فهرست مطالب موسی غنچه پور

Reading is a complicated process that using comprehension strategies helps learners have more interaction with text to comprehend it better. The aim of this descriptive-analytic study is investigating Farsi textbook of sixth grade in elementary school based on three activating background knowledge, cultivating vocabulary and verifying strategies and 26 techniques of Anderson's socio-psycholinguistic approach (1994 & 2012) to be clarified its correspondence with this approach and its cognitive, metacognitive and compensatory strategies. For this purpose, 79 techniques were collected from all texts and tasks including parts of reading comprehension, perception and conception, interpretation and comprehension, linguistic and literary knowledge, game and listen and say based on researcher-made checklist. Data analysis showed that although all strategies are used, frequency and variation of techniques are low and its content is inconsistent with this model. Organization of chapters into lessons with various titles and sections like read and memorize, tale, read and think, listen and say attracts learners' interests to read. Various techniques in teaching vocabularies, working with classmates to extend reading skill, teaching vocabulary in connection with other language activities, explicit teaching of vocabularies, teaching vocabulary independent of other language activities, lexical schemes, conceptual relationships, remembering and exercises following these techniques have not been used. Data of verifying principle showed that more attention is paid to metacognitive strategies. Using various texts and techniques relating to remembering previous knowledge are the advantages and not paying attention to group exercises to support the critical thinking of learners are the drawbacks of the book's content.

In critical reading, the learner challenges the writers' views by investigating pieces of evidence and questioning to comprehend better the viewpoints of the writer. The aim of this study is to analyze 39 techniques and six reading strategies in Farsi textbook of sixth grade in elementary school based on the mindscapes approach (Carter, 2011) to clarify the correspondence extent of this book with the theory. The strategies include learning styles, active reading, main idea, critical thinking, question-answer relations, and text features. To fulfill the purpose, in this descriptive-analytic paper Farsi textbook of sixth grade among Farsi textbooks of elementary was studied based on the mindscapes theory. The used Critical reading strategies in each lesson were identified by their correspondences with strategies of the model and finally the whole correspondence of the sample was done quantatively. The data of 165 strategies was collected by researcher- made checklist from lesson texts, stories, read and memorize, read and think and all tasks including reading comprehension, comprehension and reception, reading and understanding, knowledge (language and literature), listen and say and lesson research. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The investigating of strategies frequencies showed meaningful difference among them.Discussion and The findings indicate that all strategies have been used in this textbook, although their varieties and frequencies are different. The learning style strategy is in consistent with the model. The active reading and question types are nearly consistent while main idea, critical thinking and text features are inconsistent with this approach. On the whole, the textbook is not in line with the critical reading strategies of mindscapes approach making its revision inevitable to promote the learners' reading comprehension.

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to compounding by linguists worldwide. While Persian linguists have extensively studied root and verbal compounds, phrasal compounds have received relatively little attention, possibly due to the lack of correspondence between the structures of phrasal compounds and common compound standards. This article aims to describe and analyze contemporary Persian phrasal compounds using a dataset of 281 phrasal compound words (135 synthetic and 146 root compound words).

This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features.  The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.

GHESSE HAYE MAJID is the most important book of HOushang Moradi Kermani that became famous in Iran and all over the world. This book has thirty nine stories and has written with the public language and culture. GHESSE HAYE MAJID has attractive stories and pleasurable prose. The writer of this article studies to understand what kind of the prose there is in the GHESSE HAYE MAJID. This article that has been done with the description and analysis methods showed both of the stories and prose are simple and popular among people and it is a melodious text with the popular and natural rhetoric. Houshang Moradi Kermani uses of the capacity in the public language especially the kenning. In the sentences of the stories melodious elements is seen for example: the repetition and the onomatopoeia. In the GHESSE HAYE MAJID descriptive sentences is seen that have two meanings: denotation and connotation as a result they are kenning. Some kennings are written with the synonyms because his main addressers are children and youths. In this article also rhetoric uses of the kenning and properties of simile are studied.

This article studies the relationship between grammatical and lexical aspects based on the compositional theory. The data of this study was collected from written and spoken contemporary Persian. The data indicates no one-to-one correspondence between grammatical and lexical aspects. The unbound action events are atelic while the bound ones have telic/ atelic features. The mismatch between grammatical and lexical aspects of state propositions is based on perfect or progressive interpretation of grammatical aspect and atelic feature of lexical aspect. The normal stative happenings have perfect/ progressive grammatical and atelic lexical aspects while the achievement state sentences have telic aspects. There is no one-to-one correspondence between perfect and telic aspects as well as progressive and atelic aspects in accomplishment propositions. The perfect grammatical aspects of accomplishment propositions have telic features. The durative accomplishment events show approaching to the endpoint. The grammatical aspects have an influence on lexical aspects in these events. Perfect grammatical aspects of scalar accomplishment events possess telic/ atelic lexical aspects. The lexical aspect of events is not predictable and it is not determined through inherent features of verbs, but all constituents have an effect on specifying it.

This article studies the transitivity system of Ferdowsi's discourse while Rostam faces the armies of Iran and Turan based on systemic functional grammar of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) to identify its style. In this regard, the analysis of 195 clauses derived from 155 couplets of Ferdowsi's Shahname revealed that types of processes, participants and circumstances and their frequencies in Ferdowsi,s discourse are different from each other while their type and frequencies in Rostam's speech that addresses Iranian army was not different from Turani's army. The relational process possessed the highest and the behavioral one held the least frequency. The representation of mental and material processes by relational process justifies the higher frequency of relational process compared to the others. Mental clauses showed that the perceptive type had higher frequency compare to cognitive, desiderative and emotive types. The nature similarity of behavior process with mental, material and verbal processes justifies the lower frequency of this process so that it is represented through these processes. Iran's army was addressed by neutral quoting process while the Turan's was addressed through indicating one. In addition, the type and frequency of identified, identifier, carrier, attribute, agent, sensor and sayer participants, as well as the type and frequency of the location and manner circumstantial elements are of other characteristics of this discourse. The concrete evidence of processes, participants, circumstances, using proper nouns and the higher frequency of processes accompanying with past form and the first person confirm the narrative-descriptive style of this discourse.

In this article, word order in syntactic structures of the mixed Turkish-Persian language of Baft was studied through the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992, 2009 & 2013) to determine the typology of this language compared to Europe-Asia and world genera. Other purposes of this research were to study the efficiency of Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory and Cross-Category Harmony Principle to investigate whether they can explain the typological behavior of this language. The findings showed that this mixed Turkish-Persian language compared to Europe-Asia languages had 16 elements of strong object-verb languages (verb follows object) and 15 elements of verb-object languages (verb precedes object). This language in comparison with world languages also had 15 elements of strong OV languages and 14 elements of strong VO languages. These results prove that this language variety compared to Europe-Asia and world languages corresponds with OV genera. Having the elements of strong VO languages compared to Europe-Asia and world languages indicates that this variety is moving toward the strong VO languages and typologically is not a consistent OV or VO language, but a mixed one and this property is for a broad bilingual social environment. Moreover, the evidence of this language showed that Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory and Cross-Category Harmony Principle cannot explain the typological word order behavior of this mixed Turkish-Persian language.

This case-control study investigates the language attrition of adult Balochi- Persian bilinguals concerning voice onset time (VOT) of [p, t, k] consonants. In this regard, the language behavior of 12 participants who participated in this study as one experimental and two control groups was analyzed. Each group of participants consisted of four subjects (two men and two women). The stimuli included 40 frequent disyllabic nouns of Persian and Balochi. The subjects were asked to repeat the nouns to measure the VOT of stop consonants through Praat. The data analysis showed that the VOT of voiceless stop consonants [p, t, k] in Persian and Balochi speakers was different from each other. The same patterns of VOT in different groups indicated the relationship between VOT of voiceless stop consonants and their place of articulation. Moreover, Persian and Balochi have a reciprocal relationship concerning the phonological attrition of voiceless stop consonants. Persian causes the phonological attrition of Balochi in advanced adult Balochi- Persian bilingual speakers living in Balochi context, makes the VOT of Balochi consonants close to the VOT of Persian consonants and triggers them to be converged. Moreover, Balochi decreases the VOT of Persian consonants and makes interference and attrition in Persian.

bstract: This article studies compounding in different approaches of Generative Grammar, that is, transformational, lexicalist, and government and binding theories. The evidence includes 8579 synthetic and 3974 root compound nouns of contemporary Persian. Results show that grammatical functions and abstract predicates in transformational theories cannot provide suitable mechanisms to form compounds and they deviate from the recoverable principles. Lexicalist approaches cannot explain the compounds made by external and also two arguments. In a strong version of government and binding approaches regarding compounding, the subcategorization frame of a verb is not regarded, the argument is not immediately adjacent to the derived verb stem and the projection principle is also violated. Moreover, the aspect of a compound is derived from inflectional affix which is governed by the inflectional node. In the moderate model of this approach, the derived verb stem is not able to assign the case to a non- adjacent constituent. Data analysis of root and synthetic compound words in Persian proves that morphology- syntax interactional approach explains formation of compounding more efficiently.

Biography is one of the narrative formats. Memoir and travelogue are of its types too. Biography is, on the one hand, similar to history because real events are reported, and on the other hand, it is like story because the persons in biography are narrated as fictional characters, and the reader follows it and asks himself: What will happen next? Due to the given similarities of the biography and story, the present study investigates “characterizationˮ, “point of viewˮ and “plotˮ in biography to be clarified if there is the plot in it. Moreover, it will clarify the extent that the characterization of the biography and story resembles each other, and the features of the point of view in the biography. This research being done by descriptive and analytical methods showed that the plot is greatly different in biography and story. The narrations of the writer of biography is often in chronological order and his speech is overt and in detail. The writer of the biography takes into account the characterization of people, and the characterization is often of a direct description. The Point of View in “An Salhaˮ autobiography is the first-person, and in description of other characters is third person. External monologue has also frequently been used in autobiography.

The role of semantic head and constituent position in processing and representation of root compound nouns comprised of noun-noun was studied in this article. For this purpose, the performance of three people (two men and one woman) with Broca aphasia was studied through naming and repetition of endocentric and exocentric root compound nouns taken from the Ph.D. dissertation of Xabbaz (2006). Easier processing of simple and compound nouns' repetition compared to their naming proved that repetition processing was different from naming. Moreover, easier processing of root compound nouns in comparison with simple ones showed the role that morphological structure plays in processing. The occurrences of errors in one constituent of compound nouns (the initial or final constituent) and also in the whole compound (both initial and final constituents) confirmed that semantic head had no role in processing compound nouns. More errors of people with Broca aphasia in initial constituents, compared to the final constituents of endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric root compound nouns in confrontation naming, indicated that constituent position has a role in the processing of root compound nouns. Moreover, fewer errors of final constituents compared to initial constituents of compound nouns in repetition task provides an account of the easier processing of nouns' final constituents and supports the role of constituent position in the repetition process too. The distribution of errors in initial, final, and both constituents (the whole) of root compound nouns is an indication of their hierarchical and flat processing in naming and repetition tasks. Analyzing the correct answers of people with aphasia in confrontation naming and repetition revealed that they had better performance in repetition than naming. The repetition of their simple nouns also was better than their naming. Moreover, they had better performance in repetition and naming of simple nouns in comparison with compound ones. The finding of easier processing of simple and compound nouns' repetition compared to their naming processing proved that auditory repetition and confrontation naming were processed differently. Moreover, easier processing of simple nouns compared to compound ones indicated that the structure of words played an important role in processing of words. In other words, words with complex structures are processed more difficultly than words whose structures are simple. Regarding the fact that the head and its position are separate from each other in exocentric root compound nouns and none of the constituents are heads; this independence shows the role of constituent position in both hierarchical and flat processing of compound nouns. If the head finial compound nouns, whose heads are located in words' final, have an easier processing, it is expected that the exocentric nouns will be processed in the same way. In other words, since none of the constituents of exocentric compound nouns are heads, it is expected that both constituents will be processed at the same degree of easiness, but contrary to this expectation, analyzing the errors which are produced by people with Broca aphasias showed that the distribution of errors were not different from endocentric compound nouns. This means that although none of constituents of exocentric compound nouns are heads, like endocentric ones, their final heads are processed more easily Moreover, the fewer errors of these constituents show the important role of constituent positions in processing. In addition, this finding displays the role of compound nouns' final heads too. It also reveals that the processing of exocentric and endocentric compound nouns are the same. The distribution of errors in initial and final, or both constituents of compound nouns simultaneously shows the hierarchical and flat processing of confrontation naming. On the other hand, the higher number of occurrences of errors in both constituents of root compound nouns demonstrates that the flat processing is more frequent than the hierarchical one in naming these stimuli. This finding is in accordance with what Marelli, Crepaldi & Luzzatti (2009) found in processing of compound words. The distribution of errors in initial, and final or both constituents of compound nouns produced by people with aphasia proves that both the flat and hierarchical processing occur in repetition. Moreover, the higher occurrences of errors in initial and final head constituents of compound nouns compared to the whole compounds (both constituents) of these nouns shows that the frequent processing is hierarchical in repetition. This finding is in accordance with what El Yagoubi, Chiarelli, Mondini, Perrone, Danieli, & Semenza (2008) claimed on potential impact of headedness in processing of nouns in Italian.

This study investigates the way head initial and head final root compound nouns comprising of noun-noun constituents are processed. It also investigates the role of their syntactic head and constituent position in processing through confrontation naming and auditory repetition tasks in people with Broca aphasia. Three people with Broca aphasia (two men and one woman) named the pictures in the naming task while confronting with them and they repeated the simple and compound nouns after hearing them in the repetition task. The stimuli include 40 nouns (20 simple and 20 compounds) and their black and white related drawing pictures. Nonparametric Kruskal Wallis H. Test showed that statistically there was no significant difference between the ranks of patients' errors in naming and repeating compound nouns, while there was a significant difference between the error patterns of initial, final and both constituents (the whole compound) in naming task and also between the error patterns of the constituents in repetition. Mann-Whitney U test showed that there was no significant difference between the naming errors of head initial and head final compound nouns as well as their repetition errors. The significant difference between the mean rank of naming simple and compound nouns as well as the repetition of simple and compound nouns showed the role of word structure in processing. The errors of head initial and head final root compound nouns and their patterns showed that syntactic head plays no role in naming and repetition processing of head initial and head final root compound nouns while the constituent position has a role in their naming and repetition. Moreover, the processing of head initial root compound nouns is different from head final ones. Naming and repetition processes of head initial and head final root compound nouns in Persian are also processed through the dual routes.

In the present study, grammatical and lexical aspects and their types were studied in synthetic compounds of modern Persian. The research data was derived from the dissertation of Ghonchepour (2014) and includes 8579 synthetic compound words taken from Farhang-i-buzurg-i soxan (Anvari, 2007). The study of this corpus showed that grammatical and lexical aspects which have been reported in verbs and sentences are observed in synthetic compound words. The internal structure of Persian synthetic compound words showed time range and action or state phases of doing. Grammatical aspect in synthetic compound words is of two perfective and imperfective types. The perfective aspect includes the persistence, non-persistence, resultative and experiential types. Iterative, habitual and progressive aspects are subtypes of imperfective aspect. Based on [±durative], [±dynamic], [±scalar] and [±telic] features, two stative and dynamic synthetic compound nouns in Persian were differentiated. The dynamic lexical aspect includes non-scalar (action and semelfactive) and scalar categories. The scalar aspect was also classified into closed (two-point and multi-point) and open types.

Twitter has changed the way information and data are circulated among a lot of users. Most of them are spreading through the societies, because certain thoughts and ideas are going to be imposed. Authorities have found this great powerful tool can successfully make common people make decisions as they wish to do. It seems that more than 500 million tweets are sent daily from 320 million active users across the world and it increases everyday (Twitter.com). This unbelievable number of tweets can create new groups and shape new ideologies among active users. A widespread stream of quickly communicated suppositions and thoughts might lead to uncontrollable event and supervise the life style of millions of people around the world. It might also interfere with political affairs and drastic changes happen due to intentional spread of thoughts putting policy makers in severe troubles. Amazingly, journalists make use of this tool as a monitoring system to find private and fascinating news about celebrities and famous sportsmen and women. They want to feed their media enough firsthand information to attract a lot of readers and users. They want to sell more, if they can have direct access to popular figures’ twitter page, their missions are completely done; that is why tweeter is important to them.  The present study aims to study and analyze some of the issues raised by critical discourse analytical approach to the study of speeches, e.g. tweets. Since social networks have given a lot of opportunities to people put forward, acquire, express and reproduce their views, thoughts, ideologies and even their own daily routine activities largely by text or talk, a discourse analytical study of these language interactions seem to be necessary and most relevant. The more people become familiar with social media, the less they are vulnerable to be misled by indecent authorities. As present societies are now experiencing different ways for language interactions, the role and the influence of social networks, e.g. Twitter, are undeniable and need to be analyzed. The study of tweets has made the linguists believe that twitting is a kind of social action and leads to processing social issues and if tweet lexicons are chosen appropriately, they can have big effecton followers’ decisions and cause shapingideological groups. Houston and colleagues (2015) firmly believe that tweets can form social actions and guide the societies towards certain directions. The discourse analysis of tweets will reveal the type of interactions that twitter users have. It can also represent the way in which knowledge and power are produced. In other words, speech order, discourse and discourse analysis are to be seen as social productions that have changing and dynamic forces. They can have influences over social values and interactions, whether positive or negative (Ziahosseiny, 2012, p. 97). Of course, this kind of discourse analysis has to be certainly social-critical, because it has to find the roots of social problems (Ziahosseiny,2012, p. 98). That is why we have made use of critical discourse analysis to clarify the ways by which realities are represented in social networks. Although, in this paper, the main attention has been given to the discourse analysis, its theoretical structure is based on different disciplines, especially on Van Dijk triangulation of discourse, cognition and society; they are necessary for analyzing sociolinguistics phenomena. Social sciences and philosophy have made the best use of this framework and they can critically explain social actions. These can also play an important role in reshaping the traditional approaches to social events as those approaches cannot fully and adequately elaborate on the sociocognitive nature and structures of ideologies and their discursive reproduction.In the present study, Trump’s tweets are analyzed based on the aforementioned considerations related to Van Dijk model. To do that, 400 of Trump’s tweets from his twitter page, between January and March 2018, were studied. Then, based on linguistic signs and strategies put forward by Van Dijk (2003 & 2006), the tweets were analyzed carefully. Those linguistic signs and strategies are: classification, polarization, generalization, distancing, implications, hyperbole, counterfactual, contrast, lexicalization, evidentiality, comparison, fallacy and euphemism. The findings show that Trump uses these strategies to create his own ideology. They also demonstrate that Trump makes use of hyperbole instead of logical reasoning. The data indirectly prove that tweeter followers are constantly exposed to new ideologies; also, the dialogues have their own prompt influences on societies, make new social theories, play basic roles in people’s life style and create new ideologies in groups.

The lexical aspect of contemporary Persian was studied in this article. The data which were extracted from Farhang-i-buzurg-i-soxan (Anvari, 2007) were investigated based on scalar approach. The traditional theories cannot differentiate and explain various aspectual events because of inadequate binary aspectual features. The investigation of data showed that scalar theory along with traditional features like [± duration], [± dynamicity], and [± telicity] provides a more comprehensive aspectual classification and clearer explanation of Persian verbs and events. The traditional theories cannot account for verbs of degree achievements which have the dual [+ telic] and [- telic] aspectual behavior. By following the scalar approach, Persian verbs are classified into scalar (open and closed) and non-scalar (semelfactive and activity) categories. The non-scalar activity and semelfactive verbs are respectively durative and punctual events. The open scalar verbs show the dual telicity whereas the closed ones have [+ telic] feature. The closed scalar verbs are classified into two-point scalar and multi-point scalar events. These two categories differ from each other based on the [± durative] feature. The two-point scalar verbs show punctual changes while the multi-point scalar ones undergo durative changes to achieve the endpoint.

This study addresses the acquisition of the morphological markers in Persian learners of English as a foreign language. To this end, the accuracy order of nine morphemes including plural –s, progressive –ing, copula be, auxiliary be, irregular past tense, regular past tense –ed, third person –s, possessive -ʼs and indefinite articles was studied in 60 teenage Persian EFL learners. Placement and proficiency tests and a demographic questionnaire were employed to collect the data. The total production of 2160 morphemes was manually checked, classified, and counted to rank their acquisition order. The learners’ accuracy order was ranked in a decreased order from 1 to 9 as follows: regular past tense, auxiliary be, copula be, present progressive tense, indefinite articles, plural –s, possessive -ʼs, irregular past tense and third-person singular –s. The Spearman correlation showed that Persian students’ accuracy order had a moderate and weak relationship with the accuracy order of ESL and EFL learners, respectively. This finding proves that Persian EFL learners do not learn English grammatical morphemes in a natural order. Moreover, the universal grammar does not remain fully in these learners. The minor role of UG in EFL acquisition also indicates the important role of transfer in foreign language learning.

This article aims to study the role of semantic transparency in processing simple and root compound nouns consisting of ‘N+N’ comprising the most frequent compound nouns in Persian, in two Broca and two Transcortical Motor aphasias via picture confrontation naming and repetition tasks. Comparisons of two groups' performance showed that Transcortical Motor aphasic patients performed better than Broca aphasics in naming and repetition tasks, while for both groups naming was more difficult than repetition proving dissociation of naming and repetition processes and their independent organization in the brain. With respect to transparency, the highest and lowest numbers of errors were found in transparent and partially transparent nouns, respectively, proving easier processing of partially transparent nouns. Data analysis shows that naming and repetition of compound nouns take place via dual (holistic and decomposing) routes, but decomposition route is more dominant in repetition, and holistic route in naming. Analysis of errors demonstrates that the processing of simple nouns takes place through the holistic route. Also, the analysis of interaction in Persian non-fluent aphasic patients confirms that semantic transparency has no role in processing root compound nouns.

In this article markedness is studied through the errors of one Persian Motor Transcortical and two Broca aphasias in production of simple and compound nouns comprising of ‘N+N’, ‘Adj+N’ and ‘N+verb stem’ with regard to optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993). The issue that language structures include two marked and unmarked values is called markedness. It is believed that the unmarked phones and structures are acquired before marked ones in language acquisition (Ulatowska, & Baker 1975; Jakobson, 1941). The markedness studies also show contrast between these groups of phonemes: voiceless and voiced consonants; liquids and non-liquids; back and front consonants; affricates versus stops and fricatives and oral versus nasal vowels. Since compounding is one of the most productive and common processes in Persian, it is necessary to study markedness in confrontation naming and repetition tasks of verbal and nonverbal compound nouns on the basis of phonological theories such as optimality theory to get some pieces of fresh evidence in order to reveal that markedness theory is true or false. Using the clinical data also gives us an opportunity to get a clear picture from phonological processes in speech production of Persian native speakers and add richness to former theories. The main purpose of this article is to study the markedness by using the description of the common error patterns to get the necessary evidence to evaluate the markednesss theory of Jakobson (1972). The study of aphasics' data tries to clarify whether markedness is extended as a general principle to language behavior of aphasic patients and whether aphasic patients' errors in confrontation naming and repetition tasks are in agreement with Jakobson (1972) or not. The comparison of Persian aphasic patients' competence and performance is another purpose used to clarify that what is the explanation of optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993) regarding markedness theory in Persian. One female and two male monolingual Persian-speaking aphasic patients participated in this study. Three normal men and women as a control group were matched to aphasic patients according to gender, age, educational degree, native language and handedness. Language stimuli of this study included 32 simple and 32 root (nonverbal) and synthetic (verbal) compound nouns. These nouns were the most frequent categories among different categories derived from PhD dissertations of Khabbaz (2007) and Ghonchepour (2014). Regarding frequency and length of stimuli, an effort was made to match the simple words to the compound nouns. To investigate the ability of patients to produce simple and compound nouns, picture confrontation naming and repetition tasks were designed and performed. 32 pictures of compound stimuli were intermixed with 32 pictures of simple nouns. The speech of patients was recorded while doing the tasks. In the repetition task, the same lexical stimuli pertaining to confrontation naming task were used and the patients were asked to repeat them after the examiner. Their performance was recorded and then errors were classified and analyzed based on phonological patterns of common disorders. Errors and phonological processes in confrontation naming and repetition of simple and compound nouns are analyzed on the basis of final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, stopping and onset voiced obstruent consonant patterns. Data analysis shows that the errors of these patients are phonemic and the insertion process is not observed in none of error patterns. The deletion and reduction processes take place in final clusters of word syllables while voicing process mostly happens in onset clusters of words. In other words, the *COMPLEX (coda), *CODA, MAX-IO and UNIFORMITY constraints of markedness and faithfulness show that the unmarked CV syllable structures are the most optimal output structures which are represented via the deletion of final consonant or the reduction of coda cluster obstruent consonants. The domination of ONSET (- voiced) obstruent over IDENT ONSET (voice) and IDENT- IO (voice) reveals that voiced obstruent consonants of onsets are the unmarked phonemes in comparison with voiceless ones. This issue is in agreement with Fromkin (1970), Lecours and Lhermitte (1969), green (1969) and Blumstein (1979) and is against Berlin, Lowe-Bell, Cullen, Thompson and Loovis (1973) and Jakobson (1972). Coronal phonemes in comparison with dorsal phonemes and stops against fricatives are unmarked which are respectively shown through *DORSAL and *FRICATIVE markedness constraints proving markedness theory of Jakobson (1972). The findings also show that the Persian Broca and Motor Transcortical aphasias mostly use onset voiced obstruent consonants in place of voiceless ones which is contrary to Jakobson (1972) and indicates that voiceless stops are more vulnerable than their voiced pairs. The findings also reveal that high vowels are the most unmarked ones among vowels and patients use them in place of mid or low vowels.

The present article studies the structure of synthetic compounding to discover the process or processes participating in making this productive category. Synthetic compounding composed of incorporation of argument, adjunct, adjective or syntactic phrases into verb stem and syntactic head of this structure derived from verb. Comparing the synthetic compounding data of this article amounting of 8481 with the root compounding data of Khabbaz (1385) with 3974 cases, both have been elicited from Soxan dictionary of Anvari (1386), shows that this category is two times more productive than root compounding. The investigating of syntactic and morphological properties of synthetic compounding indicates that it cannot be merely syntactic or morphological process. Studying synthetic compound words according to morphological and syntactic criteria (non-pronominal reference, word formation process, irregularity, recursiveness, constituent structure, constituents’ relations, coordination and gaping, wh-word, productivity, aspect, morphological and syntactic integration, constituent expandability and non-expandability, semantic opacity and transparency) demonstrates that synthetic compounding is a morpho-syntactic process in Persian which possesses more syntactic characteristics. Moreover, inflectional morphemes can be attached to the whole compounds or the first constituents, transparent, opaque, expandable and nonexpendable compounds prove that this category behaves the same as both morphological and syntactic structures simultaneously.

The study of the argument structure of Persian synthetic compounds shows that not only do the internal argument but also the external argument and indirect object incorporate into verbal stem to make synthetic compounds. In addition to simultaneous incorporation of internal and external arguments, other categories such as adjuncts, adjectives, noun phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional phrases are incorporated into synthetic compounds. Phrasal verbal compounds, compounds possessing conjunctions, extended verbal compounds, argument structure and referential structure of nonverbal constituent of verbal compounds, referential verbal compounds and multi-incorporation are criteria that reject both "lexical integrity" and "no phrase constraint" hypotheses and confirm the interaction of morphology and syntax modules in word formation. Identical relations between constituents of sentences and synthetic compounds, from argument and non-argument points of view, indicate the participation of syntax in word formation process and accessing of syntactic rules to internal structure of words. Verbal compounds data reveals that, on the one hand, morphological output is used as syntactic and phrasal input; on the other hand, syntactic output is employed as word formation process input. Therefore, morphology and syntax have reciprocal, rather than directional, relation in word formation. Changeability of verb valence and referentiality of non-head constituents of verbal compounds show the interface of morphology and semantics.

The present research studies act disorders of two Persian Broca and one Motor-Transcortical aphasic patients’ performance in oral reproduction of Persian simple nouns (e.g. Ketab); syntactic compounds (e.g. Katarband); and root compounds (e.g. Ketabkhaneh) through confrontation naming and repetition tasks in order to determine their approach to produce these nouns. In this research, there is a significant difference between the errors in using simple and compound nouns and also between the type of errors and semantic and syntactic heads of compound nouns. One of the country, there is no significant correlation between the degree of errors and the grammatical categories constituent of root and syntactic compound nouns. Both groups processed simple nouns holistically. The compound nouns were processed both holistically and in the decomposition model in naming confrontation tasks while they were processed only in the decomposition model in repetition.

This research has studied the language disorders of Persian-speaking aphasic patients to evaluate their comprehension abilities of simple and compound nouns، and to specify the categories having the largest number of vulnerabilities. The subjects were 3 monolingual patients (2 Broca’s and 1 transcortical motor aphasics) referring to speech therapy clinics of Shafa Hospital and Welfare Rehabilitation Center in Kerman city. Three normal control individuals matched in terms of gender، age، education، place of residence، native language and handedness also participated in the study. Research instruments were spoken word picture matching and associative word picture matching tests. The stimuli were 32 simple and 32 root and synthetic compound nouns. The results indicated that Broca and Motor Transcortical aphasic patients did not show a significant difference in comprehension of root and synthetic compound nouns (p= 0/179)، while there was a statistically significant difference between the comprehension of simple and compound nouns (p<0/05). Both types of aphasics showed more disturbance in comprehending root compound nouns comprising of “noun+noun” in comparison to other categories. The comprehension processing took place through a continuum form. The Motor Transcortical patient had more severe and wider disorders in accessing semantic information relating to compound nouns، while Broca ones had difficulty in understanding concepts.