هاشم حشمتی

Food and nutrition literacy has become increasingly important in food and nutrition research in recent years and is considered a key factor in population health and complex public health problems. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the status of nutrition literacy of 10-12-year-old Kurdish children in Kurdistan province in western Iran. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected using a food and nutrition literacy tool. In 2022, based on targeted cluster sampling, primary school students were used. The total number of samples was 390 (male=195 and female=195). The same number of people from grades 4,5, 6 were randomly selected from 52 elementary schools. A total of 10 schools were selected from north, south, east, west and center of Baneh city in Kurdistan province, half of them were boys and half were girls. Among the seven areas of food and nutrition literacy, the highest score was related to the area of knowledge of healthy eating (84.5) and the lowest score was related to the area of nutrition label literacy (26.9). About 10% in the cognitive field and about 33% in the skill field had low food and nutrition literacy. The results of this study show the gap between the knowledge and skill areas of food and nutritional literacy levels at young ages, that is, although the level of literacy and nutrition of children is relatively favorable in the field of knowledge, it is not suitable in the field of skills.

Health education status is not desirable in Iran, and determining competencies of health workers seems necessary for resolving this problem. The current study aimed exploring expected competencies of health educator.

This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method and Lundman & Graneheim approach in 2019. 31 Health education and promotion specialists, health experts and physicians were selected by using purposive sampling methods. Data were collected through semi-structure interview and were analyzed by using content analysis method. For trustworthiness of data, criteria such as credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability were considered.

Our results indicated that the three most important factors influencing SVI or social indicators are number of educated and graduated individuals, number of physicians in hospitals and hospital beds and income level. Sensitive conditions are socially vulnerable. In addition, all cities have high social vulnerability, but Hirmand and Nimroz cities still have sensitive conditions in terms of social vulnerability.

31 people participated in this study. In addition to the themes related to scientific and professional competencies, another theme was emerged in terms of personal characteristics of health educators. This theme was composed of 11 main categories, including ethical and profession commitment, self-confidence, being a role model, being consulted, desirable belief, individual and occupational development, health, cultural competencies, being interested, appropriate appearance, and background characteristics.

Considering the high prevalence of COVID-19 disease and the ineffectiveness of effective interventions for controlling this disease, it is necessary to design and implement comprehensive interventions with a holistic approach. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design, implement and evaluate a complex intervention for COVID-19 control based on the intervention mapping approach. This is a sequential mixed-methods study (a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods) that aims to evaluate a complex intervention for COVID-19 control using the intervention mapping approach. The study was designed in four phases and six sub-studies. The first phase was designed based on the first step of intervention mapping, in the form of three sub-studies. In the first sub-study, preventive behaviors, behavioral determinansts as well as barriers and facilitators of COVID-19 prevention are determined at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, social, and political levels. In the second sub-study, a questionnaire is designed and validated to assess COVID-19 preventive behaviors and behavioral determinants. In the third sub-study, a cross-sectional study will be conducted to investigate COVID-19-preventive behaviors and behavioral determinants. In the second phase, the intervention is designed at the individual, interpersonal and organizational levels in the form of the fourth sub-study based on the second to sixth steps of intervention mapping. The third phase will be performed in the form of the fifth sub-study, which will be investigate the effect of complex intervention for COVID-19 control, Its related preventive behaviors as well as healthcare utilization based on intervention mapping approach in the population covered by Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences in a randomized controlled trial. In the fourth phase, in the form of a national study, the subject will be set on the policy agenda and the project will be approved by the National COVID-19 Center using the fifth step of intervention mapping as well as the opportunity window. Finally, the project will be implemented nationwide. This protocol reports an example of developing a training course using intervention mapping (IM). This course could be applied for COVID-19 as well as similar communicable diseases.

Occupational injuries are one of the most important challenges in health care systems, which can lead to the transmission of infectious diseases. Medical students are at risk due to internships in a clinical setting. Therefore, it is necessary to perform educational measures in this field for them at the beginning of entering the clinical setting. Therefore, the present study aims to implement and design an internship unit in the field of medical sciences with an approach of occupational safety and health in the clinical setting.

In this educational course, after coordination and obtaining approvals, the target group of the study was determined and occupational health and safety educational course was designed and implemented on students who had internships in health centers. The satisfaction with the educational course was assessed. Qualitative assessment and students’ work reports in the field of occupational safety and health were also evaluated.

At first, students did not have sufficient and coherent information on safety and health issues. The results of this study show that from the perspective of the students, education was good and higher (71.6%) in terms of the applicability of the content. Moreover, 70.1% of the students reported that the adequacy of the education with job responsibilities was good and excellent. More than 80% reported that the workshop was attractive and recommended to continue, 37.3% stated that the educational resources provided with the workshop content were good, and the opinion of 29.8% was very good and excellent. The overall evaluation of the workshop from the students' point of view and quality assessment of the workshop showed that more than 77% of them evaluated the workshop as good and excellent.

The educational courses, modification of accident registration forms in students in the clinical setting, and also the existence of clinical accident self-reporting programs, especially for students seem necessary. It is suggested that the concepts of occupational safety and health be added to the content of medical students' courses in the clinical setting as an educational concept. The results of this study can be implemented in the curriculum review to improve the safety of clinical setting.

Disposal of non-sanitary wastewater in the rural area leads to the pollution of surface water, groundwater, and soil. It also creates unpleasant landscapes and a suitable environment for the growth and propagation of various types of insects and rodents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on the promotion of sanitary wastewater disposal behaviors of rural residents.

This interventional study was conducted on 72 heads of rural households in Aq-Qala, Iran. Two similar villages in the area were selected and assigned to experimental and control group through simple random allocation. Then, 36 heads of the households were selected from each village. Data were collected before and after the intervention through a reliable and valid HBM questionnaire. Paired samples t-test, Wilcoxon, independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney test were employed to analyze the data by SPSS version 17.

Before the intervention, there wasn’t significant difference between two groups in terms of knowledge, HBM constructs, behavior and demographic characteristics (P>0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy increased significantly and the mean score of perceived barriers decreased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the mean score of behavior (P>0.05).

The educational intervention was effective in promoting knowledge and HBM constructs, but it was not effective in the domain of behavior. As far as digging absorptive well is costly, so in addition to increasing the number of training sessions, inter-sectoral cooperation between village councils is recommended.

Given the epidemiologic transition and necessity of educating to individuals, groups and organization for changing lifestyle and adherence, moreover inadequacy of current educational status, identifying health education facilitators in Iranian health system is necessary. Therefore the current study was done with the aim of explaining Facilitators of Health Education in Iranian Health System based on experiences of Faculty members and specialists, policy makers, experts, staff and health care providers, physicians and health workers.

  This study was conducted using qualitative research method and content analysis approach in 2019 in Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. In order to collect data, by purposive sampling method, 19 health experts, 2 physicians and 26 health workers were selected and interviewed semi-structured. Data were analyzed through content analysis method. For Trustworthiness of data, criteria such as Credibility, Dependability, Confirmability and Transferability were considered

Five themes including Individual, Interpersonal, Organizational, Society and contextual Facilitators were extracted from the results of content analysis.

Health education facilitators are including Individual, Interpersonal, Organizational, Society and contextual Facilitators. For institualization and embedding health education science in health system, planning and intervention in all health system level for facilitating health education is necessary

It can be concluded that population areas such as urban and rural centers are vulnerable to air pollution in terms of social vulnerability and Nimroz and Hamoon counties have the lowest social vulnerability.

Hospital waste requires special management due to the high level of hazardous properties. Regarding the fact that the incorrect disposal of medical waste is a serious threat to the environment and public health, health workers have a special role in this regard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior on the risk of infectious leukemia among health workers working in Torbat Heydariyeh health care centers.

This was a quasi-experimental study in which 110 health workers working in Torbat Heydariyeh health center participated. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: control and   intervention. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Then a training session (question and answer) was held for two hours by the researcher and at the end each participant was given an educational pamphlet on the topic. The variables were evaluated for 2 months after the intervention. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software, paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square.

The mean scores of the two groups in terms of knowledge, attitude, performance, behavioral intention, mental norms and perceived behavioral control were not significantly different before the study. After training, the mean scores of all the above variables in the test group increased significantly (P <0.05) but the mean scores of the control group did not differ significantly (P> 0.05).

The organization of educational sessions based on the theory of planned behavior increases the level of knowledge and skills of health care workers for proper disposal of infectious wastes.

Disasters and accidents are the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and cancers in the world. The purpose study of domestic accidents prevention behaviors based on protection motivation theory among mothers with children less than 6 years covered by health centers in Torbat Heydariyeh

This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study that 204 people mothers with children less than 6 years were enrolled in a multi-stage cluster approach The data collection tools was researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were reviewed and confirmed and was Includes two parts 1- demographic information 2- Structure of Theories of motivational protection. Data analysis was done in 95% confidence level using SPSS version 16 and analyzed using Descriptive and analytical tests

The mean of age was 29.4±6.51. Mean score of self-efficacy32.6±5 and Perceived vulnerability20.6±3.7and Perceived cost 11.3±3.7and Perceived severity12.5±1.7and Response Efficiency 16.3±2.4and Perceived rewards 6.1±1.6 and Perceived fear 12.8±4 was obtained. and higher education had positive effect on self-care and Also Independent Samples t- Test showed a significant direct relationship between higher education and self-efficacy (r=0.297, P<0.01).

According the effective role of mothers in preventing domestic accidents in children under 6 years old, seems that designing educational interventions based on constructs of the theory of protective motivation can have a decisive role in reducing Home injuries in this age group

Despite the importance of health education, studies revealed that health education in Iran’s health system is not desirable, so the present study was done to investigate the barriers of health education in Iran’s health system.

This qualitative study was done in 2019. Twenty health experts and physician and 26 community-based health workers (CHWs) were selected through purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and group discussion. The data were analyzed using Lundman and Graneheim content analysis approach.

After data analysis, five themes including personal barriers (low capability of CHWs, low personal motivation, and wrong belifes of educator), interpersonal (the weakness of other health care providers in educating CHWs, inaccurate communication, poor commitment, and Customer-related problems), organizational (the weakness in empowerment of health care providers, high workload of CHWs, problems related to educational resources, and inappropriate evaluation and monitoring), social (low credibility of CHWs among Community Members (CMs), economical issues of CMs, and challenges related to using internet and virtual social networks), and contextual barriers (those related to universities, radio and television, and the gap between practical and theoretical education) were extracted.

As barriers are multidimensional, so it is recommended to develop a comprehensive plan with cooperation of managers, experts, and health providers for solving the barriers.

AIDS is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world and the disease is increasing especially among young people. Since the youth are exposed to high-risk behaviors, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education based on the Health Belief Model in creating AIDS preventive beliefs in Turkmen girl students.

This randomized controlled field trial study was done on 78 female high school students in Aq-Qala, Golestan province. Using multi-stage sampling, two high schools in the interventional group and two high schools in the control group were selected, then two classes selected from each high school, data were collected before and after of intervention by using a questionnaire based on HBM. Data were analyzed using SPSS.17 software and Chi-square, Fisher exact test, T-paired test, Wilcoxon, Independent T-test, and ANCOVA.

Before training, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs and in terms of demographic characteristics between two groups except in knowledge construct. After the educational intervention, the T-paired test showed that the mean of knowledge and perceived susceptibility were increased significantly, and the mean of perceived barriers was decreased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05). ANCOVA also showed that compared with the control group, knowledge and perceived susceptibility were increased significantly after the intervention.

According to the present study, education based on the Health Belief Model was effective on the knowledge and perceived susceptibility. It is suggested that educational interventions based on Health Belief Model be designed and implemented to promote AIDS preventive beliefs in high school female students.

According to studies, healthcare workers are the first people who expose to Ebola and should be care. On the other hand. There isn’t exact information regarding prophylactic treatment for this group of people. So the aim of this study was done to determine the prophylactic treatment of Ebola and the related factors among students of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical science in 2014.
In this cross- sectional study with the descriptive- analytical approach, 191 students were selected from Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical science by using simple randomized sampling method in the year 2015. Data were collected by using a two part of a questionnaire including demographic and behavior that was reliable and valid. Data was analyzed through SPSS20 software via descriptive statistics (Frequency &Percent) and ANOVA and Tukey tests.
Results & The average age of students was (21±1/75) and average score of prophylactic treatment was (84/2±25/3). Nurses Role were the most important Cues to action (88/2±20/3). There was a significant correlation between treatments and the field of study (p=0/009). There was also a significant relationship between behaviors and all of the Cues to action (P

The indiscriminate use of drugs and their general health of the greatest problems of social, health and economic communities, including Iran is considered. This study aims determine the prevalence of self-care medication and some related factors in Torbat Heydarieh students in 2014.
This was a descriptive - cross sectional with the analytical approach on 170 students of the University (Azad- Medical Sciences) in city of Torbat Heydarieh in 2014. Sampling method was Quota and for data collection two-part questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS19 software using descriptive statistics and Chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA at p age is average was 21.8±3.3.The results showed that 18 percent of medical students had attempted self-care. This rate among city is more than rural students at Azad University of Medical Sciences and the students living more than students living in a rented house in the dormitory and private homes. Between fields of health, education and employment of women, a significant relationship was found. The significant relationship between genus and self-cardiac drugs have been found. The highest rate of self-related cardiac medications, herbal supplements, analgesics, anti Histamin and it was cold.
The prevalence of self-care medication among students was relatively high. So we recommended appropriate intervention especially educational intervention for promoting behaviors in related to drug consumption.
The indiscriminate use of drugs and their general health of the greatest problems of social, health and economic communities, including Iran is considered. This study aims determine the prevalence of self-care medication and some related factors in Torbat Heydarieh students in 2014.
This was a descriptive - cross sectional with the analytical approach on 170 students of the University (Azad- Medical Sciences) in city of Torbat Heydarieh in 2014. Sampling method was Quota and for data collection two-part questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS19 software using descriptive statistics and Chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA at p The prevalence of self-care medication among students was relatively high. So we recommended appropriate intervention especially educational intervention for promoting behaviors in related to drug consumption.

Aim.The aim of this study was to determine nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and performance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) based on PRECEDE model.
Background. Despite development of CPR team in Iran’s hospitals, performance in the field of CPR is not satisfactory.
Method. In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, all staff nurses (n= 97) working at ateaching hospital (9 Day) in Torbat-e-Heiydariyeh, Iran, were studied.The data collection tools included a reliable and valid researcher-made questionnaire to collect demographic data and a questionnaire which developed based on PRECEDE model.Data were analyzed in SPSS version 20 using ANOVA, linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Findings. The mean age of the nurses was 29.45±7.45 years.The average score for PRECEDE model constructs were 79.17±18.68 (knowledge), 95.48±6.64 (attitude), 62.6±19.52 (enabling factors), 67.61±20.12 (reinforcing factors), and 72.37± 9.71 (performance).Also enabling factors were the most important predictor of nurses’ performance (B=0.773, pConclusions. Constructs of knowledge, attitude, and performance were in desirable level and constructs of reinforcing and enabling factors were in moderate level. It is recommended to implement interventions and programs while considering enabling and reinforcing factors for promoting the performance of nurses in CPR.

Nosocomial infections are a major problem in modern medicine and an important cause of morbidity, length of hospital stay, imposed and increased costs hospitals and health risks incidence and mortality are considered. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections by types of pathogens, admission ward and infection of patients admitted in the Section different educational and treatment hospital is the ninth Dey of Torbat Heidarieh in 2012 and 2013.
This study is cross-sectional analytical from April months 1391 to March 1392, done all patients with nosocomial infection in hospital of the ninth dey of Torbat Heidarieh. By definition, patients with no signs of infection, and 48 hours after hospital admission with signs of infection were studied. Instruments for gathering information, a standard demographic questionnaire nosocomial infection was used. Data collection, self-researcher and through patient's medical records were obtained. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and chi-square test by SPSS statistical software version 19.
The prevalence of nosocomial infections, average 0.7 Percent respectively. The highest rate of nosocomial infections was observed in the orthopedic ward. The most common organisms isolated were E. Clay (%9.9), Klebsiella (%7.7), and Gram-negative (%7.7), Entero bacteria (%7.7) Staphylococci Kvaglaz Positive (%7.7) patients. The most common nosocomial infections surgical site, 53 (%58.2), pneumonia in 24 patients (%26.4), urinary tract infection, 8 patients (%8.8) and bloodstream infections in 6 patients (%6/6) and The most common underlying disease associated with,was blood pressure high.
Prevalence of nosocomial infections was relatively low in Torbat heydariyeh 9 dey hospital. In order to reduce nosocomial infections, early diagnosis of infection, continuous assessment of microorganisms by sanitation workers, especially in the ortopedie, creating the necessary measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections and health education are recommended. Prevalence of nosocomial infections and microbial causes in Torbat heydariyeh 9 dey educational and therapy hospital in 2012 and 2013.

Medical student's health is very important because in addition to their health, society health is impressed. Therefore current study was done with the aim of evaluating mental health status in dormitory resident student of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS).
In this descriptive-analytical study that was done in 2011, 235 students of GUMS were selected by stratified sampling method. Data were collected using general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Gathered data were entered to SPSS 18 and analyzed using Chi-Square test.
Findings: On the basis of 23 as cut-point, 41.7% of students were suspected to mental disorder, and each of the areas 32.3% suspected physical disorder, 42.6% of suspected anxiety disorder, 66.8% suspected social dysfunction and 22.6% depressive disorder. The prevalence of mental disorders in low-income students was higher than high income students. There wasn’t significant relation between mental health status with age, sex, marital status, location, father's occupation, major and ethnicity. (p According to low level of mental health and its importance in more than Two-Fifth of the students, we recommend appropriate intervention was done especially for low income students.

Sedentary life is one of the most important risk factors to many diseases.Transtheoretical model is one of the models for studing behavior that accounts for people’s readiness to behavior change. This study aimed to investigate the regular physical activity based on transtheoretical model among female high-school students Gorgan city, Iran.
In this cross-sectional study , 414 female students randomly recruited through a two- stage method in 2012 . the questionnaires were stages of change by Marcus et al, Decisional Balance, Self- Efficacy, and Processes of Change by Nigg et al . The data was analyzied by descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-whietny, and logistic regression tests.
Findings:.Of 414 , 46.1% were in precontemplation stage, 5.8% in contemplation,23.7% in preparation, 12.3% in action, and 12.1% in maintanenec stage. The highest effect size was related to behavioral processes. the most powerful effect size was for self-liberation (0.23), stimulus control (0.19), and counter conditioning (0.17), respectively.
Conclussion: The findings indicated that about three-quarters of the students were in the earlier stages of chang and have sedentary life. It seems that some approperiate interventions are needed to move the participants from early stages of physical activity to later stages.

Background and Aims: Good nutrition is an important part of a healthy pregnancy. Appropriate nutritional education can have an important role in promoting maternal and child health. This work was performed to assess the effect of education based on Health Belief Model on nutritional behaviors of pregnant women.
The current quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 pregnant women referred to health centers in Torbat Heydarieh city. A two-stage cluster sampling method was used and selected cases were divided into intervention and control groups. A researcher made questionnaire was applied to the collection of required data and its validity and reliability were evaluated and confirmed in advance. Pre tests were performed for both groups. Needed assessment was performed based on the pre-test results and educational interventions were implemented on intervention group. Time period of training course was one hour. Post tests were carried out after one month using the same questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by the use of SPSS software. Mothers were informed regarding aim of research, freedom to leave the interview and the way that interview contents would be kept private before each intervention.
This study did not detect any evidence for significant difference in the average scores for knowledge, perceived benefits, barriers, susceptibility and severity, as well as self-efficacy between two groups (p>0.05) before intervention. After training, however, scores for all above mentioned variables were significantly increased in intervention group (p The results showed that Health Belief Model-based nutrition education has a positive impact on the nutritional behavior of pregnant women and the perceived sensitivity have the most influence on behavior within the predictor variables.

Womanish barber shop is one of the public places that looking into health conditions (personal and environmental) are important. Because, the lack of health standards and inadmissible activities such as tattooing and Threat to the health of the community. As one of the public place can barber shop will carry a variety of diseases Like HIV - hepatitis B&C-bacterial infections - viral - fungal skin diseases such as eczema - trachoma - wart – ringworm Often is transported because use of contaminated equipment. This study was conducted to determine the Health Conditions of Womanish Beauty Shops and female makeup knowledge about the infection disease transferable in this Profession in Gorgan in 2012.
In this descriptive study for determine individual health status and their knowledge about diseases associated with profession and environmental health condition, all of womanish barber shop in Gorgan in 2012 were inspected. Information collected from observation, interview and completed of questionnaire and checklist in all of the Gorgan city womanish barber shops.
Barbers mean Age was 32.98±7.51 years.80.7 % of barbers has License. 84% have participated in retraining hairdressers. 89.33% have participated in the training of public health. 50.66 %had medical card. All structural conditions parameter were cceptable.41.3% use disinfectant. Knowledge of barbers about related diseases like HIV - Hepatitis - trachoma - tetanus and ringworm were moderate. 84% were aware that HIV and hepatitis are contagious disease. 94 %believed that hairdressing equipment can be transmitted hepatitis and HIV.
In general, structural conditions in womanish barber shop in Gorgan were acceptable. Some parameters, such as medical cards and certificates of public health and personal health care were not appropriate and more training is needed and Monitoring should be more from environmental health inspectors. Barber knowledge about the related diseases in the three diseases (trachoma - tetanus and ringworm) is not good and need more education is Necessary.

combustion is One of the most important horror and frightening events for the patient and surgical team members that may occur during surgery. This study aimed to structures Measurement the health belief model In adopting preventive behaviors of combustion of The personnel and students in the operating room. This study is a cross sectional study with an analytical approach In order to Measurement the health belief model In adopting preventive behaviors combustion in personnel and students the operating room, Hospitals of health education 9 dey Torbat-e- Heydaryeh Was done in 1393. The sample size was 68 cases that to 35 cases staff members and 33 students. respectively, were selected randomly and census method. Data collection from the two-part questionnaire, In the first part of demographic And in part two of the questionnaire, were used the structures Measurement the health belief model. questionnaire has 57 questions.The validity of the questionnaire) was used of teachers` view points authority and reliable of Cronbach Alpha (0/83). Data using descriptive statistics (Mean ± SD) And inferential statistics (t-test, chi-square) Software SPSS20 were analyzed. The mean age of the study population was 7/73 ± 25/97 with a range of of 19 to 55. Score model structures were perceived susceptibility (61/27), perceived severity (67/46), perceived benefits (74/34), perceived obstacles (61/76), Guidelines for action (69/36), efficacy (67/44), behavior (59/55). The highest and lowest scores had a guide to practice the anesthesiologist and pamphlets.Based on linear regression analysis, Perceived obstacles (p= 0/008 - Beta =0/323) The most important predictor prevent performance of combustion was diagnosed in the practice room. Perceived benefits of structure and guidance for practice was in acceptable level, But other structures in the model, was in medium level. Given that the performance structural of is not in acceptable level, it is recommended. The appropriate interventions to specific educational interventions with emphasis on the Structures the health belief model and done in particular perceived barriers Structural to upgrade preventive behaviors And through this performance of personnel and students gived upgrade behavior preventive of the combustion action room.

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries and 350 million people in world are at risk. According to importance of education in large population, this study was designed and done with the aim evaluating the effect of educational program based on BASNEF model on Volunteer Health Workers (VHWs) on Preventive behaviors among families under supported of VHWs.

In this Quasi-Exprimental study, 60 VHWs and 120 households that were resident in endemic area of CL in Jajarm city in 2013 were selected through multi stage sampling method. Intervention was done based on BASNEF model. Data were collected before educational intervention and 3 months after educational intervention using reliable and valid questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software and chi-square, t paired-Test, independent t-test, Mann-whitney and Wilcoxon.

The mean score of knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention, enabling factors, behaviors and influence of subjective norms after educational intervention in households in experimental were significantly increased (P<0.05) while the changes in control group were not significant.

This educational program led to educational behaviors in VHWs and change in preventive behaviors among families. So we recommended BASNEF model was used in planning educational programs in related to educating families about cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Carpet industry is the most important handicrafts in rural areas of Iran. Iranian carpet weavers are exposed to the risk of carpet weaving diseases and the side effects. This study aimed at assessing the health behavior of Bandar Turkmen and Aqqala carpet weavers based on the HBM, 2013. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 female carpet weavers selected via census in Bandar Turkmen and Aqqala city, Golestan province. The data was collected by a Demographic checklist and HBM questionnaire and analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient, One-way ANOVA, post-hoc test and independent T test (≤0.05). the mean age was 35.63±11.64 years. The perceived susceptibility was significantly correlated with perceived threat and perceived benefits (P<0. 001). Preventive behavior related to carpet weaving job diseases was insufficient among majority of the participants (78%). Given their high-perceived threat and perceived benefits regarding to diseases, carpet weavers less likely do preventive measures. Further research is needed considering interpersonal and enabling factors.

Considering high prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and few studies on educational models in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) among volunteer health workers (VHWs), the present study was done with the aim of determining the effect of educational program based on BASNEF model on promoting educational practice of VHWs in regard to CL. In this Quasi-Exprimental prospective study, 60 VHWs who were resident in CL endemic area of Jajarm city in 2013 were selected through cluster sampling method, and were randomly divided into experimental and control group. Data were collected before and 3 months after educational intervention using reliable and valid questionnaire. Then, data were analyzed using SPSS16 software, chi-square, t paired-Test, independent t-test, Mann-whitneyU and vilcoxon. Furthermore, the mean score of knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention and practice increased significantly 3 months after educational intervention program in experimental group, but the mean score of enabling factors did not have significant increase; the mean score of knowledge and practice didn’t show significant changes in control group, but the mean score of attitude, behavioral intention, enabling factors and practice significantly increased (p<0.05). Consequently, the efficacy of BASNEF model on the educational behaviors’ change of VHWs was confirmed. Therefore, using BASNEF model for educating VHWs in related to CL is suggested.

Ethical climate in operating rooms is an effective factor in the quality of clinical education among operation room and anesthesiology students. This study was performed to determine the ethical climate of operating rooms from viewpoint of operation room and anesthesiology students in Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences in 2015. This is a cross- sectional study with descriptive- analytical approach that was conducted in Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences in 2015. All of the operation room and anesthesiology students were included in the study (n=150). Data was collected using students، demographic characteristics and Olson Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS) questionnaire. Data was analyzed with SPSS20 software and descriptive statistics (frequency، percent)، Tukey post hoc and ANOVA statistical tests. Mean age of the students was 21. 66±1. 44. Mean of HECS subscales from the viewpoint of under studied students were as following: colleagues (2. 5±3. 707)، physicians (3. 4±3. 57)، managers (3. 7±3. 706)، patients (3±3. 37)، hospital (4. 04±3. 34). There was significant association between ethical climate and academic semester (p=0. 01). There wasn’t significant association between ethical climate and the field of study (p=0. 278). Ethical climate was positive from the viewpoint of operation room and anesthesiology students. Among the ethical climate domains، colleagues، physicians and managers were in desirable level; patients and hospital domains were in undesirable level، so we recommend promoting ethical climate with especial emphasis on the mentioned areas.