مهرداد فتحی

The use of dietary herbal products as potential anti-obesity agents has gained considerable traction in recent years.

The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of silymarin supplementation with and without exercise training on a high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorder in male Wistar rats.

36 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups; 1) control group with a regular diet; 2) high-fat diet (HFD); 3) HFD + Silymarin 25 (S25); 4) HFD + Silymarin 50 (S50); 5) HFD +S25 + ART (aerobic resistance training); 6) HFD + S50+ART (n = 6 for each group). HFD + S25 + ART and HFD + S50 + ART groups performed aerobic exercise three days/week and resistance exercise two days/week. Blood specimens were obtained for biochemical assessments and gene expression at the end of the 12-week intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs and Tukey’s post hoc test with SPSS21 at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Final body weight, the levels of glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in all of the treatment groups were significantly less compared with the HFD group (P < 0.05). Lipid profile was significantly improved in treatment groups in comparison with the HFD group (P < 0.05). Leptin and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels were significantly lower in HFD + S50, HFD + S25 + ART, and HFD + S50 + ART groups compared to HFD group (P < 0.05). Exercise plus silymarin consumption (HFD + S25 + ART and HFD + S50 + ART) increased Peptide YY levels (PYY) (P= 0.013 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Our findings suggest that combined silymarin consumption and exercise training is a promising non-pharmacological treatment for multiple simultaneous HFD-induced risk factors.

Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the most important cause of Liver Disorders, Which is associated with decreased expression of Peroxisome proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and increased expression of Sterol regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBP-1C) and Carbohydrate response element binding protein (CHREBP) in diabetic type 2 male rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on hepatic PPAR-α , SREBP-1C and CHREBP expression and IR in n diabetic type 2 rat.

In this experimental study, 27 male Wistar mice were randomly divided into three groups of healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic exercise. Medium and progressive aerobic exercise protocol on the treadmill was performed and The trainings lasted 8 weeks and 5 days/week. At the end of the trainings PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP expressions were examined via ELISA technique in the liver tissue. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used to compare the groups and the significance level was considered at p < 0.05.

The post-hoc test results indicated a significant reduction in IR between the diabetic control group and aerobic training (P<0.05). Despite a notable increase in hepatic expression, it PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP was statistically significant

aerobic exercise for eight weeks improved IR in type 2 diabetic rats. There was a significant difference in the expression of liver proteins between the groups. 

It is well-documented that physical fatigue from sports activities can negatively affect the immune system’s structure and function. Nutritional measures are suggested to delay fatigue and prevent the decline of immune system performance. The is study aimed to investigate the impact of an eight-week soccer preparation program and beta vulgaris supplement consumption on the content of OPA1 and MFN1 proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells of young male soccer players.

The study involved thirty male soccer players with an average age of 20.1±1.72 y. who had regularly participated in training and competitions in Shiraz in the two years prior to the study. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming beta vulgaris supplementation (n=15) and the other group receiving a placebo (n=15).  The training program consisted of eight weeks of soccer preparation training, with three sessions per week. Before each training session, the players in the beta vulgaris group consumed 50 g of beta vulgaris supplement, which contained 6.13 mmol of nitrate dissolved in half a liter of water. The content of OPA1 and MFN1 proteins of mononuclear immune cells was measured before and after the intervention using the ELISA method. The data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA test at p<0.05.

A study found that there was a significant increase in the MFN1 protein in both the exercise-supplement group (p=0.001) and the exercise-placebo group (p=0.009). Additionally, there was a significant increase in the OPA1 protein only in the exercise-supplement group (p=0.001), but not in the exercise-placebo group (p=0.72).

The study concluded that soccer training and beta vulgaris supplement can prevent disruption of the mitochondrial biogenesis process by increasing the content of MFN1 and OPA1 proteins.

Fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases is one of the concerns of today's society, therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and growth hormone injections on Cardiac mitochondrial PGC1α content and some oxidative stress indices in mice with hepatic damage.

In this experimental study, 21 male mice were, randomly, divided into three groups (n=7): control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise + Growth Hormone (EGH) group. The Medium intensity endurance training program was performed for eight weeks and 5 sessions with an intensity of 50% VO2max of per week. The somatropin injection protocols were 1 mg/ kilogram/body weight, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the software SPSS, using One-Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests.

PGC1a levels increased in both groups compared to the control group. SOD and MDA levels increased and decreased in both groups compared to the control group, respectively. The reduction of HOMA levels was significant only in E group compared to the control group. Also, the difference between E and E-GH group was significant. ALT/AST ratio decreased in both groups compared to the control group. The reduction of LDL/HDL ratio was significant only in group E compared to the control group.

Endurance training has produced a more effective response in improving NAFLD markers than GH peptides. Growth hormone injection can have negative consequences on some indicators of this abnormality.

Fatty liver disease and overcoming it is a health concern. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and somatotropin injection on hepatocyte apoptosis markers and atherogenic index in mice with fatty liver disease.

In this basic experimental study, 21 male mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): control (C), exercise (HIIT), Exercise + somatotropin (H-GH). The HITT was performed for eight weeks/ five sessions a week. The speed was 25 meters per minute at the beginning which increased to 70 meters per minute at the end of week eight. The somatropin dosage was 1 mg/kg. Markers, including CK-18, paraoxonase, insulin resistance, ALT/AST ratio, and LDL/HDL were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test.

CK18 values significantly decreased only in the HIIT group (P=0.01). Paraoxonase levels in both HIIT (P=0.00) and H-GH (P=0.01) groups significantly increased compared to the control group. Between groups changes of HOMA-IR index significantly reduced in the HIIT group (P=0.05) and slightly increased in the H-GH group but was not significant (P=0.36). The ratio of ALT/AST in both HIIT (P=0.02) and H-GH (P=0.03) groups significantly reduced. LDL/HDL ratio showed significant decrease only in the HIIT group (P=0.01).

High-intensity interval training produced a more effective response in improving the markers of none alcoholic fatty liver disease than GH. Injection of growth hormone alone can have negative consequences on some indicators of the disease.

Nowadays, the use of sports and energy supplements and drinks has become widespread among athletes. It is believed that the consumption of sports drinks can increase their performance during training and competition due to the presence of ergogenic compounds such as sugars, caffeine, sodium creatine, bicarbonate and taurine. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of two types of energy drinks on aerobic, anaerobic performance and fatigue index of young football players. The research method is a semi-experimental type and was implemented in a cross-sectional manner, and 10 young football players with an average age of 21±2 years, height 171±1.487 cm, weight 63.9±3.91 kg after participation In a familiarization session, they participated in 3 half-test and rest test sessions with an interval of 4 days. Sports drinks (Red Bull and Poweride) and placebo were consumed 40 minutes before the test. The results showed that Poweride drink increases endurance performance (P<5.5). In addition, Red Bull energy drink causes a significant increase in minimum power (P < 0.05).

The results of this study showed that Poweride drink improves aerobic performance compared to placebo drink. In addition, comparing the peak power averages, the minimum power showed that the minimum power in the Red Bull group has a significant increase compared to the placebo group.

In order to demolition of performance in radar systems, intentional jamming is used. One of the best methods to delete the effect of jammer is to use the adaptive filters. Adaptive filters are categorized to linear or nonlinear. The disadvantages of nonlinear adaptive filters are computational complexity and implementation. In the radar systems, it is commonly used the linear adaptive algorithms to prevent the saturation of receiver. Linear algorithms don't have any feedback and are resistant against saturation. In this paper, a linear adaptive algorithm based on NLMS algorithm is introduced which is named as improved NLMS algorithm. Improved NLMS algorithm is simulated for input signal of pulse radar affected by jamming and is compared with existing algorithms in terms of efficiency. Output SJR versus input SJR for each algorithm is plotted. Simulation results show that, for input SJR equal to 5 dB, the output SJR improves approximately equal to 6db for RLS algorithm and 8db for NLMS algorithm, respectively. For such input SJR, the proposed algorithm shows 11 dB improvement in output SJR versus to input SJR. This means that the proposed algorithm creates 3dB improvement compared to the best existing adaptive filter. This improvement is obtained by increasing the computational complexity compared to the NLMS algorithm.

Polyploid nuclei are formed as a result of a defective cell division cycle, which is strongly associated with the aging process and leads to an increase in the area of  hepatocytes, i.e. cell inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period high-intensity interval training (HIIT) swimming with resveratrol (R) supplementation on the area of liver cells and polyploid nuclei in aged rats. In this study, 40 male Wistar aged rats (twenty-month-old, weight of 350-450 g) that the NOVEL test of whom was negative and had no motor disorder, were divided into five groups (control (C), HIIT training (HIT), supplement and HIIT training (HITR), supplement (R), Solvent (S). Rats in the (HIT) and (HITR) groups performed (HIIT) swimming for six weeks (three days a week) the initial load applied (in the first week) was 9% of body weight per rat and 1% was added every week. Also, eight young rats (three-month-old, weight of 150-180 g) was placed in a group(Y) for comparison. At the end of the protocol and after biopsy, 5 healthy tissues were obtained from each group. Variables were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and, ImageJ software was used to calculate the area of hepatocyte and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to compare the groups. After six weeks of HIIT swimming with and without resveratrol, there was a significant decrease between the mean levels of hepatocytes in the study groups, which was significant in the training group compared to the other groups. However, this change in polyploid nuclei was not significant (p ≤0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean area of hepatocytes in the research groups (P=0.0001) (Table 1). According to Figure 1, Tukey’s test showed that this significant difference was in the mean area of hepatocytes between the control and exercise (P=0.0001), control and youth (P=0.0001), solvent and supplement (P=0.012), solvent and training (P=0.0001), solvent and youth (P=0.0001), supplement and training + supplement (P=0.0001), supplement and training (P=0.002), supplement and youth (P=0.003), training + supplement and training (P=0.0001), and training + supplement and youth groups (P=0.0001). There was no significant difference between the other groups. It seems HIIT swimming exercise with resveratrol supplements can lower liver cell levels.

Fatty liver and its treatment are among the concerns of today’s society. So this study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training, Somatropin injection, and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on cytokeratin-18 (CK18) levels and liver enzymes of mice with fatty liver.

 In this experimental study, 28 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (7 mice in every group): control (C), exercise (E), exercise + fragment (EA), and exercise + growth hormone (EGH). A medium-intensity endurance training program was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with an intensity of 50% VO2max. The somatropin and fragment injection protocols were 1 mg and 250 mc/kg of body weight, respectively. The mice were evaluated 48 hours after the last training session. The obtained data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests at the significant level of P<0.05 in SPSS version 26.

CK18 showed a significant decrease in group E compared to the control group only (P=0.00). CK18 values were significantly higher in the EGH group compared to the E (P=0.00) and EA (P=0.04) groups. HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) index had a significant decrease in the E (P=0.00) and EA (P=0.03) groups, but no significant changes were seen in the EGH group. Changes in aspartate transaminase were not significant in any of the groups. Alanine transaminase levels in all three groups of E (P=0.00), EGH (P=0.03), and EA (P=0.00) were significantly lower than those in the control group, but the inter-group changes were not significant.

 Endurance training has produced a more effective response in improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease markers than GH and fragment peptides. Growth hormone injection can have negative consequences on some indicators of this abnormality.

Acute exhaustive activities result in the physiological and immunological changes of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term consumption of Aloe Vera extract on immunoglobulin M, G, A responses and cortisol concentrations in active girls following exhaustive CrossFit exercise.

In this study, 30 healthy young girls (age 23.03 ± 2.33 years, weight 65.55 ± 6.36 kg, BMI 22.99 ± 2.47 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two experimental group (consumption of 300 mg Aloe Vera extract and exhausting activity) and control group (consumption of 300 mg placebo and exhausting activity). After the two-week supplementation, both groups performed CrossFit workout until exhaustion. Blood samples were taken to measure the humoral immune variables in similar conditions in three stages of pre-test, after two weeks of Aloe Vera consumption and after the exhaustive activity. The data were analyzed using independent T-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test in SPSS software (P-value≤ 0.05).

The results demonstrated that the levels of immunoglobulins A, G, and M (p = 0.001) were significantly increased after two weeks of Aloe Vera consumption, however, the acute exhaustive exercise significantly reduced these factors. On the other hand, cortisol levels increased significantly after one session of acute exhaustive exercise (p = 0.001), which was not significant in the Aloe Vera consumer group (p = 0.621).

It seems that the consumption of Aloe Vera extract for two weeks can moderate the suppressive effects of acute exhaustive exercise on the immune system of active young girls through improving the immune system factors and preventing the increase of cortisol concentration.

 Structural postural changes due to aging are common among the elderly due to decreased muscle mass and tissue. We evaluated the effect of 10 weeks of core muscle training on serum levels of follistatin, myostatin, and pain in older women with low back pain.
Methods & Materials: A total of 18 older women with low back pain (aged 60 to 70 y) were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (n=9) and control (n=9). The training program of core muscles included 55 to 60 min sessions, 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training, serum follistatin and myostatin, along with pain intensity and lumbar function, were evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed by paired sample t test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to compare intragroup and intergroup differences, respectively.

 Core muscle training led to a significant reduction in the relative pain scale (P=0.001). Follistatin (P=0.001) and myostatin (P=0.001) levels increased and decreased significantly at the end of the training period, respectively. Lumbar function improved in the training group. Changes in means of between groups in relative pain scale, follistatin, myostatin, and lumbar function have a significant difference (P<0.05).

 Core muscle training was associated with a decline in myostatin level, increase in follistatin level, and improving lumbar function. In summary, core muscle training may decrease muscle atrophy related to age.

Fatty liver is on the rise in the world, so the aim of this study was to investigate The effect of eight weeks of endurance training, injection of growth hormone lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on CK18 and liver enzymes of NAFLD on mice induced mice induced by high-fat diet.

In This experimental study, 28 male mice were, divided into four groups(n=7): control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise + Fragment (EA), Fragment without training (A) group. The Medium intensity endurance training program was performed for eight weeks and 5 sessions per week. The Fragment injection protocol was considered to be 250 picograms per kilogram of body weight per day. Samples were evaluated 48 hours after the last training session . Statistical analysis of the data using the software SPSS version 26, using OneWay ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests at the significant level (P<0/05) was carried out.

CK18 showed a significant decrease compared to the control group only in group E(P=0.00). HOMA-IR index had a significant decrease in E (P=0.00) and EA (P=0.03) groups, but no significant changes in A group. Changes in AST were not significant in any of the groups. ALT levels in all three groups of E (P=0.00), A(P=0.00) and EA(P=0.00) were significantly lower than the control group.

Despite not having a negative effect on AOD9604, endurance training alone showed a better response to this peptide. It seems that fragmentation along with exercise can be effective in improving fatty liver syndrome.

Fibrinogen is one of the most important inflammation factors and a prediction index in cardio vascular diseases. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise with constant and variable intensities on body composition and some physiological indicators and coagulation factors in middle aged overweight women.

This semi-experimental and practical study was performed in 2015 on 30 women in three groups: aerobic exercise with constant intensity (n=10), variable intensity (n=10) and control (n=10) in the city of Bojnourd. The aerobic training program included eight weeks of aerobic training, 30 minutes of aerobic training with a constant intensity with 60% of heart rate and variable intensity included 2 minutes of bike pedaling with 50% of maximal heart rate and 1 minute of bike pedaling with 70% of maximal heart rate. The levels of fibrinogen, PT, PTT, platelet count and non-coagulation factor were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training session. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 25) and dependent t-test, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and tukey post hoc test for intra-group and inter-group changes, respectively. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant

Weight (constant intensity, P=0.001 and variable intensity, P=0.001), body mass index (constant intensity, P=0.001 and variable intensity, P=0.001), systolic (constant intensity, P=0.03 and variable intensity, P=0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (constant intensity, P=0.001 and variable intensity, P=0.001) decreased significantly in both groups. However, body fat percentage decreased significantly only in the constant intensity group (P=0.001). Prothrombin time (PT) (constant intensity, P=0.004 and variable intensity, P=0.009), thromboplastin time (PTT) (constant intensity, P=0.005 and variable intensity, P=0.01), fibrinogen (constant intensity, P=0.001 and variable intensity, P=0.02), and platelet counts (constant intensity, P=0.02 and variable intensity, P=0.001) significantly decreased in both groups. However, non-coagulation factor significantly increased in both groups (constant intensity, P=0.003 and variable intensity, P=0.001). The amount of flexibility (constant intensity, P=0.003 and variable intensity, P=0.001) and maximal oxygen consumption (constant intensity, P=0.001 and variable intensity, P=0.001) increased significantly in both groups

Eight weeks of aerobic training with two constant and variable intensities by reducing body composition indices, coagulation factors and increasing fitness indices in overweight women can possibly improve cardiovascular health and reduce inflammation.

The plantar pressure distribution should not cause any change in muscle activity. The aim of the present study was to compare plantar pressure distribution and electrical muscle activity during walking between viscous shoes and EVA shoes.

A total of 10 healthy male individuals were recruited in the current quasi experimental study. A special shoe with specific feature of liquid flow was made for this study, which could reduce pressure from damping mechanism. An EVA shoe was also used for comparison as reference shoe. Plantar pressure distribution was measured using Pedar insole system and muscle activity was measured using Myon EMG system. Data analysis was done using Pedar X and ProEMG softwares and in eight regions of foot.

It was found that special shoe with hydrodynamic mechanism could effectively reduce load in rear foot, forefoot, and toe regions but no significant differences were observed in muscle activity between shoes, except for gastrocnemius.

According to the results, damping effect of liquid shoe following impact force can effectively reduce the pressure and force in high risk regions of the foot.

Klotho protein is a substance effective in increasing life expectancy. Moreover, it prevents muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the present aimed to assess changes in the expression of klotho protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) genes in the muscles of aged Wistar rats after eight weeks of resistance training.

The present experimental study was connected on 16 Wistar male rats, aged 20 months, which were assigned to two groups of resistance training group and control. Resistance training was performed three sessions a week over eight weeks. After dissecting the rats, the soleus and flexor hallucis longus muscles of the rats were extracted to measure the expression of klotho protein and (IGF-1) genes using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

After the resistance training program, Klotho protein in the fast-twitch muscle tissue of the trained rats did not show a significant difference, compared to that in the control group. Furthermore, IGF-1 in the fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of the training group did not display a marked difference, compared to that in the control group.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the values of klotho protein and IGF-1 did not improve after a period of resistance training. It can be argued that resistance training should be conducted in longer periods and with different intensities, which should be scrutinized in future research.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is the main regulator in energy metabolism. Training stimulates many processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose metabolism, and fatty acids metabolism. It also increases the capacity of fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight-week aerobic training of different intensities on PGC-1α, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and atherogenic index in obese male Wistar rats. Twenty-four obese male rats induced by a high-fat diet (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) were divided into three groups: aerobic training of moderate intensity (MI), aerobic training of high intensity (HI), and the control group (C). The MI and HI training groups carried out exercise training by eight weeks of walking on a treadmill for five sessions/week, 60 min per session, and at a speed of 28 m/min and 34 m/min, respectively. The levels of PGC-1a in the MI and HI groups significantly increased compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant differences between IRF4 levels of MI and HI groups (p > 0.05). The serum HDL-C levels increased only in the MI group compared to the C group (p  < 0.05). The LDL-C, TG, TC, and atherogenic index levels reduced more significantly in MI and HI groups than in the C group (p  < 0.05). The results show that eight-week aerobic training of two moderate and high intensities may be the signaling pathways to the activation of the PGC-1a protein (i.e., a key regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) in skeletal muscle.

 Wrestling is a fast-paced activity in which resistance training is essential to improve athlete performance. We evaluated the effect of comparison of the effect of eight weeks resistance training with two patterns of pyramidal and inverse pyramidal on bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile of freestyle wrestlers.

 In this semi experimental study, 24 male freestyle wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups [pyramidal (n=12) and inverse pyramidal endurance (n=12)]. The pyramidal and inverse pyramidal resistance training included (8 weeks, 3 times per a week, 60 minutes per session). Bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Paired and independent sample t-test were used to compare within and between-group means and the results were tested at the significant level P<0.05.

 Training lead to changes on weight, body mass index, body fat percent, maximum power into pyramidal and inverse pyramidal groups (P<0.05). Anaerobic power, explosive power, muscular endurance increased significantly in both pyramidal and inverse pyramidal patterns. There were significant differences in the between-group mean changes in the variables of weight, body mass index and muscular endurance between the two experimental groups (P<0.05).

 Resistance exercises with pyramidal and inverse pyramidal patterns led to significant weight loss, body mass index, body fat percentage, and improvement of skill profile and biometric indicators. Therefore, using both types of training may have a positive effect on wrestlerschr('39') performance indicators.

Nowadays, obesity is one of the health problems in the world, the incidence of which is spreading. In recent years, with the spread of obesity and metabolic complications caused by obesity, much scientific attention has been paid to the study of adipose tissue. Today, adipose tissue is not considered a static tissue that stores only energy, but is considered a metabolically active tissue. Like the glandular system, metabolic tissues secrete various secretory factors that have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine functions depending on the extracellular environment. Environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, and metabolic status are the main causes of overweight and obesity; in turn overweight and obesity are also affected by genetic traits. As a general rule, excess body fat is the result of a long-term imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure.

Proper selection of exercises is an important factor in changing the lifestyle of obese children and adolescents and is an effective indicator in the control and treatment of obesity. Physical activity creates a negative energy balance due to increased energy consumption. Recent research suggests that high intensity interval training (HIIT) creates a temporary state of anorexia that delays hunger for a short time after exercise, but this effect is short-term. On the other hand, HIIT plays a role in the changing energy consumption through changes in hunger and appetite signals as well as regulatory peptides at the levels of short to long-term signals in obese individuals. This review article discusses the effectiveness of HIIT in obese people.

The 3000-meter run is one of the most popular and enduring materials among endurance and semi-endurance races and because of the special conditions of this field, which can use aerobic and anaerobic energy production systems at the same time. We evaluated the effect of eight weeks resistance and endurance training on physiological, functional factors and elite runnerchr('39')s record.

In this semi experimental study, 24 male runners were randomly assigned into two groups [resistance (n=11) and endurance (n=11)]. The resistance and endurance training included (8 weeks, 3 times per a week, 55-60 minutes per session). Physiological and functional factors were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare within-group and between-group means and the results were tested at the significant level p<0.05.

Training lead to changes on heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength, muscular endurance, balance and a record of 3000 meters were significant in both resistance and endurance training groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the between-group mean changes in the variables of heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength, muscular endurance, balance and a record of 3000 meters between the resistance and endurance groups (P<0.05).

Resistance and endurance training were associated with increased muscle strength, muscular endurance, balance, and a significant reduction in the male runnerchr('39')s record. In summary, using both types of exercise may have a positive effect on runnerschr('39') records and performance indicators.

Cardiovascular disease, especially coronary heart disease, is one of the leading causes of death in women. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise in the water with and without consumption of green tea on some blood coagulation factors in inactive postmenopausal women.

The present study is quasi-experimental. 27 obese and inactive postmenopausal women were randomly divided into three groups: exercise group (9 subjects with a mean weight of 68.93±9.1 kg), supplement group (8 subjects with a mean weight of 84.9±17.5 kg) and exercise+supplement group (10 individuals with mean weight of 73.73±10.1 kg). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session for 45-60 minutes with an intensity of 55-75% of maximum heart rate. The supplement group received 200 ml of green tea 3 times daily for 8 weeks. Before and after the training and supplementation protocol, blood samples were collected and changes in plasma fibrinogen levels, platelet count, PT, and PTT were measured. For data analysis, SPSS software version 16 was used at a significance level of p<0.05.

Based on the research findings, changes in PT variables and platelet count were not significant in any of the three groups (p<0.05). Fibrinogen increased in all three groups, which was significant only in the green tea group. PTT decreased in all three groups, which was significant in the green tea group.

Consumption of green tea in the present study increases blood coagulation. Given the importance of blood homeostasis and the adverse effects of disturbing the balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis systems, it seems that any supplementation should be analyzed in terms of its effect on hemostatic balance and the activity of its subsystems.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of core stabilization exercise on the serum level of Activin A and back performance scale in elderly women.

This study was a semi-experimental research. Eighteen volunteer women with low back pain (age 69.1±2.45 years, body mass index 25.5±2.84 kg/m2 and fat percentage 33.7±2.95%) were randomly divided into two equal groups (each with 9 individuals): experimental and control. Core stabilization training group performed the exercises 3 times per week, 60 minutes each time, for 8 weeks, while the control group was followed up. Body composition, Activin A levels, and back performance scale were measured in two groups before and after the intervention.

Ten weeks of core stabilization training significantly reduced Activin A serum level (from 5.62 ng/ml to 2.84 ng/ml) (p=0.000) and improved back performance scale (from 58.5% to 33.3%) (p=0.002) in elderly women with low back pain in the exercise group compared with the control group.

Core stabilization exercise improves the back performance scale and reduces Activin A level in elderly women with low back pain.

 Adiponectin is mainly produced by adipose tissue and there is an inverse relationship between circulating adiponectin levels and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of adiponectin and insulin resistance index in obese male rats.

In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) divided into three groups: aerobic training with 28 m/min (MI=moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (HI=high intensity) and, (C=control) group. All training groups carried out exercise training for 8 weeks (5 sessions per-week for 60 min per session). Data were analysis with one way ANOVA to determine the intra and difference between groups and for post hoc test was Tukey test.

The levels of adiponectin in MI group (p=0.04) and HI (p=0.04) rather than C group increased. Moreover, there is no differences between eight weeks aerobic training with MI and HI groups on adiponectin levels (p=1.00). The levels of FBS and insulin in MI and HI groups rather than C group reduced; in the other hand this change were not significant (p>0.05). The levels of insulin resistance index in MI group (p=0.01) and HI (p=0.01) rather than C group reduced significantly.

It seems that both of the aerobic training has a better effected on prevention of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Orexin is an orexigenic peptide and is present in the form of A and B in the blood. Orexin neurons respond to a number of metabolic signals that indicate the body's energy status.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training on orexin level, insulin resistance and anthropometric indices in overweight women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 24 inactive overweight women were non-randomly divided into interventional and control groups. The aerobic training included aerobic training (with intensity of 60-70% of maximum heart rate reserve). The training performed three times per week for six weeks.

The six weeks of aerobic training increased the orexin level and decreased insulin, glucose, insulin resistance index, weight, BMI, WHR and fat percentage in interventional group compared to the controls (P<0.05).

The six weeks of aerobic training increased the orexin level, decreased insulin resistance and improves anthropometric indices in overweight women.