فهرست مطالب ناصر رفیعی محمدی

During the time of Imam Reza, there was a proliferation of free thinking and the Abbasid Caliphate's unfavorable conditions, which led to the spread of deviant ideologies and thoughts among Islamic and non-Islamic sects. The two Mu'tazili currents with their extreme rationalism and the Ahl al-Hadith literalists with their intellectual rigidity and deviant ideas that could have had detrimental effects on the Islamic community were not hidden from the view of Imam Reza.The particular deviations of Ahl al-Hadith drew the Imam's special attention to confront this current and explain their deviant views. In order to understand the Imam's confrontation with this current, the first step is to examine the conceptual meaning of Ahl al-Hadith, and it becomes clear that this term has its roots in its literal meanings. After the formation of the first term Hadith, in a later period, it became a specific term for a group that had a particular attitude towards appearances and hadiths and became known as Ahl al-Hadith. Then, by exploring the emergence of Ahl al-Hadith with the influence of Moshabbahe and Salafis and the emergence of their theological views in this group, we examine their presence in the Razavi era. Then, by examining the views of thinkers and the available historical, theological, and philosophical sources related to this period, we analyze the Imam's confrontational approach and conclude with the confrontation pattern he employed. The findings of this study can be divided into two categories: methods, including prevention, purification of theological discussions and previous views, and the presentation of new and convincing views of Ahl al-Hadith, and approaches, including reliance on textual evidence rather than appearances, balance between reason and revelation, and the fight against forgery and distortion with the principle of Quranic centrality.

Hazrat Zahra (pbuh) is the best lady who has a privileged and unique position in the perspective of the Qur'an and Ahl al-Bayt. She is the only woman whose virtues and human values ​​are fully embodied in her stature. While she has common virtues with the Ali 'Abā, her sincerity in service and steadfastness in the path of truth, as well as her appearance as a woman, have established specific virtues in the existence of that lady, which only comes true in her stature. Although scholars and scientists have always tried to recount the virtues of her and created many works in this field, the lack of coherence in the form of a short and expressive plan was a gap that this article has tried to fill and to retell Hazrat Zahra's common and exclusive virtues in a coherent and systematic manner and according to the structure of the article for the audience and the scientific community. 

In the process of organizing this research, first, data and information (as research materials) were collected from relevant sources and then analyzed using the method of description and analysis. These sources primarily include the Holy Qur'an, in which there are many verses on the dignity of Hazrat Siddiqa Tahira, the traditions of the Sh'n Nozool, and some Shia and Sunni sources of interpretation, such as Ruh Al-Ma'ani, Al-Dur al-Manthur, Al-Kashaf, Al-Tafsir al-Kabir, Al-Burhan, Tafsir al-Qomi, Noor al-Saqalain, etc. revealed these verses. Verses: Tat'hir, Mubahalah, Mavaddat, Kalamat, Dhavi Al-Qurbā, It'am and Ithar are some of the things that show the virtues of her. After the Qur'an, hadiths are the most important source that shaped the materials of this research. These hadiths have been collected and analyzed from some hadith sources of Fariqain, such as al-Kafi, Ma'ani al-Akhbar, Kashf al-Ghumma, Sahih Muslim, Musnad Ahmad, Sunan Tirmidhi, etc. It should be mentioned that many virtues of Hazrat Zahra have been narrated in tradition works, and in this research, in accordance with its limited capacity, parts of these traditions have been reported from some tradition sources. In addition to traditions, in some cases, the sources of Sirah and history such as Seiar A'lam Al-Nubala and Al-Isti'ab have also been used. 

Analyzing and questioning some verses of the Qur'an by using interpretive sources and traditions of Sha'n Nuzūl, as well as examining interpretive and hadith reports about the virtues of Hazrat Zahra Marzieh, led to the following results and findings a. Some virtues are common between her and other al-Kisa companions, which are: 1. Purification from impurity based on the Taṭhir verse; 2. The criterion of right from void according to the verse of Mubahalah; 3. The obligation of her devotion as the reward of the mission based on the verse of Mavaddat; 4. She is one of the examples of Dhavi al-Qurabā; 5. She is one of the people for whom Surah "hal atā" was revealed in praise of her infinite sincerity in feeding the poors and the orphan; 6. Based on some verses and sayings of the Messenger of God, she has infallibility; 7. She is the one who was a Muhaddith and the angels had intercourse with her; 8. She had the Velayat al-Takvini and miracles and could make conquests beyond the laws of the natural world; 9. She knew the knowledge of the unseen and narrated all the incidents and events to Ali until the Day of Resurrection. 10. She has a special place in the Day of Resurrection and is the founder of intercession.b. Some other virtues are specific to the person of Siddiqa Tahira, which are: 1. Hazrat Zahra is Ummu Abi-ha, which represents the peak of the companionship of the Messenger of God with his daughter, and that Prophet sought his peace in her daughter; 2. She was a part of the Prophet's body and a part of her father's existence; in such a way that her father considered her as the fruit of his heart and soul in his body; 3. She was the most beloved person to the Messenger of God; 4. She was the master of women in this world and the hereafter, and this mastery was a title given to her by her father, who called her "sayyedah nisā' al-alamin and sayyedah nisa ahl al-Jannah"; 5. She is Batūl and whatever hinders the worship of God is far away from her; 6. She is the axis of God's anger and pleasure, and whoever offends her, has incurred God's anger, and whoever pleases her, has earned God's pleasure; 7. She is the only equal in rank to Ali, whose marriage was ordered by God. If Ali didn’t exist, there would be no dignity for her. 8. She was the first and foremost defender of the Velayah, and defending the Velayah until her death was something that prevented Ghadir from being forgotten.

The material that was stated is a documentary list of the prayers of Hazrat Zahra, which was organized based on some Qur'anic data, traditions, etc. What follows from these contents is that in this article, with the aim of presenting a coherent plan and a specific framework of the virtues of Hazrat Fatimah in the format and capacity of an article, drops from the infinite sea of ​​human qualities of that lady were listed; Hoping to guide the reader to a specific framework and order. Achieving this goal never means expressing the set of virtues of the supreme lady of Islam; Because the existential and royal personality of Siddiqa Tahira is superior to being written or spoken. Each of the titles mentioned in this article can be the title of a book or an independent article, and the way forward for researchers is still open, and the author of this research expects others to open new horizons in this direction.

One of the important sources of extracting the Islamic lifestyle is the conducts of the Infallible Figures. Presenting the Islamic lifestyle based on the conducts of the Infallible Figures requires a comprehensive analysis. The differences between words and work have made it difficult to accurately analyze works compared to words. Among them: silence of the work and the possibility of multiple comprehensions of it, that the words narrating the work are entirely created and used by the first narrator, but in words, the words of the narration are mostly words conducts of the Infallible Figures that are narrated only by the narrator. These differences make the process of detailed work analysis more difficult and double the necessity of developing an efficient method to achieve a comprehensive analysis of Infallible Figures’ works. This article has endeavored to provide an efficient method for analyzing works by reviewing previous studies and solving their shortcomings and considering different aspects of works. The result of this research, obtained with the analytical-exploratory method, indicates that the method of analyzing the conducts of the Infallible Figures, in a fourteen-step process, can lead us to a comprehensive analysis of their actions. The most important steps presented in this research include; Paying attention to the mental ideas of the narrator, paying attention to the similar and dissimilar contexts of the realization of the work, paying attention to the ultimate goal of creation in the analysis, considering the effective evidences in the analysis of the work, measuring with the evaluation criteria of historical propositions, refining the basics of conduct analysis and paying attention to it in the stages of analysis.

Creating security is one of the goals of the righteous government; because their supreme goal is the evolution of mankind and approach to absolute perfection, and by creating the foundations for it, such as the formation of the government, they step in this direction. On the other hand, creating security is one of the most important functions of governments. Therefore, the relationship between security and its impact on the promotion of spirituality is a question that the researcher has tried to answer. The method of this research is theoretical and based on qualitative-explanatory analysis. To collect information, a library method with relevant tools has been used. The sources of information gathering are a composition of books, articles and related websites. In the end, the researcher has come to the point that security dimensions include: military security, economic security, political security, judicial security, intellectual security, religious security, life security, street security, cultural security, temporal security and spatial security are effective in increasing spirituality.

History and hadith are two basic sciences, intertwined and influential in understanding religious teachings. The Qur'an and hadiths, as the two main sources of understanding religion, contain many historical reports, so that, it is not possible to understand many correct historical narrations (Revayat) without referring to them. The stories of the prophets, the past tribes and many events have reached us in the light of the revelation (Vahy) and the words of the infallibles. Historical books developed as independent knowledge gradually and went beyond the realm of the Qur'an and Hadith. This valuable knowledge came to the aid of understanding the hadith and distinguishing the true narrations from the false ones and became a source for the critique of hadiths. The year of the narrators' death and birth, the time of natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, events such as war and peace, and other historical reports became the basis for identifying authentic narrations and removing invalid narrations and resolving contradictions between hadiths. Comparing hadiths with history along with key criteria such as presentation on the Qur'an and Sunnah, consensus (Ejma), reason (Aql), definite scientific findings, etc. is considered as an independent criterion alone which should be examined by observing the rules and preserving the maximum protection of the hadith.

The eulogists, as an influential group familiar with the school of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (the Household of the Prophet), are obliged to express the principles of the Holy Quran and Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in anti-oppression for the people and thus spread the spirit of anti-oppression in the society. In this research, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach, we have first dealt with the principles of anti-oppression in the Qur'an, tradition and reason. Then, we have emphasized the role of the eulogists in informing the people about the oppression towards God and fighting against its examples such as polytheism, hypocrisy and illegitimate recourse. In the following, the role of the eulogists in creating enlightenment in the society in the fields of oppression of the people to the people, oppression of the people to themselves, oppression of the people to the ruler and oppression of the ruler to the people has been studied. The basic use of poetry as a tool of the eulogists in the fight against oppression from the beginning of Islam until now is another issue addressed in this research. We have also examined the essential role of the eulogists in three issues: 1. Spreading the spirit of struggle against the oppressive ruler in the society 2. Defeating the Pahlavi regime in the three stages of struggle 3. The holy defense and the defense of the holy shrines of Iraq and Syria in the attack of heterodox groups.

Religion is the program of human happiness and salvation, and religiosity is the institutionalization of religious teachings and values in all aspects of life, which has many fruits for the individual and the society. Some factors both overtly and covertly threaten religiosity, one of which is apostasy. Of course, no one can completely sever ties with religion, because religiosity is innate. Apostasy, in the sense that the light of faith diminishes and religion loses its importance in people's lives does not happen to a particular religion, but to all religions and schools, and is caused by various factors. In this study, misinterpretations of religion, uninformed and blind imitations, the practice of people affiliated with religion, ignorance, irresponsibility, bad friends, longing and fanaticism, bigotry, stubbornness and poverty are explained as the causes and roots of apostasy.

Resurrection is one of the principles of monotheistic religions and its belief is the difference between religious and non-religious thought. On the other hand, human beliefs play an important role in human life. One way to illustrate the effect of beliefs on human life is to refer to religious texts. Nahj al-Balagha, as a religious text, contains some of the Amir al-Mu'minin's teachings, which has, directly and indirectly, expressed the various effects of the resurrection belief in human life. This belief causes the human being to imagine himself, in all situations, in the presence of God. Therefore, he is constantly watching over his speech and deeds. Extraction of these works, in addition to explaining the effects of the resurrection on human worldly life, can play an important role in reinforcing the doctrinal foundations as well as determining the appropriate behavioral patterns for individuals in society. In fact, paying attention to these works has a constructive role in the believing life of individuals in the community and will pave the way for the formation of a believing society.

In the current era, Islamic preachers perform the important role of guiding the society. Given this important role of the preachers, this paper seeks to formulate a desirable preacher model. Utilizing a directional qualitative content analysis, the model has been clarified in the four dimensions of ethical features of the preacher, the preaching audiences, the appropriate preaching methods and the preaching fields. The results showed that in the dimension of ethical features of the preacher, the following characteristics are among the most important features that the preacher must possess in relation to the others: "the sameness of the word and the deed", "the awareness of the time and the condition", "being popular and sympathetic", "the courage and the decisiveness", "the patience and the endurance", “the penetration of the word " and "the tolerance towards criticisms". The preaching audiences could be divided into three main categories of the family audiences, the general audience and the opponent audiences for each of which some preaching methods are presented. In the fourth dimension of the preaching fields, these findings have been presented: “the priority of the belief issues over the sharia and ethics issues", "giving primacy of the family and the relatives" and "the priority of teens and youths over the others ".

There are numerous traditions interpreting the final part of the verse "Ya Laytani Kuntu Turaba". A disbeliever will not be able to endure the vehemence of Hell and will say, "Ya laytani kuntu turaba," which means, "I wish I were dust" (An-Naba' 40). This verse expresses the wish of the unbeliever on the Day of Judgment: I wish we were dust. In total, there are five hadith statements on the interpretation of the verse which have been studied in this paper. Some of these traditions lack the chain of transmission and some others have weak chain of transmission. There is only one correct chain of transmission among them. Given the context, it can be regarded as the inner example and interpretation of the verse. It is noteworthy that nonhadith interpretive statements are also discussed in this paper.

During twenty-three years of his devine and brilliant prophethood, The Great Prophet -Muhammad(s)- tried his best in inviting the people to Piety and theism. The two inseparable Principles: Mabda’ [the source of Creation; The Creator that is God] and Maad [Return to The Source of Creation – God] had always been on the top of the Holy prophet's invitation. The Great Messenger never neglecting these two principles has always insisted firmly on them. The present research takes a short glance on this precious effort.

The present article studies Zahabi's opinions about falsification in interpretation of Quran. Drawing four bases, Zahabi regards the beginning of quoting hadith 41A.H., and this is a false claim. There are several evidences of quoting hadith in the time of the prophet himself, however; after 41 A.H., during the caliphate of Moavyah, it began spreading vastly. Zahabi's second claim is that he considers Shiism as the innovator of hadith quoting without any clear evidence. Other Sunnite scholars including Ibn-Juzi have emphasized this unfounded claim. The third issue deals with the effect of hadith in interpretation of Quran and the fourth one studies the value of subject interpretation. He credits altered words, but this is in contrast with the principles of Islam derived from Quran and Sunnah.