network structure of the green space network of the 9th district of Tehran through landscape metrics, to achieve a better quality of life and improve the environmental conditions in these areas. Based on this, at first, using satellite images and land use map of Tehran city, the required geographical data of the network map within the decayed fabric of the 9th district of Tehran was prepared. And then two levels were chosen to restore the green patches: the macro level (Teheran District 9) where the most important green spaces and their changes during the years 2002, 2017 with the help of landscape metrics (CAP, NP, MNN, MPS, LPI, AWMSI, MSI, PD) was calculated in FRAGSTATS 4.2.1 software; and the micro level was considered: distressed urban fabric of neighborhoods such as Dastgheyb, Imamzade Abdullah, Shamshiri, Sar Asiyab Mehrabad. By determining the most important green patches and identifying the optimal corridors based on the resistance of the landscape at the macro level and with the help of graph theory and the minimum cost model, these spaces were connected at the macro level and then at the micro level, creating an ecological network within the urban fabric. The findings of the research show that the green patches in terms of size, number, continuity, composition and spatial distribution in Region 9 have suffered severe destruction. And the fragmentation of green spaces and the distance between them has increased in 2017. It is recommended to protect the privacy of the Kan River, transfer the industries from the area and release their spaces to increase the open spaces and vegetation and the network of green spaces in the open spaces of district 9.

Problem statement: 

Climate change and its consequences influence all environmental, social, and economic conditions of cities. One of the most important ideas to overcome urban issues is implementing urban greening (UG) to improve the ecology and sustainability of cities; however, the manner of adopting this idea is facing numerous challenges. In recent years, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have proposed an emerging and comprehensive concept for solving the ecological and social challenges of cities at macro and micro levels.

The main goal of the research is to identify and analyze the concept of NbS in solving the challenge of managing urban green structures from both theoretical and practical dimensions. Based on this concept, the current research to answer the question of how and in what dimensions NbS, as a comprehensive concept, may support the process of greening cities.

Research mthod: 

This study investigates the concepts and principles of NBS and extracts its features by applying the systematic review of theoretical foundations and adopting the analytical method; it is followed by targeting the added values ​​and its conceptual and operational obstacles by addressing the concept of UG.

NbS as a transdisciplinary and collaborative concept, by considering the dynamics of the environment, suggests planning for long-term projects with specific solutions for each place while preserving natural, biological, and cultural values to solve the complex challenges.  Most of the features and principles of these solutions overlap with UG concepts, and from the operational aspect, they are a suitable and relatively comprehensive approach for implementing the desired concepts compared to UG approaches. However, a more precise definition is required to address the conceptual nature of NbS, as they are still encountering theoretical and practical obstacles. These conceptual barriers trigger both basic concepts and explanations of perceptual dimensions, while the implementation barriers consist of weak communication between organizations, and between them and the related stakeholders, which includes the temporal-spatial dimensions as well. According to the three-case method (‘concept’, ‘principles & characteristics’, and ‘implementation processes’), the study mainly focuses on two main categories to remove obstacles: 1) considering the features of entirety and multiplicity to resolve the conceptual obstacles, 2) defining the principles of Realism and the applicability, process-based concept, and acceptability of solutions in eliminating the implementation obstacles.

This study is aimed at investigating and formulating strategies for the ecological restoration of the Khoshk River in Shiraz in the framework of sustainable urban development with a focus on flood management. Using an exploratory-correlative research method and library data, the most relevant literatures are reviewed and analyzed based on reliable historical documents, field observations, and remote sensing. These generates a theoretical model which identifies the effective ecological components and related strategies for urban river ecosystem restoration according to sustainable urban development framework. The model draws four stages of restoration including: river survey, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, , and monitoring and evaluation. The ecological components and sustainable urban development framework form a process-based structure that enables the assessment of the ecological conditions of the Khoshk River with emphasis on flood management to restore the river system. Effective strategies for the ecological restoration of the Khoshk River include integrated catchment management in the Shiraz basin, protection and restoration of its ecological habitat, preventing the transfer of pollution from sewage and urban runoff into the streambed, filtering pollutants naturally with phytoremediation, implementing water harvesting schemes, controlling river flow rate, restoring river morphology in particularly usable areas in the southern and south-eastern regions of Shiraz. In addition, conducting other measures such as enhancing ecological flow systems, storing water in various locations in the green-blue corridors of the Shiraz Khosh(dried)River, and unleashing the entire riverbed from it asphalt side roads, as well as developing regulations and land-use restrictions for river buffer zones are essential actions in mitigating and management if urban flood risks and intensity.

The purpose of the current research was to know the implementation patterns of ecological wisdom to improve livability in the desert residential buildings of Yazd city. The research method was descriptive-analytical and inferential, and the effective criteria in evaluating the implementation patterns of ecological wisdom were determined using library studies and experts' opinions. To evaluate, 20 main criteria were used. The data collection tool was a survey (purposive sampling, 4 native houses from the old context of the desert city of Yazd) and a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.86, and the statistical community included specialists in urban planning, architecture, and the environment who are familiar with the native architecture of desert areas. The innovation of the research is to examine the relationship between ecological wisdom and the livability in desert cities, especially in the scale of building architecture. Results showed that ancient desert settlements were formed based on the principles and rules of ecological wisdom and are a symbol of sustainability. Therefore, regenerating the principles of ecological wisdom in multiple scales can be the basis for improving the sustainability and livability of contemporary urban contexts.

Nowadays, continuous urban development has disturbed the ecological conditions of cities by damaging the natural ecosystems within them. Inner city rivers which are natural ecosystems with ecological nature have an impact on the restoration of the ecological conditions of cities. The framework of ecological urbanism emphasizes the continuity of the ecological structures of natural ecosystems in cities and plans and formulates strategies for their restoration. This research, which is framed by ecological urbanism, focuses on restoring the ecosystem of urban rivers. This paper first examines the theoretical foundations of ecological urbanism, the ecological nature of rivers, the ecological damage caused by urban development, and the restoration of urban rivers. Then, it draws upon the analogical-inferential method to analyze reliable scientific sources, and the opinions of researchers, and then extracts components for the process-based ecological restoration of urban rivers. Based on the ecological components, it develops planning strategies on a macro and micro scale to rehabilitate and protect the ecosystem of rivers and their banks and adjacent lands, increase the flexibility of the river ecosystem in the face of future climate disturbances, and prevent human interference in natural processes. Recognizing the main causes of ecosystem destruction, protecting the health of the river, restoring the geomorphology of the river in the city, creating and connecting biological ecological networks, preventing the entry of sewage and polluted urban runoff, and controlling floods by maintaining the conditions of the river ecosystem, developing restoration plans and measures in accordance with urban development, changing people’s attitudes toward protecting the river, and restricting the presence of citizens in the river’s territory are strategies on a macro scale of planning and implementation. Such strategies are made possible by strategies on a micro-scale and can be used in urban development planning under similar conditions and result in ecological urban planning which is the future of contemporary cities.

Contemporary urban settlements are facing increasing development, transformation, and complexity, which has disrupted the ecological system and the human-nature bond, especially in desert cities, and has led to a crisis of the 21st century or a reduction in urban resilience. Many patterns of human-nature communication and solutions inspired by the natural environment support the principles and concepts of resilience and sustainability. To apply human dimensions in planning, it is necessary to extract, transfer and use ecological wisdom, or in other words, ideas based on evidence, principles, and strategies of the human-nature bond manifested in ancient cities, in the structure and function of the urban ecosystem. Therefore, the present study aims to establish a resilient city through ecological wisdom and to investigate the link between ecological wisdom and urban resilience. This paper is a descriptive-analytic study and the data collection tool is a library-documentary method. While deduction and comparison of the structural-functional components of social learning with ecological wisdom, social learning has been inferred as a catalyst ring for ecological wisdom expansion and resilience promotion. The strategic components in ecological wisdom expansion are extracted using the structural-interpretive model. Finally the conceptual model of ecological wisdom expansion in the planning of urban resilience promotion through social learning links is presented. The results of the study indicate that the components of the ability to understand the complexity and capacity to create flexibility, are two strategic factors in the tools of expanding ecological wisdom for urban resilience planning.

In recent years, the integration of the landscape approach with other approaches has attracted wide attention for its holistic view and new paradigms redefining the relation of man and environment. Yet there is no consensus over precise definitions for the landscape, and landscape approach to reflect their essence. The extensive theoretical literature on landscape definitions has caused ambiguities in understanding these terms and concept and made its application difficult. The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and different dimensions of the landscape approach by developing a conceptual model.Based on the findings of this study, from theoretical perspective, landscape is an objective phenomenon, and objective-subjective whole, or a temporal-spatial phenomenon born through the interactions between nature and culture, and hence a complex system. Also, from a practical view point, it is the landscape approach that deals with a holistic view and the applied aspect of theoretical concepts. The systematic review of previous research shows that, this approach is based on three components: conceptual nature, principles and characteristics, and management processes. Its nature is composed of physical-semantic aspects and presents an interpretation of the conceptual framework of landscape in the human-environmental system. The principles and characteristics that emerge from this nature are holistic, multifunctional, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, participatory, dynamic (ecological-social), complex, place-based, and can involve multiple stakeholders. Also, integrated, adaptive, participatory, contextual, and resilient dimensions are the main features of the landscape approach at the management level, which lead to the guidelines for their applications through two processes: planning policy-making and decision-implementation. This approach is evaluated through monitoring and controlling and evolves into a cyclical and progressive process to expand.

Neglecting basic urban ecological indicators leads to a reduction in resilience to changing environmental conditions. Ancient socio-ecological systems are the result of several millennia of interventions in the landscape and a valuable repository of successful and unsuccessful experiences that can act as a stimulus or deterrent to decisions in future planning processes. This study aims to deduce the ecological wisdom principles and rules governing wind flow corridors and to present structural-functional strategies in the ecological networks of ancient desert cities (Yazd as a case study) to promote resilience. The research method based on the analysis of the content reviews the importance of ecological corridors in promoting urban resilience, deduces the ecological wisdom principles, recognizes the ecological wisdom principles and rules governing wind flow networks with exploratory analysis in the city of Yazd, in three scales: macro (urban-suburban), mezzo (neighborhood) and micro (building). The results indicate that structural-functional patterns, positioning and orientation, proportions and geometric order, connections, texture, and color of construction materials, structural-functional diversity, and structural-functional composition in wind flow corridors and regeneration strategies based on ecological wisdom in access networks and urban corridors are important in creating ecological networks and promoting urban resilience.

as a result of population growth and urbanization, ecosystems are changing from the landscape to the global scales. Human activities cause these changes and threaten many ecological services that are essential to society. Landfill is one of the destructive cases of lands which is widely used for waste disposal, especially municipal solid waste. Land degradation. due to human mismanagement is affecting the environment and ecosystem around the world and has been neglected for decades. The environment and public health are at risk due to exposure to landfill gases. The surface and groundwater can be also contaminated by landfill leachate. Considering the ecology as the basis for sustainable design, we can significantly reduce the environmental impact of everything we build. Ecological design is a method of design that puts man-made in a healthy relationship with the natural environment and biosphere, in a way that causes the least damage and danger to the ecosystem. Ecological design theories support the principles and strategies for creating sustainable landscapes. An increasing number of research and articles are devoted to technologies and environmental design strategies. The main purpose of this study is to provide strategies and solutions for designing and organizing the landfill environment with an ecological approach, so that the proposed design can be accompanied by the natural structure of the environment for minimum intervention, using ecological knowledge, which seeks and establishes maximum similarity with nature.

In this research, landfill site selection, site analysis and design strategies were identified based on ecological design framework. Ecological design is a method based on comprehensive recognition of the shaping layers of the environment and studying their interaction with each other. These are achieved through making decisions in a way to minimize the harmful effects of human activities on the environment by combining development processes with biological processes. In the end, the result of this work is the reduction of least harmful effects on the natural environment by integrating all processes, cycles and living patterns. In this chapter then, the effects of landfills on the natural environment were first investigated and the ecosystem of the area was identified before its getting polluted and prior to its destruction. Then, after reviewing the theoretical literature, the area was recognized, analyzed and evaluated, and the influential factors in the landfill and its effects were discussed. Then, using the Iranian matrix analysis method was used to evaluate the ecological impact, an attempt is made to improve the current situation. Necessary maps, drawings and documents were prepared for deep site analysis. Opportunities and threats were examined in the landfill and its surrounding areas including urban neighborhood and rural settlements. The landfill leachate on the soil and groundwater discharge. Finally, using overlay method, the synthesis of identification and analyses led to the planning and ecological design strategies of Ghaemshahr Talar landfill, which were applied to selected area to prevent pollutions at the macro level and to help grow and improve the ecosystem services and ecological entity of the area.

Considering the environmental impact assessment using the Iranian matrix method as a tool to predict the consequences of landfill on environmental components, the current situation of this landfill is far from the set standards and inconsistent with these rules and criteria. The purpose of the criteria is to minimize the risk to public health in the area and also to reduce the negative effects of the landfill on the surrounding environment and downstream settlements. The current condition of Ghaemshahr landfill, according to the studies, indicates the occurrence of environmental and health hazards for the ecosystem of this region. One of the most important negative effects of this landfill is the pollution of water, soil and air in the physical dimension. The biological factors are also affected by air, water and soil pollution and has a devastating effect on plants and animals and habitat living systems. According to the analyses, as well as the possibilities and limitations of the site, the zoning strategies were developed and applied to achieve the main design goals. Developed Programs related to landfill design must be environmentally friendly. In clearer terms, appropriate use of nature with minimum degradation as well as, reuse of recyclable materials. According to the design strategies and planning, design solutions are implied to reduce pollution and mitigate the environmental hazards caused by the site. These were considered with regard to the previous features of the site. These solutions are in the field of waste management system, vegetation and green space, treatment, water cycles and movement, paths and routes for pedestrian and car traffic, and the most important of them include turning the linear system into a circular process by constructing a compost and MRF plant, biogas collection and treatment by installing gas collection wells, Leachate collection and treatment systems by installing an impermeable wall to prevent leakage from the landfill to the surrounding area; and collect it in leachate collection wells and treat them with phytoremediation of consttructed wetlands.The river water treatment is feasible by using floating islands of phytoremediation, slope stabilization using geocell with seeded soil; and with resistant and aromatic plants, to manage the side front of the landfill, collection of surface water with hydraulic protective layer and pipes for collection and draining surface water.

Applying the ecological design pattern and its principles in combination with aesthetics can also maintain the ecological function of the site, be responsive to the different needs of the community along with foresight and at the same time create human relation with nature. It provides the health of society, the survival and satisfaction of this environment and its ecological conditions for the future, and to achieve the goals of sustainable urban development. Regenerative design strategies are used to turn Talar landfill site into a living system that provides comprehensive ecological services that include: food and energy production, water treatment and habitat creation that are combined educationally and aesthetically. These will ultimately lead to improve the environmental and ecological conditions of the landfill and this space to become more useful for recreation places for different groups. It is also a place to show green technologies in waste management, and finally, such frameworks and solutions can help restore the landfill to an environment-friendly space and also restore it to its natural structure in this area.

Today, landscape of many ancient desert cities has destroyed, despite having natural contexts and integrated patterns resulted from human actions and natural environments as settlement. Discoloration of sustainability and resilience foundations, emphasizes the need to recognition and application of the concepts governing the structure and function of ecological networks and the patterns of social-ecological systems interactions, which has been reflection of the ecological wisdom principles in the urban planning process. This study aims to recognize ecological wisdom principles in the landscape of desert cities in the format of hydraulic structures in Yazd city. In present comparative-inferential study, the ecological wisdom is explained and it's principles are inferred, while analyzing the subject literature, using documentary method and study of written sources. Based on field studies, and inference of structural, functional, and management criteria governing the historical hydraulic structures in city of Yazd. The examples of ecological wisdom principles in ancient hydraulic structures have been studied in three scales of macro, mezo and micro. The results indicate that ecological wisdom has provided basis for creating ecological networks and urban landscapes sustainability, by creating composition, configuration, communication and functional diversity of patches and mixing corridors in the hydraulic structures networks in Yazd city.

This research proves the need to modify and develop the design of hospitals to play a perceptible role in treating and accelerating the recovery of patients. Many investigations on the influences of nature on health reveal that the relationship with nature in built environment  has a noteworthy effect on the treatment and reduction of the recovery time of patients. One of the solutions suggested in this field is biophilic approach in architectural design, which has been offered by Kellert and states that humans require linking with nature in the man-made environment to preserve and promote their health and well-being. Hence, it is supposed that employing the principles of biophilic design in hospitals influences treatment and recovery time. In the study procedure of this paper, two questions were answered; Are biophilic design approaches efficient for therapeutic spaces to be healing? and What are the practical approaches for efficient biophilic design in health care spaces?

In this study, according to the purpose, the research method is applied, and the study method is descriptive-analytical. First, literature related to biophilic design and health were analyzed and reviewed with a systematic review technique. Then, the most relevant papers in the field of nature and health were selected, and theories and features of health influenced by the association with nature were presented.

Connection with nature influences the physical, psychological (mental and emotional), social, and spiritual dimensions of health. The most significant theories in this field are stress reduction theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART). According to stress reduction theory, the amount of stress decreases subconsciously and spontaneously in people facing nature and being in nature, and as stress is the reason for many diseases and abnormalities, it plays a starring role in people's health, especially emotional health. Attention restoration theory reveals the ability to link with nature in subconsciously renewing and restoring attention by promoting cognitive function, which improves individuals’ productivity and mental ability, and has positive impact on the mental health of individuals and on diseases related to this field such as Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Obesity, Schizophrenia, Blood pressure, Hyperactivity (ADHD) in children, etc. In the continuation of the research, 14 biophilic design patterns in 5 hospitals, Östra Hospital in Sweden, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, Ng Teng Fong Jurong Hospital in Singapore, Dell Children Hospital in Austin Texas, and The Royal Children Hospital in Melbourne Australia, are compared and assessed in 3 levels of the general aspects of building and its site plan, building organization and planning, and finally interior design of patients' rooms.

As a result, according to the evidence-based results, the design model of the biophilic hospital and the most practical biophilic design approaches in each of the hospital wards were obtained for the use of the design community and to improve the healing quality of the therapeutic spaces. Based on the recommended model, in the eight main internal wards of the hospital including hospitalization, intensive care, medical emergency, surgery, medical diagnostic laboratories, clinics, waiting area of patient companions and services, due to high stress and overcrowding, as well as no need to comply with certain health standards associated with other spaces, the waiting space of patient companions have the greatest potential to apply biophilic strategies. In fact, 12 of the 14 patterns of biophilic design can be applied in this area, and meaningfully can decrease anxiety and stress, increase social interactions, satisfaction, and peace of individuals. Hospitalization rooms can accelerate patients recovery and treatment time by applying 8 biophilic design patterns included patterns number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11. Surgery, intensive care and emergency areas should obey some special design standards, so only some biophilic design patterns such as; visual connection with nature, dynamic and diffused light and material connection to nature, are compatible with these zones design. Also, in general level using different courtyards and view to nature are the main design principles in architectural planning of biophilic hospitals, and in interior level view of nature, presence of natural light, natural air and natural materials are the most practical strategies in biophilic rooms of healthcare spaces. Nevertheless, empirical and practical assessment of the influence of biophilic patterns and their continuous development is still required.

Currently, cities are the largest forces changing the ecological conditions of the landscape and influencing ecological structures and processes. There seems to be no harmony or balance between the urban networks and the patterns in nature today, and the urban networks are dominating the vulnerable ecological networks. Disregarding ecological infrastructures and the imbalance between the natural and man-made environments has led to concerns about the livability of cities and urban areas for urban planners and designers. Livability crisis is the crisis of unlivable urban spaces that suffer from environmental challenges, the gap between man and nature, and the rupture of natural environment. These are some of the most significant problems in contemporary cities.

The term “Landscape” is one of the most challenging concepts which have been interpreted differently across different disciplines and specialties with such variations being observed among both objectivists to and subjectivists or even a combination of the two. This article evaluates the resilience of Shiraz's landscape by accepting the definition of landscape as a phenomenon composed of objectivity andsubjectivity that claims to have a holistic and systematic view. Many approaches, such as the science of complex systems, chaotic dynamics, and the impact of phenomena commonly called Black Swan Theory believe in the difficulty or uncertainty of the available modelings. The landscape system in this study, with all its components and complexities, was considered a black box within the realm of the System Theory. Based on the evidence obtained from the March 2019 flood in Shiraz city and using a combination of AIDA and DPSIR models, processes in the landscape system were investigated in the Shiraz city, as a case stud. Then the resilience ratio with the landscape system and environment was explained. Finally, the resilience of Shiraz against the flood hazard was explored through the field observations and documentations including 50 in-depth interviews with people involved, and the content analysis of three lectures and four specialized panels. The findings showed that, in general, with the holistic approach of the landscape system, the city of Shiraz has been resilient to the terrible flood of March 2019 and its hazardous consequences. Although the flood caused great loss of life and properties, due to the Shirazi people cultural developments and social behaviors that occurred on the day of the flood in Shiraz, it led to more solidarity and a greater sense of belonging among the affected and unaffected groups. Morevoer, social activities, along with the efforts of other organizations and institutions, led to a faster return of damaged social and physical systems to their original state and pre-flood conditions. In addition to the organizational, institutional, and government support, the economic problems of the flooded people were alleviated by the help of charities. In fact, the strength of Shiraz resilience was laid over the social and cultural solidarity of the people of Shiraz. In other words, the resilience of Shiraz against the flood of March 2019 hazards is physically a kind of bounce back to its original state and a kind of bounce forward socially.

Ecological Reclamation of distressed urban Fabric through Open and Green space Networks to Enhance the Urban Vitality Based on Graph theory and Gravity Models, the Case of District 9, Tehran Authors Masoomeh Mohseni Fard Naghani1, Mohammad Reza Masnavi2 , Lobat Zebardast3 1. MSc. of Environmental Design, Graduate Faculty of Environment University of Tehran, Iran m.mohseni9190@gmail.com 2. Professor of Environmental Design, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran 3. Assistant Professor of Environmental Planning Management, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran, lzebardast@ut.ac.ir Abstract Introduction Many metropolitan areas face large urban decay and distressed areas within the city fabric. The rapid growth and unleashed urban development have led to ecological transformation and landscape fragmentation during the recent decades. These resulted in the damages to the structure and function of the urban green/open spaces especially in urban fabrics; and affected the form, function and hence sustainability of urban systems. In some metropolitan areas, the driving forces for the sustainable development and improvement of the physical structures of urban areas faced great challenges and deficiency in recent decades. The inner city or central neighborhoods like any other ecosystem will change and in some cases are losing their livability and quality of life during the time. This is due to the rapid unsustainable development and lack of proper urban open/green spaces which are essential for the residents’ quality of life. The process has consequently, turned into the neighborhoods’ ecological and environmental deficiency, and more decays in urban fabric. These are observed to be true in some part of Tehran city. The fundamental changes in the Tehran urban fabrics are seen through fragmentation of green patches and open spaces. Some researchers have suggested that the solution to this problem is to change the attitudes of planners to create or strengthen urban green infrastructures systems. Therefore, this paper utilizes the Graph theory and Gravity model, for the analyses of green space network. These, provide powerful tools and methods for analyzing and optimizing complex systems and evaluating the quality and quantity of urban green spaces, as well as developing efficient ecological landscape solutions for the efficiency, connectivity and continuity of the green space networks across the district 9 neighborhood. Materials and Methods In this research, the district 9, Tehran city is investigated as the case study. District 9 is one of the 22 districts of Tehran with an overall area of 1966 ha, which accounts for 2.9% of Tehran's total area. The urban landscape structural elements in urban regions include Kan river- valley in the west district which is among the most prominent structural elements of the urban landscape, and a series of small – medium green spaces. The urban landscape context in district 9 constitutes of dense, fine-grained, impermeable constructed surfaces. Landscape structural spaces include private green spaces, public green spaces, brownfield spaces renovation reserved lands. Other structural elements such as faults, high pressure power lines and accessing network are considered potential for the creation of green corridors in the area. Through review of the literature the research, is aimed at identifying and analyzing the urban green space network based on the ecological landscape design framework. By acquiring The land use map for the district 9, different information layers of the natural and artificial features were prepared including layers of river - valleys and watercourses, canal network, access network, fault, high pressure power lines, green areas, urban development lands and reserved lands for extracted, the overlapping layers and synthesis of data landscape elements, ecological network in district 9 was developed. First, at the macro level, the ecological effect of adjacent green spaces on each other in the distressed urban fabrics was calculated and variety of alternatives were presented to develop the most efficient green network in the distressed fabrics of district 9. At the micro level, the optimal connection route among the available routes were determined using the least cost route function. Weighted cost analysis for each node was performed separately by weighted cost analysis in GIS software. Subsequently, it was selected with the help of continuity indices in optimal network graph theory to develop green spaces in the distressed urban fabrics of district. The interaction between the nodes is evaluated using the traction model. The interaction is calculated using the following formula: G_ab=(N_a N_b)/(D_ab^2 )=((〖∑▒L)〗^2 LN(S_a S_b))/(L_ab^2 P_a P_b ) So that Gab interaction between nodes a, and b, Na and Nb are the corresponding weights, and Dab is the normalized cumulative impedance of the corridor between a, and b. Lab is the cumulative impedance of the corridor L between nodes a, and b, ΣL is the sum of the cumulative impedance of the corridor between nodes. Discussion The results suggest the greater the area of cross-spaces and the smaller the distance between them, the greater the ecological effect of cross-spaces. By calculating the amount of interaction between the spaces and prioritizing the links, the ecological network pattern in district 9, Tehran can be developed based on graph theory and gravity model. Then, alternatives are in the form of four proposed connection patterns. By comparing these connection patterns and network, the alternative 3 (Beckman Model) found to be the most efficient option for developing green space network for ecological reclamation, having 36 spaces and 37 links to improve continuity and achieve vitality in the distressed urban fabrics of district 9, Tehran. Figure 1 shows the alternative 3 (Beckman Model) based on graph theory and gravity model. Figure 1.The alternative3 (Beckman Model) in district 9, Tehran based on graph theory and gravity model. Some of the reasons for choosing this model are as follows: It can generalized and can be connected to the open and green spaces in adjacent areas in a repeatable pattern. The relative cost and number of connections compared to the other two models is such that it is responsive to users on the one hand, and responsive to green connections in the ecological network on the other hand. The project can improve the spaces and network corridor features by applying ecological principles such as maintaining the integrity and cohesion of the ecological landscape in distressed urban fabrics, which may help in strengthening the corridors and urban green infrastructure. Conclusion Many cities and urban areas are suffering from the expansion of distressed urban fabric in their central cores; these have led to the lack of green areas and open spaces which are essential for the urban sustainability and vitality. In this study, using concepts in graph theory and gravity modelling as well as cost analysis, the Beckman model was selected as the most efficient model in analyses and application of alternative solution in district 9 for connecting green and open spaces among four categories of connection between spaces. Each green/open spaces network will be designed according to the planner strategy, location, opportunities and constraints, taking into the account the ecological design principles of the site, as well as improving the quality of life in the distressed urban fabrics. Keywords: Ecological Reclamation, Distressed urban fabrics, Green space ecological network, Graph theory and Gravity model; District 9 Tehran. Main Subjects Landscape planning and design

The rapid growth of population in metropolitan areas such as Tehran and consequently the increase of construction cause to reduce the available green and natural areas. The modern urbanization ignored the presence of nature in urban environments and the human needs to interactions with natural spaces. This problem led to the new challenges in urban communities. Constructing urban green areas without considering the quality and identity cannot be a solution of the existing crisis. The need of the residents of modern cities to have relations with the nature in the daily life requires the creation of spaces for the citizens to depend on them. The paper investigated the aesthetic principles of the archetypes of Persian gardens. Then, theories analyzed that how to use these concepts in modern parks of Tehran. Results show that the use of these principles and concepts has successful effects for getting close to the social/economic sustainability of urban parks.

Urbanization has made fundamental changes on the earth, air, energy resources and urban population that have had huge ecological consequences for urban habitats, including urban rivers. Rivers are the vital and supportive network of urban environment. And urban rivers can be shelters with special ecological value which is reduced in urban landscape. Excessive exploitation of natural resources than the environment capacity generates waste products that have gradually disrupted life in urban areas.
Corridors are the components of the landscape structure in the structure of landscape ecology and rivers are considered as one of the most important natural corridors in landscape structure. According to Forman and Godron theories the rivers corridors are classified to three parts such as, the channel river bank, floodplain and hill slop.
Ecologists believe that, ecosystem services provided through green infrastructure, can provide healthy environment and physical and mental health for residents, a healthy environment can improve social and economic benefits and has an important role in various cities of the world, for instance, a landscape which had been neglected in River Mother in (Qianan City, Hebei Province, China) was rehabilitated and designed based on landscape ecology approaches and users are considered at all stages of the process, and ecological solutions were presented for rehabilitation and improvement of water quality including, municipal wastewater management system to separate urban waste water and surface water, the strategy of flexible and green river, conversation of river natural ecosystem, using native vegetation and reducing maintenance costs and eventually, creating greenway with sidewalks and cycling line.

The area under study in this research is Gorgan city in the western part of Golestan province. The city is located in the range of latitude and longitude (36.83 ° North 54.48 ° East) on the northern slopes of Alborz mountain. This region is structurally composed of three zones including, plain, piedmont and mountainous region that the city is built in the piedmont region, the most striking landscape structural elements in Gorgan are Alborz Mountains and rainforest located in the southern region of the city.
To perform this study first using the library study the data are collected, analyzed and addressed to formulate the principles and framework. The source of the articles and information was the scientific source of ELSEVERE and SPRINGER database. After review of the literature and analysis and evaluation of the area the method that was used in this thesis is formed by combining several methods based on ecological landscape design.
This research is has been studied in three scales, the large (studying the river from Ziarat to Gharehsou basin), medium (inside the city) and micro (the area developing in the southeast of the area between Ghaleh Hassan and Seyed Masood Bridge) scales. In this study. Accordingly among the ideas of theorists Mac Harg and Ying theories are selected and their methods are applied for the analysis of the river structure in basin and urban scale. Finally the strategy was developed in the context of ecological landscape design in urban rivers and design solutions were provided for micro-scale (urban area). The stages of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Analyzing Ziarat River at large scale based on Mac Harg model
2. Mapping the topography and geographical location of Ziarat River basin and deriving the layers by GIS software
3. Identifying landscape structural elements in Gorgan city according to Ying model (middle scale and the whole city)
4. Land use mapping and extracting desired layer (ecological, hydrological and topographical, urban construction, human activity)
5. Synthesis mapping of overlaying layers in large-scale (river morphology and flooding)
6. Synthesis mapping of overlaying layers in urban scale (possibilities and limitations)
7. Strategies and actions in the ecological design landscape in Gorgan
8. Ideas and solutions (ecological rehabilitation of the river landscape with sustainable urban drainage systems and floodplains management in the urban environment)
First by overlapping the layers the knowledge about Ziarat River was obtained at large-scale. Ziarat River is located is among steep rivers that can be divided into four areas in terms of organization and preservation project. In this map four important zones (catchment (1), Naharkhoran (2), urban (3) and agriculture (4)) were identified and characterized based on overlaying layers in large-scale and middle-scale (urban) and field check of checking the status in a table of strategies and actions in the context of ecological landscape design of an urban river in river management, flood control and needs of users in these four areas. Finally the ecological landscape design of urban river are used from the two approaches of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and River Buffer Parks(RBPs) in micro scale as a method to improve the ecological structures of urban rivers, control flood and surface runoff in Gorgan.

The world's increased population followed by urbanization and irregular urban development has led to imbalanced presence of nature in cities which has led to serious environmental problems including the disruption of the ecological structure of rivers and increased surface runoff and flood in the city. This has attracted the attention of planners and designers to find solutions and approaches to improve situation. Among these design approaches the urban landscape ecological infrastructures such as urban rivers is among the approaches considered by ecologists, planners and urban designers Studies conducted in this study suggest that based on the purposes of river management and flood control of Ziarat River in Gorgan, it is necessary to analyze them based on two scales of Ziarat River catchment (mountains in which the river originates and heads Gharehsou River) and urban scale (Seyed Masood Bridge to the beginning of the agricultural downstream lands) in which Mac Harg (large scale) and Ying (urban scale) methods are used.
The results show that based on Mac Harg and Ying methods at large and middle scales the following cases should be considered: Establishing integrity in ecological infrastructure (green) through the integration of the riverside vegetation and upstream forests, creating integrity in hydrologic infrastructure (water) through the integration of the urban and river drainage channels and finally overlaying two green and hydrologic infrastructures to control surface runoff and flood in urban area and river.
As a result the initial strategies and initiatives were developed in four areas based on which strategies for planning and environmental design were presented at the micro scale. According to the strategy and actions within the urban framework two essential solutions are considered for urban river ecological design and flood control including: management of floodplains using SUDS and RBPs and applying collection and transportation of water, water retention and distribution of water by recycling it.
According to micro-scale studies developing area in the southeast of the region between Ghaleh Hassan and Seyed Masood Bridge) it was found that the river is too narrow in Ghaleh Hassan and is not capable of retaining the flow of 5 years, therefore, to reduce the damage caused by floods when it rains and there is severe flood, a diversion track is built where the Ziarat and Alangdaerh rivers meet.
The RBP is planned at the beginning of Ziarat river to the urban area after Seyed Masood Bridge because of the open space and ideal conditions for the implementation and then to control the runoff from rainfall due to the slope of the area, four sites are designed to create the retention ponds and storm water treatment to prevent surface runoff flowing into the city. Also the bioswale is considered to maintain and increase water permeability and lead it to the detour and the city in areas where the slope decreases and water accumulation is likely. Such strategy and framework can help to control surface runoff, rehabilitate river and restore these corridors to their natural structure.

Given the accelerating rate of urbanization worldwide, negative externalities have emerged. This awareness has led to rising demands of political and stakeholder communities to more comprehensively assess impacts of urban development projects on urban landscapes. The Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV) is relatively a new approach which describes in the scholarly written literature as a good way to provide decision-makers with better choices in their decisions for sustainable city planning. This article explores the potential of urban ecosystem services for improving planning of urban development projects to reach more sustainable cities. First, important ecosystem services in urban areas are classified. Second, the study explores influential literature and their notions in the context of (ESV). Finally, the article analyzes how the ecosystem services valuation may inform urban planning. From the following review, it could be found that many urban ecosystem services have already been identified, characterized and valued. Also, they play a critical role in the human well-being and urban resiliency.

Cities are making significant impacts on the environment and urban sustainability. Problem statement and research Resilience in cities is seen as an important goal towards sustainability. In the same manner, the urban resilience and its key measurement in the city structure gets a higher priority. Moreover, considering measures of resilience is specifically indispensable for policy makers and supports the process of decision making in the cities. Despite advances in this field in recent years, there is still an essential need to provide clear ways to measure and quantify the urban resilience in terms of spatial aspects.
Research questions: these questions are raised in this research:1) what are local-spatial indicators of resilience?
2) what is the relationship between resilience and spatial organization of the city?
3) what is the role of spatial organization elements of the city in urban local-spatial resilience?
Research A review of literature is used to identify the key elements in the measurement of resilience in relation to the spatial structure of the city. Then, the analyses of the operational definitions and the major indicators have been done separately.
Research Results and findings demonstrate the key indicators in the measurement of urban spatial resilience based on the urban spatial structure components including a) diversity, b) connectivity, c) redundancy, and d) robustness features as the major indicators for the cities spatial structure resilience.

Growing urban environments, as a context of complex social, economical, political and cultural relations, require a wide and complex range of approaches, perspectives and solutions to meet today's conditions and consequences of the continuing development process. New ideas on planning and design of cities are required. Confronting these challenges, landscape ecology provides many solutions regarding its definition. On the other hand, urban ecology as a successor of ecology, offers valuable principals for urban development and environmental awareness. According to increasing urbanization, landscape ecology should be more urbanized in future. Therefore, today a new concept of "urban landscape ecology" emerges with yet no single definition. This article first defines the concepts of ecological paradigm and their impact on its alteration in relation to urban landscape. Thereinafter, modified concepts of "urban landscape ecology" and "landscape-oriented ecologic urbanism" are offered.
The friction between the definitions of landscape, city and ecology is what empowers urban landscape ecology as a base for planning and design. Such a definition makes landscape architects draw their professional concentration from the suburbs to the city where human systems are to be considered as a part of ecology. Landscape-oriented urbanism suggests three research paths: the evolution of aesthetic perception; a deeper understanding of the role of human in ecology; and learning in action.
“Landscape-oriented urbanism” considers the application of processes that facilitate design in naturally and culturally complex and dynamic systems. Therefore, landscape-oriented urbanism is necessarily beyond a new urbanism; since it is faced with problems beyond the urban form and focuses on more complex issues.

Cities are manmade ecosystems that differ from other ecosystems in several ways. Ecological scholars have described the city as a heterotrophic ecosystem highly dependent on large inputs of energy and materials and a vast capacity to absorb emissions and waste. Compared to a “natural” ecosystem with a typical energy budget ranging between 1,000 and 10,000 Kcal per square meters per year, cities consume a vastly larger amount of energy. The budget of an urban ecosystem in an industrialized country can range between 100,000 and 300,000 Kcal per square meter per year. Other key differences in urban ecosystems are the lack of integration of habitat patches, the invasion of nonnative species, and the external control of succession [2]. By the way, cites like the other dynamic ecosystems tend to chaos. According to the Gunderson & Holing theory that names "Adaptive Theory" all the ecosystems pass 4­ stages: Rapid growth Conservation Collapse Reorganization/regeneration In this process, old citiesfacing modern life, May lost their resilience ability to adapt themselves with new changes. Many cities are extended to the suburb instead of passing from collapse to regeneration step which is contrast to sustainable urban development and will stop being a well-defined spatial entity. In the urban planning context, revitalization means the planning measures that are necessary to improve the physical, social, economic activities of distressed areas which have lost their original functional vitality. The aim of urban revitalization should be an appropriate balance between urbanization and natural conservation. It includes maintenance of its natural resources and extending nature into the city. For regeneration stage we should use strategies such as conservation, rehabilitation, renewal &etc. as necessary. The gravity model calculates the interaction between eachpair of nodes a and b using the following formulas: Na = [x(ha) / s(ha)]*10 Gab = (Na *Nb) / Dab2 The level of interaction represents the efficiency of corridors andthe significance of linked nodes: pairs of nodes with higher habitual quality and lower impedance have greater interaction. Where Gab is the interaction between nodes a,and b, N,is node weight of node a, Nb is node weight of node b,and Dab is distance between the centroids of nodes aand b. The next step is to generate schemes that connect the nodes based on the information gained from the model. One of the primary concerns in network analysis is efficiency. Discussion of According to sustainable regeneration we can design patches and their connected corridors in different levels Patch hierarchies allow researchers to ask questions related to what factors influence the patterns and processes observed at each nested scale and functional relationship within and between scales. Urban landscape as a complex mosaic of biological and physical patches with in a matrix of infrastructure and social organization has heterogeneity in its ecosystem. By considering these principles we suggest a table for urban regeneration. The connectivity indices in Gravity modelcan be useful measure for describing the degree of connectivity.It is an appropriate approach togreenway planning, as it provides a method of systematizingthe relationship between elements that can serveas greenway nodes as well as accounting for the conditionsof the potential links. By this model we suggest three different ecological structure(model, B &C) of green,open and derelict spaces, and reach a new structure of optimum ecological condition (model C). Redevelopment of derelict lands by turning them to the green infrastructure in a network and integrating them to the upper level network is a smart conservation of land and that reduces the ecological and social impacts of sprawl and the accelerated consumption and fragmentation of open lands. By this kind of sustainable regeneration, cities have the interaction among ecological, social and economic processes, useful to dynamic change of urban structure. Green infrastructure systems help protect and restore naturally functioning ecosystems and provide a framework for future development and redevelopment. In doing so, they provide a diversity of ecological, social, and economic functions and benefits: enriched habitat and biodiversity; maintenance of natural landscape processes clear air and water; increased recreational opportunities; improved health; and better connection to nature and sense of place.Many researchers hence, argued on the necessity of changes in approaches towards the derelict lands to be able to return them into the cities life and livability systems. This chapter present the results of an ecological systematic approach together with the application of Gravity Model in the district 12 Tehran city. Several scenarios were prepared and compared to make most use of decayed urban lands and distressed urban fabric for creating an integrated ecological green infrastructure network. The evidence from this study suggested the efficiency of cyclical Gravity Model for urban fabrics in the Tehran inner city areas.

Study of the roles and functions of botanic gardens since their advent up to now، represents that botanic gardens have had their functional flexibility according the needs in their temporal and spatial context. So it can be used، the botanic garden''s capabilities to answer the needs and challenges such as reduction of green and recreational spaces in cities and loss of biodiversity that have established because of growth in urbanization in the world، and affected local and regional environment qualities directly. Hence the purpose of this paper is redefining the roles and functions of botanic gardens for conservation and education in contemporary cities. To gain this، at first، the process of functional evolution of botanic gardens will be described، by botanic garden''s literature review، and by using descriptive and analytical method، and then the relation between function of botanic gardens and socio-economic and cultural factors -that have create them during the four eras-، will be analyzed. After that، new roles of botanic gardens will be redefined according to model of human-environmental interaction in the landscape -presented by Gobster and associates (2007) - and according to the last agenda، presented for plants conservation. Paper results represents that to achieve integrated conservation، the conservation and education roles of botanic gardens should not be separated. Also with respect to public perception of botanic gardens as places for recreation، relaxation، enjoying natural beauties، spending time with family and by considering botanical gardens as urban spaces، we can use recreational activities of botanic gardens to answer conservational and educational goals and to establish integrated conservation. At the end planning and design strategies that demonstrates botanic garden''s aims in conservation، education and recreation، will be proposed.

The urban population experienced rapid growth in the recent decades, particularly between 1975 and 2000 when it has reached from 1.5 to more than 2 billion people. By turn of the century; half of the world's populations are concentrated in cities. This would severely affect the quality of life in urban areas. Accordingly, cities will be faced with significant challenges in infrastructure and environmental issues to support urban population growth. At present, there is no balance between urban and natural patterns, and urban networks are immensely dominating ecological networks. There are many researches indicating the critical role of cities and their environmental impacts on their natural resources due to cumulative effects of the above issues. Tehran, the capital city of Iran is no exemption; it is seen as a metropolis dealing with many environmental problems; that keeps it far from sustainability indices. To provide the cities with urban improvement, there is a general consensus among the international community about new theories of urban development within the framework of sustainable development as new solutions. These solutions are supported by the world's metropolises network as the major solution to encourage global participation and efforts to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization and population expansion. In parallel, the concepts such as urban green networks and ecological urban networks have attracted considerable attention. Urban ecology as a scientific discipline is rapidly developing throughout the world to discuss the possible environmentally sound solutions for the design and management of cities to move them towards sustainability. Hence, the urban ecology theory is turned to the Eco-city concept by some architects and urban planners. The core idea here is that it is necessary to provide the city with economical spatial infrastructures to make them more compatible with environmental concerns or natural characteristics of the cities. As many researches in the past, focused on the ecology of the city based on the concepts of ecosystems, more recently the role of landscape ecology within and beyond the city are emphasized in this field. Much attention, therefore, has been given to landscape ecology approaches to improve the quality of urban environment in different cities around the world. This study is discussing and presenting the new strategies for eco-city infrastructures, through landscape ecology approach based on the AWOP (Aggregate-with-outliers principle). This is to investigate the design of urban ecological infrastructure networks to protect and enhance natural aspects in urban landscapes and provide the sustainable development of urban areas. In this research the district number two of Tehran city is examined as the study area in terms of these approaches. The study area in the present research is Tehran district number 2 as the most developed zones located in center and north of Tehran city. Natural landforms of Alborz Mountain Chain are the most significant aspect of structural elements in this district. There are five major river valleys in Tehran City and two of the valleys (Darakeh and Farahzad rivers) are located in this district. Natural features such as river valleys and streams, network access as air circulation corridors and existence of faults and power lines as the potential to create green corridors, play significant role in sustainable development and design of ecological infrastructure networks in district 2. A large area of urban constructions involves dense and fine-grained textures as the other features of the district. To formulate the theoretical framework and principles of the present research, the required data have been collected and analyzed through literature and library documents. After reviewing the theoretical literature, urban ecological infrastructure network has been analyzed to find a conceptual framework on the basis of ecological landscape design. Forman and Godron introduced concepts such as patches, corridors and matrices as basic elements in landscape ecology. Some layers of district land use map including, river valleys, streams network, access network, faults and power lines, green spaces, semi-private green spaces and reserve lands are required for development and urban renewal. The required data have been derived from preparation of land-use mapping using GIS application. Using Aggregate with Outlier Principle, landscape ecological infrastructure network in district 2 has been designed. The principle, offered by Forman, proposes the optimum arrangement for land use in landscape. AWOP also emphasizes on appropriateness of the distribution, composition and extent of open and green spaces as structural landscape in urban areas. In addition, a range of direct benefits to humans is suggested by such spatial approach. Ecological infrastructure network is obtained through an overlaid patches and corridors (as facilities layers) and urban construction (as limitations layer). Finally, using the results of field study, some strategies and measures have been formulated within the framework of designing urban infrastructures in various ground of this network. Discussion of Using GIS, maps for landscape structural elements in district 2 have been derived from land use map as follows: 1. Patches of Landscape Structure: the patches include green spaces, semi-private green spaces and reserve lands for development and urban renewal. 2. Corridors of landscape structure: Generally, two types of corridors in district 2 can be classified as follows: Corridors of water flow, which include Darakeh and Farahzad river valleys, west flood inversion channel and ground water corridor network (Aqueducts network). Corridors of energy flow and humans’ and other organisms’ movement that includes network access (humans and other organisms movement) and faults and power lines (energy flow). 3. Matrix of landscape structure: Matrix is a homogeneous mass that involves different and small structural elements and included more than half of the land. Thus, dense, fine-grained and impermeable urban construction which comprises a large area of the study area forms urban landscape matrix. After identifying the ecological landscape elements (corridors, patches and matrix), and representing them as distinct layers, network formation requires the overlaying of them. Identified patches and corridors are considered the facilities of designing ecological infrastructure network and landscape matrix layer as limitations of forming the network. After overlaying the layers, 5 critical ecologic areas have been determined in network (Fig. 1). Following the field studies and observations, the required strategies and measures within the realm of improvement, conservation, optimization and restoration have been formulated in these zones. Finally, using AWOP, ecological infrastructure network as a method to design network of ecological infrastructure in Tehran’s district two has been established (Fig. 2) as follows: 1. According to this principle, natural corridors of Darakeh River Valley (1) and Farahzad River Valley (2) have been preserved as the main components of the network structure. 2. Large patches of vegetation (Pardisan Park) (3) were included in the network as a vast and central green patch. 3. Small natural patches such as Tarasht gardens (4) and Farahzad gardens (5), located in developed urban areas, have also been included in the network. 4.To provide more than one large patch of vegetation, natural garden patches of vegetation have been connected to a large green patch (Pardisan Park). 5. Semi-private green patches have been included in the network as small vegetation patches and connected to large patches of vegetation. The increase in population of the world and subsequently increase in urban population has led to an imbalance between nature and cities, which caused numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, lack of vitality, contaminated water, soil and public environment pollution. Therefore, attention to the quality of urban life and its promotion with regard to urban population is also necessary. The aim of this study is to design ecological infrastructure of landscape in district number 2 of Tehran City in order to enhance the quality of urban life. Thus, to conclud this research, the spatial structure and function of the study area are examined and categorized based on the patch-corridor-matrix. Based on the landscape ecology approach, the other natural patches and corridors in the urban environment are to be preserved and restored to increase their ecological functions in the city so that natural flows can continue and penetrate into the built environment and built patches. These are the most influential factors in the densely built-up and high populated city regions. Using the principles of landscape ecology framework, AWOP and land use map, matrix, patches and corridors, the study area has been recognized and by using GIS application the necessary factors have been extracted as separate layers. After overlaying the layers of facilities (patches and corridors) and removing in limitation layer (urban construction matrix), five major zones have been identified in the final maps as fallowing: Darakeh and Farahzad River Valleys, Pardisan Park, West flood inversion channel and Tarasht gardens. Design strategies and basic environmental initiatives in the areas of promotion, protection, rehabilitation and restoration of the network have been introduced in order to protect the integrity between structural elements and preserve the original patterns of ecological networks. Finally, landscape design of ecological infrastructure network in district number 2 is also presented (Fig. 2).

Throughout history، the Persian Garden Concept has provided a dynamic basis for various thoughts and paradigms. It has been acknowledged in shaping the natural and built environment of vast expanded territories from the Persian Empire in the East to the Andalusia culture (Spain) in the West. It has influenced many functional places، and emerged in the forms of Shrine garden، Courtyard gardens، School gardens، and so on. The Persian Garden idea therefore، presents a comprehensive and integrated process and multi-level systems of structure and function i. e. geometrical، spatial، meaning، feeling، space، place، locality، ecosystem and climate، and habitat within specific culture. Such process consequently led to the making a genius loci، and or spirit of place in different situations. Design and Building the Persian garden therefore، should not merely reproducing or imitating its structural form; which seen as a naive view to Persian garden order to a broader extent. It would rather need careful attention of researchers and designers in their investigations. Unfortunately، this ancient architectural prototype has been subject to ignorance in recent decades. And its vital role is forgotten in our modern cities and societies’ life. This in turn has led to the fact that these spaces being turned into the abandoned spaces with no involvement into the people and societies daily life. In some other cases the changes in the gardens’ function may turn them into the museums for leisure and recreation usages. However، historical evidences indicate that there have not been such usages observed for the Persian gardens. Investigation of the Persian Garden concepts and design patterns reveals its total adaptation and full relationship with dynamic urban life as well as contextual parameters، ecosystems and climate conditions. The main question in this research therefore، is how to restore the missing roles and functions of Persian gardens and how it could adjust to the modern cities land use; while maintaining their ecological functions into the greater surrounding ecosystems and structures. This research tries to find solutions for the re-generation of Persian garden philosophy and its applications into modern cities as a new prototype for Iranian-Islamic-Garden-city which will be termed as “Thematic Gardens” idea. The study investigated firstly، the usage of this ancient paradigm beyond its physical and structural entity. It sought for its socio-cultural context with other land-uses in the contemporary cities. The literature review suggested that man-landscape relation has a long history and its roots can be traced in different cultures. Today، it is believed that natural environment can help to reduce stresses for urban societies. Using natural elements like water، trees and plants، wind and sun in design and shaping our environment are seen important in creating balanced and tranquil spaces; and enhancing wellbeing and mental health of people particularly in urban areas. There are arguments on the power of nature and natural elements in eliminating thinking and that people’s negative thought could be turned into positive if they are in close relation with natural atmospheres or attracted to the natural features. The Persian garden paradigm is seen by some researchers as an attempt to shape a symbolic/spiritual man-made space beyond aesthetic and spatial values. They maintain that Persian garden has been made to help in establishing a better and tied man-nature relations. In contrast، some other emphasized on the wise combination of water، plants and building (pavilion). On the other hand، there are agreements over the fact of Persian garden being viewed as a synthesis of Iranian tradition، ideology، culture، needs، function، context and climatic considerations that are put together through a creative design and planning approach. Despite its affordability and functionality in the past، fewer attempts have been made to regenerate genuine Persian garden ideas and design principles، and put their beneficial characters in practice in the modern or contemporary cities’ structure. Some reasons for this are claimed the economic forces and costly land designation، and partly due to the limits on urban land for such usages. Under circumstances، the paper discusses the opportunity of the most derelict land-uses and abandoned urban parks as potential for this purpose. With a new approach to re-create and reproduce essence of Persian garden tradition for modern citizens’ life، and ecological improvement of urban areas this research then، presents the findings on the quality of perception and identification of gardens by viewers، and the sense of place، and its semantic layers in order to take their advantages in designing contemporary urban landscapes and green public open spaces through thematic and conceptual approach. Whereas، the land economic values in cities regarded as one of major challenges to increase the amount of green space per capita especially in metropolitan areas، findings of the research shows that long distance between home and parks، and monotonous dull and repetitive greenery design of the parks make these places less attractive، less functional and meaningless for the people. These shortcomings may be overcome through conceptual and thematic gardens approach based on Persian gardens idea. Evidence from this research show that thematic gardens approach might fulfill the contemporary needs of citizens through their integrated geographical distribution، coping with other land-uses. Other advantages are including: easy access for the residents، help the diversity of the urban green spaces and parks، use of native or local plants، as well as enhancing the local neighborhood identity، and encouraging sustainable and ecological design. Application of the thematic gardens approach may help in turning the current unattractive، less desirable parks into dynamic، livable، viable urban spaces، as well as creating environmentally responsive and functional places that provide a medium for promotion of both society’s basic needs and quality of life. Thematic gardens in city might lead to the improvement of environmental conditions، enhancing cultural values and economic considerations based on neighborhood context and capacity. A variety of examples and themes are given as: the book garden، philosophy garden، culture garden، botanical garden، and recreation garden. Other orientation systems and involvement of senses systems are discussed as two principles in detail.

Lack of public awareness about how to deal with natural disasters, causes losses amount to be added. Magnitude of the juvenile population, vulnerability of this class and high impact on their families, cause that juvenile population become important in educational projects. Finding the best method for training is an important problem. To discuss about it, in this research, using cluster sampling, 240 secondary school students, a boy school and a girl school, randomly divided into four groups, were trained. The four methods are: 1) train through brochure, 2) train through workshop with brochure, 3) train through maneuver and 4) train through maneuver with brochure. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. All four methods of training have significantly increased students awareness. The greatest increase awareness was seen from second method, and fourth method was then. Overall, the impact of training on boys was greater than girls. Significant difference between boys and girls awareness was not seen. Holding workshop with brochure, recommend as the best way to improve rescue culture in natural disaster.