محمدعلی گودرزی

Establishing meaningful communication based on trust and mutual support is one of the basic and natural human needs. Loneliness refers to a negative and unpleasant experience that is caused by a lack of quantitative or qualitative attention in the field of one's social relationships. In other words, loneliness is a mental conflict between the individual's reality and the desired level of social relations. Now, when people fail to create social connections, the quality of life is severely damaged and may lead to loneliness. On the other hand, considering that loneliness is a common phenomenon in adolescence and adulthood and usually affects university students and often leads to mental illness. Also, loneliness is a constant risk factor for physical and mental health, which makes the prevalence of loneliness in young adults alarming. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to compile a model of loneliness based on self–esteem and secular attachment with the mediation of self–compassion in students.

The current research was correlational–analytical using the path analysis method. The statistical population comprised all students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year 2022–2023. The participants were selected using the available sampling method. After removing inappropriate questionnaires, 274 people remained. The participants completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Secular Attachment Scale (Mehdiyar et al., 2018), and the Self–Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The ethical considerations of the research included the consent and willingness of the participants, the right to withdraw, keeping the information of the participants confidential, and informing the participants about the research process. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests in this research was considered 0.05.

The results of the path analysis showed that self–esteem (β =–0.268, p<0.001) and self–compassion (β=–0.356, p<0.001) had a negative and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=0.194, p=0.019) had a positive and significant direct effect on the loneliness. On the other hand, self–esteem (β=0.145, p=0.032) had a positive and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=–0.161, p=0.011) had a negative and significant direct effect on self–compassion. The indirect effect of self–esteem on loneliness was negatively significant (β=–0.033, p=0.014). Also, the indirect effect of secular attachment on loneliness was positive and significant (β=0.029, p=0.021). Also, the fit index was at a suitable level (χ2/df=2.707, GFI=0.911, IFI=0.910, PCLOSE=0.094, RMSEA=0.071).

Based on the findings of this research, reducing secular attachment and increasing self–esteem leads to increased self–compassion. As a result, it plays a significant role in reducing students' loneliness.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Unified trans diagnostic group therapy on positive meta-cognitions and meta-emotions and anxiety sensitivity in veterans with comorbid trauma-related disorder and depression. The research method was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The sample consisted of 24 people who were selected in a targeted way from among the neuropsychiatric veterans who referred to or were hospitalized in the centers and hospitals affiliated to the Shahid Shiraz Foundation in 1402 and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Participants with Rees et al.'s (1986) Anxiety Sensitivity Scales, Beer and Moneta (2010) positive metacognitions and meta-emotions, Weiss and Marmar (1997) event trauma-revised, Military Edition PTSD, Beck depression et al. (1996) evaluation and data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures by SPSS software version 23. The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the pre-test stage compared to the post-test and the follow-up period (P<0.05) and the differences from the post-test to the follow-up are significant. They are not (p>0.05), which means that the stability of the treatment was maintained over time. Therefore, the therapeutic intervention has been effective on the research variables.

In addition to inflicting distress and functional impairment, the Cyberchondria phenomenon could cause a heavy burden to healthcare professionals by increasing in number of visitors to hospitals and medical centers. Cyberchondria can be helpful in choosing and designing psychological interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore relationships between two components of psychological flexibility (Mindfulness and Cognitive diffusion) to Cyberchondria and the possible moderator effect of COVID-19 Anxiety in this relationship.

Methods and Materials: 

The method used in this study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all students who were studying at Shiraz University in the academic year 2021-2022. Convenience Sampling was used to choose participants. Data gathering was done on the Internet because of social distancing obligations. 262 participants completed study questionnaires. The tools used in this research were the Cyberchondria severity scale (CSS), Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS). The structural equation modeling method and Lisrel software were used to explore the relationship between study variables.

The presented model has a good fit. No significant relationship was found between mindfulness and cyberchondria. Cognitive Diffusion also had direct and indirect (through COVID-19 Anxiety) effects on Cyberchondria. Therefore, a significant statistical relationship was confirmed between study variables.

In sum, it seems cognitive defusion significantly contributes to cyberchondria symptoms, and COVID-19, as a mediant variable, plays a significant part in individuals' vulnerability against cyberchondria.

Childhood traumatic experiences irreversibly impact child’s mind and are related to obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. This study aimed to examine the relationship between childhood trauma and OC symptoms with fear of self, emotional beliefs, obsessive beliefs and mental contamination mediating the relationship. This correlational study was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Three hundred students of Shiraz University in 1401-1402 selected through convenience sampling method, completed Childhood Traumatic Questionnaire (CTQ), Fear of Self Questionnaire (FOS), Emotional Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (VOCI-MC) and Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. According to the findings, the modified version of the suggested model was fit. Therefore, experience of trauma during childhood leads to a state of feared self. The doubted and feared self, associated with mental pollution, obsessive beliefs, and emotional beliefs, subsequently lead intrusive thoughts experienced in sensitive domains of self to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. It seems that, considering feared-self and emotional beliefs in therapeutic plans assigned for OCD might be beneficial.

Anger Rumination is one of the main factors in the persistence of anger and aggression. The aim of this study was a comparative study on anger rumination from the Viewpoint of Islam and psychology. The method of the present study was comparative and descriptive and was performed by collecting information from the Holy Quran and psychological narrations and sources. For this purpose, verses and narrations related to anger, aggression, and temptation from Islamic sources were compiled and explained psychologically based on them. The research findings show that the Qur’anic equivalent of the rumble variable of anger rumination in psychology is the same as the temptations of the devil in times of anger. Also, anger rumination as a repetitive and often inevitable process of thinking about past experiences or the same temptation of the devil as interpreted by the Qur’an properly prevents anger management and consequently increases the consequences Such as revenge, resentment, jealousy, and even murder. Also, Islamic and psychological approaches have differences in explaining the cause, consequences, and types of anger as the underlying cause of anger rumination. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of anger and aggression, it is important to pay attention to the anger rumination or the temptations of the devil, as a mediating variable in psychological and religious therapies.

This research has been done with goal of checking relation of identity styles and self-acceptance with suicidal thoughts among Shiraz university students. Statistical population was consists of 300 students from six departments of Shiraz University in the academic year of 2019-2020, that were chosen as the samples of the study by the way of measure of multistage cluster. The instruments of the study were as follow: the questionnaire of Berzonski's styles of identity, the questionnaire of self-acceptance, and the scale of Beck's idea of suicide. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation test and the analysis of multiple regressions at the same time and step by step. The results showed that there is a meaningful and negative relationship between informative and normative identity styles with suicidal thoughts (p<0/01). And also a meaningful and positive relationship between avoidable deuced identity style suicidal thoughts (p<0/01). Besides, there is a meaningful and negative relation between unconditioned self-acceptance and suicidal thoughts (p<0/01). Results also demonstrated that informative and normative identity styles and unconditioned self-acceptance are negative anticipator of suicidal thoughts; and avoidable deduced identity styles is positive anticipator of suicidal thoughts.

Due to the high rate of self-injury in adolescents in 2022 and its destructive effect, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dialectical behavior therapy on self-criticism and self-compassion of adolescents with a history of self-injury behaviors.

The design of the present study is a single-subject experiment with several baselines. For this purpose, 3 female adolescents in Shiraz with a history of self-injury behaviors were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included self-criticism questionnaires (FSCRS) of Gilbert et al., Neff Self-compassion questionnaires (SCS), and structured clinical interviews for personality disorders (SCID-5 PD). Each person was randomly assigned to the baseline stage over a period of two, three, or four weeks. They then received 16 sessions of treatment and then a follow-up after one month.

Dialectical behavior therapy was effective in reducing self-criticism and increasing self-compassion in all three clients after treatment, but the stability of the treatment effect remained only for the first and second clients.

It seems that the application of dialectical behavior therapy skills with the cooperation and support of parents can be associated with a decrease in self-criticism and increased self-compassion of female adolescents with a history of self-injury behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) imposes significant costs on the family and community. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and emotion-focused therapy in improving the symptoms of OCD in people with this syndrome.

This study utilized a semi-experimental design with pre-and post-tests and a two-month follow-up period. Health centers, psychiatrists, and social media pages provided referrals and information on the sampling method. The participants were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Yale-Brown, and a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist's diagnosis. The participants were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5(SCID-5), Yale-Brown, and a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist's diagnosis. They were randomly assigned to groups. The treatment protocol was implemented in both groups. Each group began with 16 individuals. To diagnose OCD, we used the Yale-Brown(Y-BOCS). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mixed variance analysis in SPSS.

the mean difference between the emotion-focused therapy group and the control group(-6. 206) was greater than the mean difference between the metacognitive therapy group and the control group(-4. 992). In other words, there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments in improving the symptoms of the people with OCD syndrome.

Despite the effectiveness of both treatments in improving OCD symptoms, The mean difference between the two treatments and the control group demonstrated that emotion-focused therapy is more effective than metacognitive therapy at reducing the OCD syndrome.

Mental Disorders Symptoms is associated with numerous personal and social consequences. Therefore, present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between Secular Attachment [SA], Trust in God [TG] and Dysfunctional Attitudes [DA] with the mental disorders symptoms.

The population included Jahrom University Students, from whom 300 (191 women and 109 men) were selected through cluster random sampling method. Research instrument were Attachment Scale, Trust in God Questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitude (DAS-40) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-53). The data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression methods.

The result showed that SA and DA can significantly and positively and TG can significantly and negatively predict the severity of all mental disorders symptoms. SA showed higher power than DA in predicting symptoms of Obsessive-compulsive, Somatic Symptom, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid ideation and Psychoticism with coefficient variance was .24, .07, .25, .18, .32 and .21 respectively. Also TG showed higher power than DA in predict symptoms of Somatic Symptom and Depression.

According to the results, the quality of belief and attitude towards God and Secular Attachment has a significant relationship with psychological disorders symptoms, therefore, considering and modifications these components, is important issue in the process of evaluation, prevention and treatment.

This is a descriptive correlational study of the type of structural equation conducted aiming at investigating the structural model of attitude towards body image based on the Achievement Identity Status with the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance among adolescent girls.

Methods and Materials:

 The study’s statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the secondary level in Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-2019, 567 of whom were chosen by cluster random sampling, so that one of the six districts of education in Isfahan (District 5) was randomly selected and among the schools of this district, six schools and from each school, five classes (30 classes in total) were randomly selected and asked to participate in the study. To collect data, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and unconditional self-acceptance questionnaire (USAQ) were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with AMOS.

According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of identity status, sociocultural attitude towards appearance, and self-acceptance and attitude towards body image. Moreover, the findings revealed the effect of the achievement identity status on the attitude towards body image by mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance, and among adolescent girls, the proposed model has a good fit.

The identity status affects the type of people’s attitude towards their body image as their first experienced ego by mediating role of the sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance; hence, to improve the people’s attitude towards their body image, counseling centers, beauty centers, and schools are suggested to consider the aforementioned variables.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the dimensions of self-development of university employees and their relationship with the learning agility of Tehran University employees on the campus of the social and behavioral sciences. It is an exploratory mixed method study. In the qualitative part, meta-composition was used, and with the aid of Sandelowski and Barroso’s (2007) model, 60 related scientific research documents were analyzed from among 410 titles, and more than 410 open codes were identified. In 2021–2022 there were 197 members of the social and behavioral sciences campus research community at Tehran University. 127 individuals from seven faculties were selected by straightforward random sampling. In the qualitative part, the composite form was utilized, whereas in the quantitative part, the self-development and learning agility questionnaire created by the researcher was used. The findings reveal the existence of four dimensions, namely psychological, behavioral, affective, and moral self-development. Using Lisrel8.8 software, a self-developed measurement model was created with the aid of structural modeling, demonstrating the model’s excellent fit with the data. Learning agility has a correlation coefficient of 0.72 with self-development. Employee learning agility was significantly related to psychological self-development with a coefficient of 0.72, emotional self-development with a coefficient of 0.63, behavioral self-development with a coefficient of 0.67, and moral self-development with a coefficient of 0.59. In general, it is possible to assert that self-development consists of four essential dimensions, and that all of these dimensions have a positive and significant relationship with the learning agility of employees.

Most of the theories consider the most critical problem in the course of psychotherapy to be the resolution of resistance and present similar concepts, meanings, and effects for its appearance; But most theorists differ widely both in the definition of the types of resistance and its supposed causes and in the methods of dealing with resistant patients. In this article, an attempt has been made to narrative review of the concept of resistance from the perspective of different psychological approaches and the therapeutic techniques proposed by these approaches, by searching for keywords related to the research topic in reliable databases such as Science Direct, Elsevier, Magiran, SID, Google Scholar, and PubMed, and reviewing the studies that were published between 1990-2022 and present the latest revisions in the field of how to challenge resistance. Articles in the form of summaries of essays, short reports, and without access to the full text of the article were excluded from the study. From 150 searched articles, 33 articles were selected and the concept of resistance and related interventions were examined from the perspective of psychoanalytical, cognitive-behavioral, social-psychological, humanistic, and short-term solution-oriented approaches. The results showed that this phenomenon is generally related to the personality characteristics and insights of clients, the structure and style of treatment, therapeutic relationships, therapeutic techniques, characteristics, and interpersonal attitudes of the therapist. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the concept of resistance, identify the threatening and predisposing factors of resistance and, if necessary, carry out appropriate interventions by specialists and therapists.

Pain is an unpleasant experience, usually accompanied by potential or actual tissue injury, and is composed of emotional, sensory, cognitive, and social components. Past research has shown that both cognitive and emotional factors play a significant role in experiencing pain. An important complication of cancer is pain. More than 70 % of cancer patients experience disease-related pain. The cancer-caused chronic pain affects the quality of life of people with cancer. It also increases the risk of depression and anxiety in these patients. Psychological factors play a significant role in how patients adapt to pain. The research design was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included people with Leukemia who had referred to clinics and hospitals in Yazd for treatment and chemotherapy. In total, 240 individuals were selected by convenient sampling method. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between metacognitions, meta-emotions, psychological flexibility and experienced pain. The presence of negative emotions and decreased mental flexibility was associated with increased pain. The role of psychological flexibility as a mediating variable between metacognition and meta-emotion with the amount of pain experienced was confirmed. It was demonstrated that metacognitions and meta-emotions, through psychological flexibility affect the degree of the pain experienced.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between identity status and attachment styles with attitude toward body image in adolescent girls with the mediating role of social comparison. The research design was correlational study-structural equation modeling. The high school students in Isfahan in 2021 were the statistical population of this study, 567 of whom participated by cluster random sampling method. Data collection instruments included the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash, 1997), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2nd Version (Bennion & Adams, 1986), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read), and Social Comparison Scale (Chan & Prendergast, 2007). The data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling and the results showed that all of the model fitness indices were appropriate. The results also showed that the path coefficients of identity status and attachment style to social comparison and identity status, attachment style, and social comparison to attitude to body image were significant. Also, the social comparison had a mediation role in the relationship between identity status and attachment style with body image attitude. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that people who have a successful identity status and secure attachment style, experience a better attitude towards body image due to less tendency to social comparison.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric syndrome caused by exposure to threatening events such as war, car accidents, and physical and sexual assault. The experience of psychological trauma can have long-term cognitive effects. The symptoms of PTSD include changes in cognitive processes such as memory, attention, planning, and problem-solving and destructive effects on a person's performance. In the research background of this disorder cognitive defects been emphasized, such as memory defects, and their role in the continuation of the disorder. The present study was conducted to review the existing theories about memory deficits in people with PTSD and theories that explain post-traumatic stress disorder, focusing on the role of memory in this disorder. The related Keywords to this research topic were searched in reliable databases such as Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, and APA PsycNet in the period 2000 to 2022. The results of this survey show that one of the most prominent symptoms of these people is the experience of disturbing symptoms, which play an important role in memory disorders, and focusing on the reduction of these symptoms or eliminating them can lead to better treatment responses. Though that, for more effective treatments, clinical studies, and actions are still needed.

Research in the field of religion has always been accompanied by many complications, which is partly due to the lack of a single definition of this concept. In order to provide a precise definition of religion, we have to know its nature in people's minds. Personality is an important factor that affects the formation of mental perceptions in people. The aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the lived experience of religion in people with neurotic and borderline personality organization: a phenomenological study.

The present qualitative descriptive study was conducted by phenomenological method in 2019. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview and the sample group included 10 interviewees who were selected by purposive sampling and divided into two groups. People with neurotic personality organization (5 people) and borderline personality organization (5 people) were categorized. Interviews with each person lasted between 120 and 420 minutes and were conducted on one to six occasions. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation and a total of 2890 minutes of interviews were conducted. Data were analyzed by Moustakas method.

The most important categories discovered in the border organization included individual-centered religiosity, religious instability, religious excitement, and a fragmented one-dimensional God. People with borderline personality organization have an unstable image of God in their mind and their relationship with God changes under the influence of momentary emotions. The most important categories obtained in the neurotic organization were duty-oriented religiosity, religious perfectionism, religiosity based on suspicion and relatively consistent God. The image of God in the minds of people with neurotic personality organization is highly stable; The integrity of the idea of God makes a person's relationship with God not affected by momentary emotions.

The results of the present study revealed that religion had different qualities in the minds of people with different personality organizations and despite these differences in belief and behavior, people at all levels consider themselves believers in the same religion. The results indicated that at the lower levels of the spectrum of personality organization, personality acts as a vessel in which the content of religion is poured and religion takes on the color of personality, and people's interpretation of religion and the quality of their religious behavior is based on their personality and as we move towards higher levels of personality organization, a dialogue takes place between religion and personality, which causes personality to be influenced by religion.

Earthquake trauma has a wide range of psychological consequences in the affected areas. In addition, the role of Peritraumatic dissociation - as one of the consequences of trauma and the shaping factor of psychological problems - is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to Modeling Structural Relationships between Trauma experience and Peritraumatic dissociation with the mediation of experiential avoidance.

The research method was correlation using structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the study included people with experience of earthquake trauma living in Kermanshah region (Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani cities), among whom 323 people were selected by taking into account the exclusion and inclusion criteria as convenience sampling. Research tools include: Traumatic Exposure Severity Scale (TESS), Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II). For data analysis, the Structural equation method was used in SPSS (version 24) and LISREL.

The results showed that the tested model has a good fit. Also, the results of the correlation matrix showed that the relationship between the intensity of trauma experience with peritraumatic dissociation (0.17) and experiential avoidance (0.20) is significant at the 0.01 level, and the relationship between experiential avoidance and peritraumatic dissociation is 0.23, which is significant at the 0.01 level. In addition, the results of the direct and indirect effect of the variables in the model showed that the direct path of the intensity of trauma experience variable to the peritraumatic dissociation variable is not significant (t = 1.729, β = 0.17), the direct path of the experiential avoidance variable to the peritraumatic dissociation variable is significant (β=0.151, t=2.466) and the direct path of the trauma experience variable to the experiential avoidance variable is significant (t=3.063, β=0.315 β). Also, the indirect effect of the trauma experience variable on the peritraumatic dissociation variable through experiential avoidance is significant (b=0.096, p<0.05).

 Considering experiential avoidance as a mediator of the relationship between the severity of trauma experience (earthquake) and peritraumatic dissociation, can help to clarify and further explain the role of peritraumatic dissociation - as a mechanism that forms many psychological problems.

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion and mindfulness in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological and physical health. This paper is applied in terms of purpose and is correlational in terms of method. Two hundred forty-nine senior undergraduate students were selected via convenience sampling and filled in The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, Cohen et al, 1997), The Anxiety and Depression scale (CCAS, Costello, & Comrey, 1967), The Physical Symptom Checklist of Bartone (1989), The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, Baer et al, 2006), and the Self-compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The data were analyzed by path analysis model and Amos software. Results showed that perceived stress predicted self-compassion and mindfulness negatively and both of them predicted physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression negatively (p<0.01).  Besides, two separate models indicated that self-compassion and mindfulness have a mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress, physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression (p<0.01).  However, Entering these two mediating variables into the path analysis model indicated that self-compassion keeps its mediator variable role in all the three criterion variables, while mindfulness only has a mediator variable role in anxiety. It can be concluded that in order to reduce the effect of perceived stress on students' mental and physical health, we can focus on strengthening self-compassion.

The present study aimed to provide a model of empowerment for the family-heading women in Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach. The research population in the qualitative section included all female-headed households, Relief Committees across the country, and managers and specialists, from among whom 115 family-heading women, 27 managers, and 10 specialists were selected and interviewed through purposive sampling. In the quantitative section, 1500 women and 193 managers were selected using Cochran's sampling formula. To collect data, interviews and questionnaires were used. The results of the qualitative section showed that the empowerment model for family-heading females included problems (individual, familial, social, and economic), solutions (individual, familial, social, and economic empowerment), and strategies (direct and indirect organizational, and extra-organizational (including inter-organizational, legal, and social)). The fit of the model in the quantitative phase was assessed using LISREL software. Structural equation modeling also confirmed these dimensions and showed that the model had a relatively good fit with the data. Thus, it can be concluded that the model for the empowerment of women both takes into account the problems of this group and provides appropriate solutions and strategies to empower them in practice.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS–16) in an Iranian Sample.

In a descriptive-correlational study a sample of 300 students was selected by an online snowball sampling method. In order to assess the divergent and convergent validity, the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis in this questionnaire revealed three factors including Interferer daydreaming, Stubborn daydreaming, and Dependent daydreaming in the Iranian student population. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the three-factor model has an acceptable fitness. Cronbach's alpha for the first factor was 0.90, the second factor was 0.86, the third factor was 0.79 and the whole questionnaire was 0.93. A significant negative relationship was found between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of daydreaming with acceptance and practice, which indicates the divergent validity of this scale. A direct and significant relationship was also evident between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of Maladaptive Daydreaming with the components of Dissociative amnesia, Depersonalization/ Derealization, and Absorption/Imaginative Involvement which indicates the convergent validity of the tool.

the Persian version of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale has acceptable psychometric properties in the Iranian student community and could be a useful questionnaire in evaluating Maladaptive Daydreaming.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and primary maladaptive schemas with different dimensions of marital communication: investigating the mediating role of cognitive insight.

The current research design was correlation (regression). The statistical population of the current study consisted of all the married people of Isfahan city, of which 563 people were selected as the sample size using Baron Kenny's formula and included in the study. The research tools included Collins and Reed's adult attachment style questionnaire, primary maladaptive schemas questionnaire (short form), Enrich couple questionnaire and Beck's cognitive insight scale, which had good validity and reliability.

The results of the research showed that secure attachment had the greatest role in predicting communication with a standardized regression coefficient of -0.245. which, in the presence of cognitive insight variable, has a role in predicting communication with a standardized regression coefficient of -0.140. Also, cognitive insight plays a mediating role in the relationship between primary schemas and different aspects of marital communication. Disturbed borderline with a standardized regression coefficient of 0.95 had the greatest role in predicting communication. The alertness variable with a standardized regression coefficient of 0.192 and the self-management variable with a standardized regression coefficient of 0.089 had a significant role in predicting communication in the presence of the cognitive insight variable.

Adolescents' evaluation from their physical appearance is the most important variable in predicting their perception about themselves, because the first dimension of identity formation in humans is body perception and body identity. The purpose of the current study was to examine the structural model of attitudes toward body image according to attachment styles with the mediating role of socio-cultural attitudes toward the self-image and self-acceptance among adolescent girls. The type of the current descriptive research was correlation in the realm of structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls in Isfahan, 567 of whom participated in the study through cluster random sampling. In order to collect data the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (1997), Collins' Attachment Style Questionnaire (1990), Sociocultural attitudes towards appearance (1995) and Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (2001) were used. To analyze the data, the structural equation method was applied through AMOS software. The results demonstrated that attachment styles, self-acceptance and socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance have a direct effect on body image (p <0.05) and attachment styles mediated by self-acceptance and socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance have indirect effect on attitudes toward body image (p <0.05). The results indicated that the presented model has a good fit and the role of the of mediating variables in attitudes to body image was confirmed. Thus, in the domain of attitude toward body image, the attachment style and socio-cultural attitude toward appearance and self-acceptance should be marked by schools, counseling centers and beauty centers.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and neurological disease that causes various physical and mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, weakness, diplopia, blurred vision, decreased muscle strength, tremors, forgetfulness, lack of concentration, disorder of understanding feelings, etc. This disease is an inflammatory disease with a degenerative nature related to the central nervous system with a vast etiology. MS causes the myelin of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to be destroyed, and the destruction of myelin determines the symptoms of the disease. This disease is common between the ages of 18 and 40. According to statistics, approximately 2.5 million people in the world have MS. The prevalence of this disease (MS), according to the statistics recorded by the World Health Organization, is 20 to 60 cases per 100,000 people, and statistics show that the ratio of women to men is higher. The clinical course of MS is diverse and can vary from a completely benign course to a progressive and debilitating course. Stress is a term that refers to a set of physical, mental, emotional, and tension factors in a person. Being exposed to stress in everyday life is an integral part of life, some of these stresses can have a positive effect on increasing arousal, and in this case, it prepares a person for activity. On the other hand, exposure to stress can be harmful. Stress occurs for a person when the environmental facilities are more than the person's resources for adaptation. Perceived stress is defined as the degree to which environmental situations in a person's life are evaluated as stressful. The studies conducted about perceived stress indicate that stress and its effect on mental health are determined to some extent by a person's subjective evaluation of life events. People suffering from chronic diseases, if they cannot control the perceived stress of the disease, will affect their mental health. Therefore, it is very important to control and manage stress so that the patient can deal with it efficiently. One of the unpleasant consequences of stress in chronic patients such as MS is the unfavorable quality of life of these patients, which shows that it is important to investigate and evaluate the quality of life in clinical research, that knowledge about the quality of life of patients will help the health team to Move the care to improve their quality of life. Every person's dream in life has always been to have a good life. In the present century, there have been many changes in people's views on life, and every person tries to live a quality life and strives to improve the quality of his life. For this reason, the evaluation of the quality of life has gained a lot of value in recent years. The concept of quality of life in the lives of healthy or sick people is affected by different conditions and changes. The concept of quality of life depends on physical, mental, and social health, which is influenced by people's opinions and expectations. Another variable that is theoretically related to the structure of perceived stress is willpower. Regarding the controlling factors of human behavior, behaviorist psychologists consider the controlling factor of a person to be the external environment of a person, and cognitive psychologists consider the internal system of a person, including his willpower and decision, to be effective in this field. They consider from the point of view of today's psychologists, the concept of willpower is synonymous with the relative strength of motivations, and in fact, they consider the study of self-control and motivation to be effective and useful in this field. In general, the problem of the present research is to what extent the components of quality of life and components of willpower can predict the perceived stress in patients with MS and the contribution of each of these variables. How much is it in predicting the perceived stress of patients with MS?

The current research design is a descriptive design of the correlation type, in which the components of quality of life and the components of willpower are predictor variables and perceived stress is the criterion variable. The statistical population of this research was patients with MS from Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, and the sample of this research is 118 people, including 64 women, which is equivalent to 54.2 percent of the total sample size, and 54 men, which is equivalent to 45.8. The tools used in this research included Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Scale, and Godrezi's Willpower Scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS-23 software. To check the correlation of the dimensions of the variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was analyzed using the simultaneous regression method.

The results showed that the components of physical health and mental health from the quality of life scale and the components of independence and courage from the willpower scale significantly predict perceived stress. The value of the standardized regression coefficient was -0.360 for physical health, -0.249 for mental health, and -0.333 for independence and courage.

Physical health, mental health, independence, and courage can affect psychological well-being and increase the problems caused by stress by affecting the perceived stress of MS disease and his avoidance of MS stress. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these factors in the management and treatment of these patients. Multiple sclerosis patients struggle with stress due to facing and fighting this chronic disease. It is important and necessary that their perceived stress from the disease is not high enough to be able to cope with the disease. Since some subscales of quality of life and willpower are related to perceived stress, it is useful to pay attention to them in patients. The higher the level of quality of life and willpower, the less stress a person feels.

Today, people spend a lot of time in the cyberspace and social networks. One of the common phenomena of this space is false self-presentation, which can have many consequences in the field of mental health for both the individual and other users. Identifying the effective factors in this phenomenon helps us in prevention. It seems that the effective factors in this field are self-esteem and secular attachment. So the purpose of this study was to examine the role of secular attachment in the field of mental health in cyberspace, which was examined in the form of a model.

The present study is correlational. The statistical population of the study included all male and female students of Shiraz University, out of whom a sample of 307 people was selected by available sampling method. They answered the questionnaires of false self-presentation, secular attachment and self-esteem. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The results showed a good fit of the model. In other words, the results showed that self-esteem can predict false self-presentation through mediation of secular attachment.

It is suggested that researchers and therapists not neglect the role of cultural and religious variables. Parents and education activists should also pay special attention to fostering self-esteem during development.

Type 2 diabetes affects more than 90% of diabetic patients, which in addition to physical complications, is associated with psychological problems, such as binge-eating disorder. Diagnosing and treating binge-eating disorder can improve many comorbidities and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study aims to predict binge-eating disorder in women with type 2 diabetes based on symptoms of depression, emotion regulation, and psychological flexibility.

The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 102 people with type 2 diabetes through the cooperation of centers related to diabetes and using social media in a targeted manner. Research tools included the Gormally et al. (1982) binge-eating, the Beck et al. (1996) depression, the Bond et al. (2011) acceptance and the practice, and Graz and Roemer (2004) difficulty in regulation of emotion questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The results show that the symptoms of depression, emotion regulation, and psychological flexibility could significantly (p <0.001) predict binge-eating disorder. Among the predictor variables, depression symptoms with a prediction of 33% of the variance of binge-eating disorder, was the best predictor of the disorder in people with type 2 diabetes (p <0.001).

It can be concluded that early detection and treatment of depression symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes, can reduce binge-eating disorder in these people.