هاجر فلاح زاده

The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between family functioning and psychological distress among students. The research method was correlational. The statistical population included all students of Tehran city in the academic year 1400-1401, of which 237 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and responded online to the Family Assessment Device, the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale and Depression-Anxiety-Stress scale (DASS-21). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method. the results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between family functioning problems and three main aspects of psychological distress, namely depression, anxiety and stress, there is a significant negative relationship between family functioning problems and each of basic psychological needs, namely autonomy, competence and relatedness, and also there is a significant negative relationship between each of basic psychological needs with depression, anxiety and stress. Overall, the assumed mediation model of basic psychological needs in the relationship between family functioning and psychological distress had a good fitness (CFI= 0/974, IFI=0/975, RMSEA=0/071). According to the findings, it can be demonstrated that basic psychological needs mediate the relationship between family functioning and psychological distress among the students.

The aim of the present study was to compare object relations and psychological needs in people with severe and mild symptoms following emotional breakdown. In a causal-comparative design, 200 people (120 women and 80 men) with emotional breakdown participated in the research through voluntary sampling via virtual networks and completed the Love Trauma Syndrome Inventory (LTSI), the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), and the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS). Participants were divided into two groups of severe (n=100) and mild (n=100) symptoms using the cut-off point of the Love Trauma Syndrome Scale. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups with severe and mild symptoms on the dimensions of object relations and psychological needs. Thus, people with severe symptoms had higher scores on all dimensions of object relations, indicating more damage to each of the components in this group (P<0.001). Also, people with severe symptoms experienced less satisfaction and more frustration in their psychological needs (P<0.001). Based on the findings, correcting past communication patterns and compensating for psychological needs, in addition to reducing symptoms, will prevent these factors from being repeated in future relationships.

The current study aimed to predict emotional divorce in women by dyadic perfectionism and resiliency. The target population for the research consisted of all women living in Tehran in 2021. A descriptive correlational design was employed, and a sample size of 360 was selected using the available sampling method. Participants were asked to complete three questionnaires: the Gottman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (1994), the Shea and Slaney Perfectionism Questionnaire (1999), and the Connor and Davidson Resiliency Questionnaire (2003). The multivariate regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between emotional divorce and perfectionism and a negative correlation between emotional divorce and resiliency (p<0.05). As such, the study concluded that both perfectionism and resiliency can significantly predict emotional divorce in women. Moreover, the findings underscored the importance of resiliency in moderating the positive relationship between emotional divorce and abnormal perfectionism. Moreover, the findings underscored the importance of resiliency in moderating the positive relationship between emotional divorce and abnormal perfectionism.

The purpose of this study was to predict being abused in close relationship based on communicational patterns and fear of intimacy in married women. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational.

This study was a correlation study, in which 300 married women in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling and they completed the Communication Patterns Questionnaire – short form (CPQ- SF) (Christense & Heavy, 1990), Fear of intimacy scale (Descatner & Thelen, 1991), and the Spouse abuse questionnaire (Gahary, Atefvahid & Yoosefy, 2006). The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression.

Study showed that there was a significant positive relation between female demands, male withdrawal, and being abused (r=%236; P≤000). Also there was a significant positive relation between male demanding, female withdraws (r=%324; P≤0/01), female demand, male withdraw (r=%131; P≤0/05), positive interaction pattern (r=%214; P≤0/01), withdraw with fear of intimacy. Positive interaction pattern (r=%194; P≤0/001) and female demand, male withdraw pattern (r=%236; P≤000) predicted being abused.

As a result, it can be said that the communication pattern of female demand, male withdraw and positive interaction pattern of a couple's relationship can create a challenge that causes spousal abuse.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of psychological capital and family functioning in predicting the tendency to self-harming behaviors in female teenagers aged 13-15 years. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study includes all 13 to 15-year-old female students in Bijar City who were studying in the 2021-2022 academic year. From the target population,306 people were selected using the Cochran's formula for which five schools were selected purposefully. And the electronic link of the questionnaires was placed within the school social media groups. For data analysis, SPSS software were used. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the overall score of psychological capital and family functioning with a tendency to self-harming behaviors among 13-15 year old female teenagers (p≥0.05). Also, psychological capital and family performance in total were able to predict,13.7% of the variance of tendency to total self-harming behaviors in 13-15 year old female teenagers. According to the findings, it can be demonstrated that psychological capital and family performance play a role in the tendency to self-harming behaviors in teenage girls aged 13-15 years. But the role of psychological capital in predicting self-harming behaviors (direct and indirect dimensions) was more prominent than family performance.

The aim of this study was to compare emotional reactivity and children's theory of mind based on their mothers' emotional expression styles. The research method was descriptive causal-comparative and was conducted online in two steps. First, using available sampling method, 105 mothers whose scores were a standard deviation above average in each of the emotional expressiveness (King and Emmons, 1990), Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness (King and Emmons, 1990) and Emotional Control (Roger and Nashvor, 1987) questionnaires (35 people in each group), entered the second step. In the second step, for the 10-12-year-old girls of these mothers, the Theory of Mind (Muris, 1999; Baron Cohen, 2001) and Emotional Reactivity (Nock, 2008) Questionnaires were administered. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that children's emotional reactivity with mothers with control and emotional ambivalence styles are order higher than emotional expressiveness style and the scores of children's theory of minds (p = 0.001) with mothers with emotional control and emotional ambivalence styles are order lower than emotional expression style. The explanation of the findings shows that in the emotional control style due to the suppression of emotions, children have more emotional reactivity and the ability to process of emotions in them is lower, while in the emotional expression style, the balance of emotional expression makes the child has high emotional awareness and can better communicate with others.

The present study was conducted to predicting marital jealousy based on self-differentiation components and attachment styles. This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study is all married people in 2nd and 5th areas of Tehran in 2020, That 200 of them were selected by available sampling method and they completed the Multidimensional Scale of Marital Jealousy (Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Reid, 1990), and Self-Differentiation Questionnaire (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). The data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis. The results of this study showed that the Marital Jealousy have a negative relationship with Secure Attachment, and have a positive relationship with Avoidance and Anxiety Attachment. In Self-Differentiation levels, I position was positively associated with Marital Jealousy, and three other dimensions, namely Emotional Reactivity, Fusion with others, and Emotional Cutoff, were negatively associated with Marital Jealousy. Among Attachment Styles, Anxiety Attachment Style is a significant predictive for the cognitive dimension of Marital Jealousy. It can be concluded that the Marital Jealousy is predictable by the dimensions of Attachment and Self-Differentiation. Therefore, by improving Self-Differentiation and Attachment Styles, can be reduced negative effects of Marital Jealousy in Couples.

Cognitive structures form one’s appraisals of their relationships. Spouse's family play an important role in the quality of marital relationships in Iran. The present study examines some of these cognitions, namely the standards from the perspective of Iranian parents about the desired in-law, with the approach of interpretive phenomenology. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 parents with at least one in-law. The mean ages of mothers and fathers were 57/5 and 58/5 years, respectively. Data were analyzed by Klaizi method. four themes were, Desirable characteristics of the couple and relationship with the spouse and communication with the spouse's family, desirable family characteristics and desirable individual capabilities. Reasons for standards include facilitating a good relationship between the spouse and the child, facilitating a good relationship between the family and the spouse, and between the grandchild and the spouse. The way parents' standards refer to themes are dual strategies of fulfilling standards before marriage and dual strategies of responding to non-fulfillment of standards after marriage. The essence of standards is maintaining family Period

The purpose of this study was to compare the dimensions of intimacy, commitment, and marital satisfaction in couples with and without pre-marrital counseling.

The present study is a causal-comparative study, and the statistical population includes two groups of married people in Tehran between 2018-2019, one of which had experienced premarital counseling while the other group did not have this experience. The sample consisted of two groups of married people using available and convenient sampling method which consisted of total of 60 couples. Three questionnaires of intimacy, commitment and marital satisfaction were applied. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices and the mixed variance analysis method using SPSS software.

Findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the dimensions of marital intimacy in the dimension of psychological intimacy. And comparing the dimensions of marital commitment in the two groups showed that there is a significant difference in the dimension of personal commitment. Comparison of the dimensions of marital satisfaction showed that the counseling group in the dimension of children and parenting was significantly higher than in the counseling group.

Therefore, it seems that pre-marital counseling programs need training and interventions in order to promote intimacy, commitment, and marital satisfaction.

The aim of this study is group education based on acceptance and commitment (ACT) on positive emotions towards the spouse in women who have undergone emotional divorce. The research method was quasi-experimental: pretest-posttest and two-month follow-up. The statistical population included married women in the situation of emotional divorce who consulted with Yazd Family Counseling Center in 2020. All women who used the services of this center completed an emotional divorce questionnaire. Individuals undergoing emotional divorce were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). Both groups completed a questionnaire of positive emotions towards their spouse and the experimental group was exposed to eight 90-minute weekly sessions based on acceptance and commitment training. In the end, the questionnaire was administered again in both groups and in the follow-up period after 8 weeks, and both groups completed the questionnaires. The results of analysis of covariance showed that teaching an approach based on acceptance and commitment improves positive emotions towards the spouse in married women suffering from emotional divorce. Thus, ACT skills lead to cognitive evaluation of emotions, decrease in negative emotions, increase in positive emotions and adaptive behavior, and ultimately lead to increased cognitive regulation of emotions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience between the components of dyadic Perfectionism and emotional divorce components. This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all married women living in the 13th district of Tehran in 2020, of which 360 were selected by available sampling method and they completed the Emotional Divorce Scale, Dyadic Perfectionism Scale and Resilience Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Path analysis. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between all components of emotional divorce, resilience and all components of dyadic perfectionism (p<0.05), Also, resilience mediates the relationship between all components of marital dyadic perfectionism and all components of emotional divorce. The results showed that resilience can play a positive role in controlling marital dyadic perfectionism as well as emotional divorce.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the Couple's Marital Burnout based on Procrastination and Lifestyle in 2019-2020. The statistical population of the present study includes all couples living in Tehran in 2020. In a descriptive correlational study, 240 samples (120 couples) were selected by using the available sampling method and completed the Pinez's Marital Burnout Questionnaire (1996), the Tuckman's Procrastination Questionnaire (1991) and the Profile of Health Promotion Lifestyle (Walker, Sechrist & Pender, 1995). The results of Multivariate Regression Analysis indicated that there is a negative relationship between Lifestyle and Procrastination in couples. There is a significant positive and negative relationship between Marital Burnout with Procrastination and Lifestyle respectively in couples. Therefore, according to the results, it can be concluded that Procrastination and Lifestyle significantly predict the Couple's Marital Burnout. The findings of this study show the importance of Healthy Lifestyle in moderating the positive relationship between Marital Burnout and Procrastination.

The aim of this study was to test the structural equation model of relationships between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance of university students with the mediating role of health-promoting lifestyle.

The method of this research was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University (1554 people) in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample size was estimated to be 308 based on Cochran formula. Eventually 305 questionnaires were finalized. Research tools included the Self-Distinction Questionnaire (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003), the Adults Attachment Inventory (AAI) (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Sichrist & Pender, 1995) and the Educational Performance Test (Pham and Taylor, 1999) were used and data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Pearson correlation, path analysis and structural equation modeling) using SPSS 23 and AMOS 26 statistical softwares.

The results showed that attachment styles and self-differentiation have a significant relationship with academic performance and these variables are able to directly predict academic performance (p<0.01). Promotional lifestyles can also play a mediating role between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance (p<0.01).

Regarding the relationship between attachment styles, self-differentiation and health-promoting lifestyle with academic performance, special attention to these variables is necessary to improve student performance.

One of the problems that families are involved with is the experience of violence, especially Emotional Abuse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Self-Differentiation between the components of Co-Dependency and Emotional Abuse components. This is a Descriptive Correlational study. The Statistical Population of the present study was all married female students of the Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran in 2018. That 250 of them were selected by available sampling method and they completed the Emotional Abuse Scale, Holyoake Co-Dependency Scale and Self-Differentiation Questionnaire. the data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation and Path Analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between all components of Co-Dependency, Self-Differentiation and all components of Emotional Abuse (p < 0.05), as well as Self-Differentiation in the relationship between all components of Co-Dependency with all components of Emotional Abuse, except the Emotional Reactivity component, play a mediating role. Self-Differentiation as a mediator can modify the relationship between Co-Dependency with Emotional Abuse. Therefore, the emphasis on Self-Differentiation training can be considered in order to reduces the effects of Co-Dependency and Emotional Abuse.

Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders in childhood. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of storytelling on social anxiety in male elementary school students with the action research approach. The present study was a semi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all male students in the primary school of Jafarabad district of Qom province in the academic year of 2018-2019. 18 students were selected as the sample using the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Then students in the experimental groups participated in 6 one-hour sessions of group intervention, whereas those in the control group received no intervention. data were collected using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale  for Children and Adolescents) LSAS-CA). The results of the one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that storytelling improves social anxiety in male elementary school students (P> 0/05). The study findings suggest that storytelling was effective in decreasing the social anxiety in male elementary school students and, therefore, it can be used as a psychological intervention.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of training in developing Iranian-culture-based self-differentiation on dyadic perfectionism and differentiation in women. The research method was semi-experimental and was based on pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test with control group. The statistical population consisted of all women who referred to community houses of Tehran's District 1. The women were summoned by advertisements that were posted in the community houses of Tehran's District 1. Among them, 20 women who gained the higher than average score in Self-Differentiation Scale (SDS), and lower than average score in Dyadic Perfectionism Questionnaire (DPQ) were selected by available sampling, and according to entrance-exit criteria  were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (10 members in each group). The data were collected using SDS and DPQ. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute self-differentiating training sessions. The experimental and control groups were evaluated in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow up using the mentioned tools. The results were analyzed using Mixed Analysis of Variance. The results showed that teaching self-differentiation on Iranian culture basis has increased differentiation and its components. This training has also reduced the discrepancy (perfectionism subscale) but has not had any significant effect on the other perfectionism subscale, the high standards. In general, it can be concluded that teaching self-differentiation on Iranian culture basis, as an effective way to increase differentiation and reduce perfectionism, should be considered by consultants and family therapists.

The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of caregiving dimensions in the relationship between attachment dimensions and sexual satisfaction among couples. The research method was correlation and the statistical population included Iranian couples with academic education, who live in Tehran Sample included 508 people (254 couples) who were selected by purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The tools which were used in this study include Kunce & shaver’s Caregiving Questionnaire (CQ), Larson’s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSSQ), and Griffin & Bartholomew’s Relationship Scales Quest -ionnare (RSQ). To analyze the data, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and path analysis were used. The results supported the expected links between sexual satisfaction, caregiving and attachment dimensions. Findings generally showed that the attachment insecurities had negative effects on the caregiving sensitivity and proximity, and had positive effects on the caregiving control and compulsion. On the other hand, the sensitivity and proximity were found to be positive predictors of sexual satisfaction but control and compulsion were found negative predictors of sexual satisfaction. Based on these findings, it is suggested to family therapists and sex therapists to help improve couples’ sexual satisfaction, increase the sense of secure attachment and caregiving sensitivity and proximity, and reduce control and compulsive caregiving among couples.

Orphanage children and adolescents might experience major mental issues due to lacking family-related advantages. Such problems include generating internalizing and externalizing disorders, as well as maladaptive and antisocial behaviors. Due to unsatisfied primary emotional needs, they may use maladaptive schemas, i.e., responsible for developing aggressive and antisocial behaviors in them. The early maladaptive schemas often unconsciously affect the information processing system and are activated automatically. Cognitive emotion regulation is defined as an individual's thoughts post negative events. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are mostly dependent on an individual’s metacognitive strategies; that refers to how one manages and modifies thoughts after assessing feelings and psychological status in different situations. Emotion regulation could be learned through family modeling and influenced by parenting styles during a child’s development. Therefore, orphanages, who lack a regular family structure experience, may develop inappropriate behavioral expressions of emotions as a result of applying poor emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the present study aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas, metacognition, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies between the orphanage and non-orphanage adolescents. Data in this regard are scarce; therefore, the current research aimed to provide a framework for preventive and therapeutic programs while addressing the existing ambiguities.

This was a retrospective (casual/comparative) study. The study population included all adolescents (13-17-year-olds) in Tehran and Karaj Cities, Iran. The study sample included 191 adolescents, 90 of whom were selected using a convenience sampling technique from orphanage adolescents. Moreover, 101 of the study subjects were non-orphanages and selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. To ensure the orphanage subjects enjoyed a healthy Intellectual Quotient (IQ) range (≥90), the Raven's Progressive Matrices test was performed in them.Additionally, non-orphanage adolescents were evaluated in terms of IQ, according to their school-provided academic scores (grade point average: ≥15.20). The study inclusion criteria included the lack of severe diseases or psychiatric disorders; for orphanage adolescents, a history of living in supporting organizations without their family since the age of ≤3 years, and non-orphanage adolescents to live with their family since birth. All study subjects completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The obtained data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).

The collected results revealed a significant difference between the orphanage and non-orphanage adolescents’ early maladaptive schemas in terms of its components. These components included emotional deprivation (p=0.009), failure (p=0.004), dedication (p=0.002), emotional inhibition (p=0.032), and unrelenting standards (p=0.027). The study groups also significantly differed in metacognitive beliefs; orphanage adolescents experienced lower cognitive confidence, compared to their non-orphanage counterparts (p<0.001) in the components of metacognitive beliefs. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the cope/reception (p=0.012) and blaming others (p=0.003) components of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The two study groups demonstrated no significant difference in other components of the research variables.

The present findings indicated that, compared to non-orphanage adolescents, orphanage ones used maladaptive schemas and experienced disrupted metacognitive beliefs, especially concerning cognitive confidence. Besides, they were weaker in applying appropriate cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Consistent with the expectations, these results highlighted the lack of family-related needs in orphanages. Additionally, their failure to exploit the family environment and parenting benefits may develop early maladaptive schemas in them, especially in components related to emotional fulfillment. This can unconsciously influence their metacognition abilities, and consequently, their failure to implement proper metacognition strategies, especially when emotional issues are considered. Such distortions in the cognitive processes of emotions may lead this group to use inappropriate cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These findings could be used to develop preventive, rehabilitative, and therapeutic plans by the experts.

Establish and keeping intimate relations, is one of the significant developmental tasks in adulthood that governed by systems: attachment, caregiving, and sex. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of caregiving dimensions in relationship between attachment dimensions and sexual satisfaction in couples, during the family life cycles. In this descriptive correlational study, a sample of 244 couples (488 people) who at least one of them had academicals education, and they dwelled in Tehran in 2017, were selected by Accessible and Snowball Sampling Method from Shahid Beheshti University and marrieds’ dormitory of Shahid Beheshti, Imam Sadiq, Tarbiat Modares and Amir Kabir Universities and completed Caregiving Questionnaire (Kunce & shaver, 1994), Larson’s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (Larson, Anderson, Holman, & Niemann, 1998), and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994). The data analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis. The results showed different meaningful relationships (P<0.01) between sexual satisfaction, attachment dimensions and caregiving dimensions in 3 stages of family life cycles including Initiate, New Couple (without children) and Families with Young Children. Results also indicated the most significant relationships (P<0.01) in New Couples (without children) Cycle. Therefore, it can be concluded that the family life cycles can affect the relationship between attachment, caregiving, and sexual systems. Then a part of differences exists in previous findings could be explained with it. Therefore, couple therapists need to pay attention to current family life cycle in designing their interventions to improve sexual satisfaction, efficient caregiving, and secure attachment.

Caregiving in adult intimate relationships is one of the really important part of couples’ relation, but previous studies has paid less attention to it. The purpose of the present study was to predict the caregiving dimensions based on emotional intelligence components with the mediator role of self-esteem. 245 married men who were students at Shahid Beheshti universities participated in the study. All participants completed the Caregiving Questionnaire (CQ), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Bradberry & Greaves Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. The results demonstrated that all components of emotional intelligence (except social awareness) had a significant effect on all caregiving dimensions with the mediator role of self-esteem (p<0.001). It means that men with higher emotional intelligence had more self-esteem and reported more caregiving proximity and sensitivity. In contrast, men with lower emotional intelligence had lower self-esteem and reported more controlling and obsessive caregiving. Although the component of social awareness had not a significant effect on caregiving dimensions with mediator role of self-esteem, there were significant correlations between each two of these variables (p<0.001). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the caregiving is influenced by emotional intelligence and self-esteem. Therefore, enhancing the emotion intelligence and self-esteem can result in more effective caregiving (proximity and sensitivity).

The purpose of this study was to predict the Academic Achievement of Students based on Adult Attachment Styles, Self-Differentiation and Health Promotion Lifestyle in Undergraduate Students of Shahid Behshti University in the Academic Year of 2016-2017. In this descriptive-correlational study, a sample of 305 students from all undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University were selected by Accessible Sampling Method. Participants in the study, completed the Adults Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1993), Self-Differentiation Revised Questionnaire (Skowron and Smith, 2003) and the profile of Health Promotion Lifestyle (revised version ll) (Walker, Sechrist and Pender, 1995). The results of Stepwise Regression Analysis showed that among the predictor variables, the total score of SelfDifferentiation plays the most role in predicting the academic achievement of the students and after that, are Secure Attachment Style and Self-Actualization component. In total, these three variables predict of about 0/19.4 of the variance of Academic Achievement. The Findings of this study indicate the importance of the initial experiences of people in the family environment and the quality of mother-child relationship and healthy growth of childhood on adulthood function

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a part of a group of diseases of the nervous system that is associated with the destruction of the myelin sheath of the nervous system. Due to its disabling nature, the complications of this disease cover all aspects of the person's life and thus reduce the patient's life expectancy. The reduction of life expectancy also contributes to marital conflicts in the lives of these patients. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of real-therapies on reducing marital conflicts and hopelessness in women with MS. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all women with MS who referred to the MS Society and Sine Hospital in Tehran in 2015. Using a suitable sampling method, 31 MS patients with marital conflicts and hopelessness were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and evidence have been replaced. Before the intervention program, the two groups were tested by sickness and hopelessness conflict questionnaires, then the experimental group received real-therapeutic training for 10 sessions of 2 hours and the control group received no intervention. After intervention, both groups were tested by questionnaires. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance was used. The results of covariance analysis showed that group reality therapy caused a significant difference (p<0.001) between pretest (M=112.90) and post test (M=90/06) in total score Marital conflicts as well as pretest (M=17.01) and post-test (M=13.70) were in the experimental group. In the post-test, after the control of the pre-test scores, the experimental group reported fewer marital conflicts and disappointment than the control group. Group reality therapy in MS patients makes it possible to know their needs and talk about their spouses, thus it can play an important role in improving marital conflicts and reducing their hopelessness.

Aim: Caregiving styles have been conceptualized as supportive, affective and compassionate behaviors among couples, which includes emotional access and responsiveness, caring responsiveness and interaction with the partner. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of self-esteem and perception of parental parenting styles of married students in predicting their careging styles. this is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the present study was all married male students of shahid beheshti university of Tehran in 2016. That 245 of them were selected by available sampling method and they completed the Caregiving Inventory (Kunce & Shaver, 1994), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Perceived Parenting Styles (Dirik, Yorulmaz & Karanci, 2015). The data were analyzed by pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Findings: The results showed that self-esteem, warmth and emotional intimacy, predicts the proximity and sensitivity positively and significantly, and the rejection, negatively and significantly predicts the proximity and sensitivity (p<0.05). The results also showed that self-esteem, overprotection and emotional intimacy predicts the control negatively and significantly, and the rejection, predicts the control positively and significantly (p<0.05). The results also showed that self-esteem and emotional intimacy predicts obsessive negatively and significantly (p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that self-esteem and perception of parental parenting styles play an important role in predicting the caregiving styles of married people. Therefore, by enhancing self-esteem and correct the parenting styles, can prevent the formation of poor caregiving styles in the next generation.

This present study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of group Logo Therapy in Autistic Children' Mothers on meaning of life and family function .Statistic population included all mothers of autistic children in Beh-Ara Autism Center referred to the vote in February and March 2017 respectively. The mothers criteria of the sample using a convenience sampling method, a total of 20 people were selected as sample and randomly divided into control and experimental groups were housed. Research design was pretest-post-test design with control group and follow-up. The "purpose in life (PIL)" and ''family function (FAD)" questionnaire was used as research tools. Based on the educational group logo therapy sessions over eight sessions at ninety minutes and held twice a week. At 4 weeks after the intervention, both groups were assessed and within five weeks of follow-up test after test run was performed. In order to analyze the data of mixed analysis of variance was used. Results showed that there were significant differences in the mean scores of experimental and control groups and group logo therapy enhances family function and the meaning of life and improve the performance of mothers of children with autism in the treatment group compared with the control group (P

Aim: The purpose of this study is effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on reducing marital disaffection and increasing marital quality in women.
This study is a quasi-experimental type based on pre-test, post-test, follow up test with control group. Sample group was chosen from 2146 mothers of high school students in Felavarjan. The population consisted of 30 women, randomly selected for test and control group. Interventional Acceptance and commitment therapy was conducted on members of test group in 10 sessions each session lasts 90 minutes. Results gathered from marital disaffection scale (Kaiser, 1993) and marital quality scales (Busby, crane, Larsen, Christensen, 2008).Test and control group were evaluated by noted tools in three step, pre-test, past-test and follow up test. Results were analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance method (MANCOVA). Results showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective on marital disaffection and marital quality of women.
Test levels of significance showed that pre-test and post-test in marital disaffection decreased mean of test group toward control group (P=0.001, F=15.881). Test levels of significance showed that pre-test and post-test in marital quality decreased mean of test group toward control group (P=0.001, F=8.594).
It was observed that the acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing marital disaffection and increasing marital quality on women marital disaffection is effective.