ولی خدادادی

The purpose of this research is drawing scenarios to improve the sustainable reporting functions effectiveness to evaluate the rationality based on the wisdom of capital market companies’ managers. This study is in terms of exploratory/applied methodology and a mixed nature has been used to collect research data. In this analysis, first, in the qualitative part, through thematic analysis, the functions of sustainable reporting were identified, and then, through the set of matrix analysis and scenario processes, the most favorable scenario of sustainable reporting was determined. In this study, the participants in the qualitative part were experts in accounting knowledge, and in the quantitative part, managers of capital market companies, who had the necessary experience and knowledge regarding the function of sustainable reporting, participated. The results of the study in the qualitative part indicate the determination of 5 overarching themes, after the critical evaluation of 14 approved studies, which was determined after conducting the correlation matrix and Micmac analysis The two dimensions of sustainable monitoring institutionalism and sustainable socialization are considered the most effective sustainable reporting functions for determining future scenarios in the context of the capital market. Also, the results of the research in the quantitative part also showed that, under the influence of wisdom based on reflection as the basis for decision-making by managers, the most favorable perspective of the sustainable reporting functions of capital market companies is the bracket matrix scenario with the explanatory phrase of the sustainable reporting function as the hegemony of the norm.

The current research has been done with the aim of modeling the dependence of stock price carsh with emphasis on the conditional Copula-Garch function and its relationship with price bubbles based on the rational stock pricing structure in the Iranian capital market. In order to investigate and analyze the research questions, the data related to 30 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2010 to 2021 were extracted and used to test the research questions. In this research, first, the variable of price bubbles was estimated and extracted by estimating of the capital assets pricing models.Then, in order to model the correlation structure and stock return fluctuations of the sample companies, the multivariate GARCH model of dynamic conditional correlation approach with copula distribution was used. In the following, using the modeling output, the value at risk was calculated as a criterion for assessing the fall in stock prices. The results of the research showed that there is no significant relationship between stock price falls and bubbles based on the rational stock pricing structure. In other words, in the environmental conditions of our country, the condition of falling stock prices in line with the formed price bubbles is not based on rational stock pricing.

This study investigates the effects of commitment, confrmation and feedback on people's judgment about the usefulness of costing systems and  resistance to change.

The current research method is quasi-experimental. Cohen's tables have been used to use the appropriate sample size. In order to conduct this research, a laboratory environment was used with the participation of 62 accounting and management students during second term of the academic year 1401-1402. The research hypotheses were tested ANOVA , MANOVA  and chi-square test.

The results have shown that people's judgment about the usefulness of costing systems is influenced by their commitment to the favored system. Also, people use their knowledge to support their desired system. As a result, committed people show more resistance to system change even when they face negative feedback. In addition, the results show that people know that their judgment should be objective, but their judgment will be unconsciously influenced by their commitment.

Contribution: 

In the first stage, this study shows interesting evidence regarding the influence of people's opinions and their commitment on their judgment about the usefulness of a costing system. Also, in the second stage, it evaluates the role of feedback on people's resistance to system change. The findings of this research can be effective in understanding how people judge and their resistance to chang.

The need to restructure companies due to the change in the nature of the environment and the expectations of stakeholders has become a strategic basis for achieving a competitive advantage that can help increase the effectiveness of sustainable reporting functions of companies. One of the structural types of companies in terms of knowledge-enhancing nature is holographic structures. The holographic nature of a company in terms of meaning means a system that distributes the total quality in all the structures of the company in such a way that each component and unit is capable of self-organization and sustainable re-creation in order to be able to provide an appropriate response to the environmental needs. This structure teaches its components based on learning functions so that they have the necessary capabilities to respond as a whole in dealing with environmental challenges. The purpose of this research is Evaluation of sustainable reporting functions under the dimensions of holographic structures of capital market companies. 

This research is developmental in terms of methodology, and in terms of the type of data collection, it is a mixed research. In this research, in the qualitative part, based on meta-composite analysis processes, it was tried to first identify the researches related to the two concepts of holographic structure and sustainable reporting functions, and then determine the components and themes of the research based on the critical evaluation scale. Also, in the continuation of the qualitative part, Delphi analysis was used to determine the limit of theoretical consensus. In the quantitative part, with the aim of determining the most effective component of sustainable reporting codes from the themes of the holographic structure, Intuitive Fuzzy Sets (IFSs). In this study, 14 research experts in the field of accounting participated in the qualitative part, and 24 people from capital market company managers filled in the matrix questionnaires in the quantitative part. 

As the analytical process of the research showed, based on the intuitive fuzzy matrix, the dimensions related to the research variables should be determined in the form of components and themes. Therefore, in line with the first and second questions of this study, during the critical evaluation process, 5 components were determined under the title of functional criteria of sustainable reporting and 4 themes were determined under the title of holographic structure criteria of companies, and the reliability of the identified dimensions was confirmed based on Delphi analysis. Based on the third question, the results of the research showed that the most important influential component of the themes of the holographic structure, especially the holistic culture, is the sustainable socialization of capital market companies. The results in the quantitative part also showed based on the process of fuzzy Vikor analysis, holistic culture is considered as the most influential theme of holographic structures that can lead to sustainable reporting dynamics. It was also found that sustainable socialization based on the  index value is the most important influential component of the themes of the holographic structure, especially the holistic culture, at the level of capital market companies.

The result of this study states that socialism as an effective dimension in the sustainable development of companies' social responsibility development processes towards stakeholders in the form of non-governmental groups; guilds; NGOs, etc., is focused to act voluntarily and according to an inclusive approach with pluralistic values, even in the absence of official laws and requirements, based on normative mechanisms and social commitment, and commits itself to providing transparent and stable reports to them. to do This level of sustainability in reporting, although it is sometimes not measurable due to the social intentions of the companies, but the promotion of cultural values and norms causes the trauma of social mistrust to the capital market companies, especially the recent events regarding the negative growth of the desire to invest in the stock market. be reduced and companies responsibly seek social harmony with the concerns of people's groups, domestic and international institutions; the environment; Economic conditions; Individual satisfaction of human resources and... to disclose their functional realities. In this regard, as it was determined, the existence of a holistic culture in the holographic structure can be the basis for the development of the desired values and norms.

In the last two decades, numerous studies have influenced conservatism and examined various changes. Findings show that financial reporting has been conservative in many markets (Hassan, 2021). These studies have focused less on conservative motives. There is no consensus on whether conservatism improves corporate status and managerial performance (Bertmo et al., 2017). Nevertheless, this issue in the Iranian capital is still challenging and has received less empirical attention. There is no theoretical consensus on answering the question of whether conservatism improves corporate status and managerial performance. (Bertmo et al, 2017). However, this is still a challenge in the Iranian capital market and has received less empirical attention. Conservative motives are naturally caused by factors that the study of these factors and their impact on these motivations can reasonably answer the critical question of what motivates managers to use conservative methods and what factors have led managers to have these motivations. An issue hidden in this vast conservative literature and bad news that deserves serious discussion is the future and behavior of the company following this news, which results from predictions and estimates based on current and past information. Undoubtedly, managers will be among the first to react to this information and the predictions formed based on it and will change their motivations to continue working in the management position accordingly. Accounting conservatism motives or conservative tendencies indicate the level of subjectivity in identifying the interests that managers or accountants pursue that approach. On the other hand, it was stated that managers have different motives and, accordingly, show conservative behaviors. These motives are possible. This study examines the three contractual, tax and political motivations of managers from conservative methods. Contractual motive refers to contracts between the company and its stakeholders; Conservative tax incentive indicates the level of delays in revenue recognition due to tax deferrals and states the legal motive for exercising conservatism because it does not face judicial consequences. One of the important factors that can lead to different motivations of managers to operate in companies is the situation and news of the company, which, based on past and present information, can predict the future to some extent and make decisions based on it. (Hosseinafshari et al, 2021). These adverse indicators can reduce the value of assets. Because managers have different motivations for using conservative methods, the importance of this issue has increased and perhaps the answer to the question of how bad news affects conservative motives. Be able to fill the gap between application and research. In this research, both library and correlation methods are used mixedly. The statistical population of this research is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2021. After applying the restrictions, 163 listed companies were selected as a sample. To test the research hypotheses, multiple regression analyses have been used. Based on the theoretical foundation, these hypotheses were developed and tested:H1: Bad news increases the conservative contractual incentive by reducing debt.H2: Bad news increases conservative tax incentives by lowering tax rates.H3: Bad news increases the political motivation of conservatism by reducing the size of assets. The findings show that bad news does not significantly affect conservative contractual motivation. Findings from this test suggest that companies may pay less attention to good and bad news to finance themselves, build capital structure, and make decisions based on other policies. In this situation, political and cultural relations in the Iranian environment should not be overlooked when preparing financial resources. Based on these findings, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research cannot be confirmed. Bad news at the 10% error level also has a significant positive effect on conservative tax incentives. The findings show that in the face of bad news, companies have been tax-motivated in conservative ways and, as a result, have identified costs more and more quickly and reduced tax rates compared to the previous year. In other words, the findings show that companies pursue their tax goals and incentives using conservative methods. Based on these findings, it can be said that the second hypothesis of the research cannot be rejected. The results of testing the third hypothesis indicate that bad news has caused companies to appear politically smaller to be safe from policymakers in poor financial conditions and to pay less costs to the government, including taxes. In other words, in the face of bad news about the company's financial and operating environment, companies try to show less of their assets through conservative methods and maintain their financial reserves for a negative outlook in the future. The results showed that bad news companies did not affect the contractual motivation of companies, and companies did not significantly adjust their debt structure because of this and in these circumstances. To interpret these findings, we can point to the power of Iranian companies in debt financing. In times of financial crisis, financial constraints and bad news, they can establish relations with financing institutions through numerous political, cultural and social relations. Borrow this way. However, the findings in the second hypothesis show that bad news affects the company's tax incentive and increases it, and these findings are in line with the literature. In the face of bad news, companies showed less of their assets to be safe from politicians. Because of the ambiguity due to bad news forecasts, the company is likely to be financially constrained in the future, and companies should look for tricks to maintain financial resources for future consumption and thus maintain continuity. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that companies and their stakeholders review the company's news and information before making a decision and, based on this, predict the company's perspective and, by incorporating these forecasts, establish the next steps.

Because the risk of falling stock prices has a significant impact on investment decisions and the optimal allocation of resources, it is essential to understand the factors affecting this phenomenon and its underlying factors. Based on the rational stock pricing structure in the Iranian capital market, this study measures the risk of falling stock prices and its alignment with price bubbles. To analyze and test the research hypothesis, data related to 30 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1390-1401 were extracted. For this study, the stock price fall measurement model was estimated for the sample companies, and then its efficiency was measured and evaluated with the Kupiec test, and it was confirmed at a 95% confidence level. After estimating the capital assets pricing models, this study used Bartlett, Lunn, and Brown-Forside tests to assess the alignment between falling stock prices and bubbles. The results showed that there is no alignment between the variance of the risk of falling stock prices and bubbles based on the rational stock pricing structure in our country's context. Therefore, in our country, falling stock prices in line with price bubbles are not based on rational stock pricing.

The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria for measuring corporate governance variables and the efficiency of investment and conservatism and to measure the impact of independent variables on the dependent with respect to the moderating role of audit conservatism. The methodology of this research was a combination that in the first step, in order to identify the criteria for measuring the research variables, meta-analysis was used with the participation of 15 experts in accounting and financial management as panel members. Then, in the form of interpretive / structural analysis, an attempt was made to arrange the approved measurement criteria from the Delphi analysis stage in the form of a range from the least effective to the most effective measurement criteria. Finally, the selected measurement criteria as the most effective criteria for measuring research variables were developed in the form of hypotheses to be examined based on regression analysis in the period 2012-2018 based on the creation of 714 year-company observations. Results in the qualitative part of the approval of 8 criteria for measuring the corporate governance system; There are 6 criteria for measuring investment efficiency and 5 criteria for measuring accounting conservatism. The results in the quantitative part also showed that corporate governance has a positive and significant effect on investment efficiency. It was also found that conservatism intensifies the positive impact of corporate governance on investment efficiency.

The purpose of this study is framework of the philanthropy governance structure and the systematic representation of its functions in capital market companies. This study is considered exploratory in terms of methodology and analytically combined. Because of the lack of a coherent framework regarding the philanthropy governance structure, this study identified the themes of the study through interviews and coding through thematic analysis. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the reliability of the identified dimensions was analyzed, and finally, in the quantitative part, systemic representation analysis was used to explain the themes of the organization identified in the context of the functions of capital market companies. In this study, according to the theoretical saturation point in thematic analysis, 12 accounting experts participated, and in the quantitative part, 24 members of the board of directors with more than three years of professional experience who had the necessary experience and specialized knowledge participated. The results of the study in the qualitative part during the 12 interviews conducted indicate the existence of 3 overarching themes, 6 organizing themes and 36 basic themes. On the other hand, the results of the system representation as quantitative part analysis showed, the structure of adhocracy in philanthropy governance is considered the most stimulating structural change of capital market companies to improve the level of legitimacy and social trust, which can lead to two consequences of sociocracy and meritocracy as the philanthropy governance structure.

One of the major challenges faced by major firms is the risk of financial instability and ultimately financial bankruptcy. The managers of distresed and bankrupt firms are more motivated to opportunistic earnings management. , The collapse of companies like Enron, WorldCom and others have led to more research into profit manipulation and bankruptcy in developed countries. However, in the years before corporate bankruptcy, there was also sufficient pressure or incentive to create high-profit management to prevent bankruptcy through poor performance concealment Some researchers believe that earnings management variables can predict bankruptcy. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to modeling and predict bankruptcy using accrual earnings management tools during the period 2006-2018, in manufacturing firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research sample consisting of 1287 observations was selected based on the criteria of Article 141 of the Commercial Code of Iran. Logistic regression was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings from the hypothesis test showed that the predictive power of the Altman, Springate and Zmijewski bankruptcy models increased significantly after the addition of accrual earnings management variables to the initial models.

Commercial corporations, as an undeniable necessity of protecting the resources of stakeholders, need a civilized corporate governance structure; in a way that over time can meet the information needs and expectations of stakeholders. Corporate Governance Civilization is considered as a structural keyword in the corporate governance system which, by arranging effective board oversight mechanisms, can lead to the protection of shareholder interests and motivate investors to have confidence in the structures of capital market companies. The purpose of this research is evaluation of the criteria of corporate civilizational governance structure in the Iranian capital market. This study, which was a hybrid methodology, in the qualitative part, identified the characteristics of the corporate governance structure of the company in order to confirm the reliability of the identified characteristics based on Delphi analysis. Then, in a quantitative part, the study used interpretive ranking proses to evaluate the criteria of the corporate governance structure of the company in the Iranian capital market. The results of the research in the qualitative part indicated the existence of 6 features of the civilized governance structure of the company that were confirmed. The results in the quantitative part also showed that the percentage of influence of the adhocracy feature is higher than other features of the civilized governance structure, which means the existence of interactive relationships in the corporate governance system and mutual understanding of internal and external expectations and needs to protect stakeholders' rights.

Today, achieving economic growth and development is one of the main and important goals of all countries, including Iran. Due to the special conditions of Iran and the existence of sanctions, achieving economic growth is faced with its own limitations, so that in order to achieve economic growth welfare, such as creating models tailored to the country's conditions and also following it has become important for the country. Has been. The research hypotheses were analyzed by structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software. According to the purpose of the research, the statistical population is employed auditors and a member of the Internal Audit Association. The main hypothesis of this study is to establish a significant relationship between internal audit quality factors and effective elements of corruption. Considering that the amount (T-Value) is 35.768, so it is based on confirming the main hypothesis of the research. Users of financial statements, especially investors and creditors, often hold independent auditors accountable for detecting financial statements. Independent auditors, by professional standards, can only reasonably assure that their financial statements are free from material misstatement due to error or fraud. In the post-Enron era, investors expect independent auditors to make all material misstatements. , Detect and report errors and fraud. However, independent auditors in compliance with professional standards can only reasonably ensure that the financial statements are free from material misstatement.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of accounting comparability as an intra-organizational factor on pricing considerations of information environment issues such as information uncertainty and information asymmetry. In this study, two criteria have been used to measure information uncertainty. Based on the standard deviation of cash flows by the matched company (MF) method, the first criterion of information uncertainty on the model presented by Larson and Risatek is based. To measure the second criterion three different indicators were used, and then factor analysis method was used to convert these indicators into a single criterion. Information asymmetry is also measured based on the two indicators of accruals quality and sales gap. Also, the expected return of shareholders has been calculated based on the 5-factor model of Fama and French, for pricing these issues. For this purpose, data related to companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange have been extracted, for the period 1388 to 1397 and a combined regression model has been used to test the research hypotheses. The results show that the comparability of profits and cash flows leads to changes in returns due to information uncertainty and information asymmetry.Thus, investors and users of financial information in the Iranian capital market as well as standard formulators should pay special attention to the importance of comparability of financial reports as a qualitative factor among organizations; this is because it reduces the effects of information environment interference on the decision-making of users of financial information.

Despite the importance of identifying retirement benefit obligations and the challenges associated with them, the application of the requirements of this standard has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study is assessing the Challenges of applying the requirements of accounting Standard of Iranian accounting Standard of employee retirement benefits (NO.33). using mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thus, in the first phase, In order to evaluate the level of compliance with requirements of accounting Standard by companies, financial statement information and auditor report were analyzed using the statistical method of binomial tset. In the second phase, in order to assessing the Challenges of applying the requirements of accounting Standard, questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain expert opinions. The results of the first phase of the study ndicate that the requirements of the standard have not been operational. In addition, the results of the second phase of the study ndicate that all the requirements are understandable and lead to proper representation of information and all requirements except for the requirements of Actuarial calculations are efficient. Also in all aspects examined, the requirements of standard NO.33 are not enough. As for the operational requirements of the standard results of the survey, indicate that some of the requirements have challenged the implementation of Standard 33. Such as calculating the benefits of retirement based on actuarial, Due to the lack of actuarial standards and lack of knowledge in the field of actuarial, also Calculations of the fair value of assets, Due to the Lack of markets for some assets

The main purpose of study is to investigate the relationship between adjustment in the measurement of free cash flow with growth opportunities and abnormal returns of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were tested on the basis of a statistical sample of 95 companies over a 10-year period from 2009 to 2018 using multivariate regression models. The results of the research show that, there is a significantly negative relationship between free cash flow based on full offset and partial offset with growth opportunities. Also, there was significantly positive relationship between no-offset free cash flow and growth opportunities. Finally, there is a significantly negative relationship between the free cash flow of full offset, partial offset, and no offset with abnormal returns. Overall, the results showed that unadjusted free cash flow is a measure that will provide better information for investors, managers, creditors and other shareholders with unbiased and more accurate value estimates for the company and its planned projects.

In this research, the effect of social responsibility reporting on idiosyncratic risk and capital cost has been investigated theoretically according to three main arguments: stakeholder theory, information asymmetry, and risk management. It also goes beyond and the effect of incentive contracts (managerschr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))) remuneration and managerial ownership) are reviewed on this relationship. In line with the research objectives, 142 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange have been selected through the systematic elimination method from 2010 to 2018 and the research hypotheses have been tested using the panel data regression model. The results of the study showed that disclosure of social responsibility information through increased transparency, reduced uncertainty, stakeholder satisfaction, and positive market signals; reduced idiosyncratic risk and financing costs. It was also found that directorschr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))) remuneration by reducing social responsibility reporting lead to an increase in the cost of capital, but managerial ownership by increasing social responsibility reporting lead to reduced capital costs and idiosyncratic risk. Therefore, it can be seen that compared with remuneration incentives, equity incentives lead to stronger motivations to limit managerschr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))) short-term actions and encourage them to disclose social responsibility information.

The purpose of this research is to modeling and predicts bankruptcy using real and accrual earnings management variables. Based on this, using logistic regression, the accuracy of bankruptcy models before and after adding Earning management variables were estimated and compared. So, a sample consisting of 1287 years - company during the period 2006 to 2018 has been selected from the companies of Tehran Stock Exchange. The results showed that the predictability power of Altman, Springgate and Zimsky bankruptcy models has increased significantly after adding accrual earnings management variables compared to the initial models. The results also show that the parameters of real earning management weaken the predictability of Altman, Springgate and Zimsky models. Based on the results, accountants, managers, and economic planners are advised to pay special attention to the phenomenon of corporate Earning management in order to make their decisions better.

Conditional conservatism is an integral part of the process of normal accruals that are not formulated in these models. This research aims, in accordance with Byzalov et al (2016), by controlling the asymmetric behavior of explanatory variables in accrual models, which is due to the observance of the principle of conditional conservatism by accountants, on the one hand, measure the change in the explanatory power of accrual models, on the other hand, examines the usefulness of the model developed by Byzalov and Basu (2016) in measuring conditional conservatism.

The model of Allen et al (2013) was the basis and were collected data from 150 companies listed in Tehran stock Exchange in the period 2006 to 2017, and bad news indicators were added to the original modelstep by step. 

Controlling current cash flow asymmetric effect to the initial accrual model in the first step and then taking into account the asymmetric cash flow effect of the before and the next year as well as the variable of sales growth and number of employees in the second stage and finally taking into account the cumulative effect of cash losses on selection as an indicator of bad news, they increased the explanatory power of the model step by step, and the Vuong test showed a significant increase.

The developed model of Byzalov and Basu (2016) has a higher explanatory power than the Alan et al. (2013) model and can be used to measure conditional conservatism in Iran.

The present study provides a new insight about accruals by controlling the asymmetric effects of disaggregated bad news indicators on accruals, which is consistent with conditional conservatism, and offers a new model for measuring conditional conservatism and earnings management tests in Iran.

The audit fee is determined primarily by the characteristics of the applicant (client), the audit firm, and the conditions governing the profession and community and the cultural environment. This research merely examines the factors related to the professional, cultural and social environment that affect audit fees. In this research, the qualitative study and the grounded theory method have been used and the opinions of the experts gathered through the interview have been analyzed. To validate the results of the research, the criteria for consensus and control of the members have been used. According to the results, the community's association with auditing, the perception of users and stakeholders from auditing, decision-makers and policymakers, and the degree to which competitiveness is rated, are recognized as the most important factors affecting occupational and environmental conditions. Meanwhile, factors such as the size and focus of the market and the degree of international association of firms and the risk of litigation against auditors in Iran are the most important intervening condition affecting the determination of audit fees. Also, the set of these factors, along with the implications of reasonable fees and living conditions, are described.

It is thought that financial flexibility is very important in developing firm financial decisions on the market. Financial flexibility has been considered as an important component of the capital structure, as well as managers ' attitudes towards risk should play a key role in determining the firm's decisions. Hence, in this study, financial flexibility, capital structure and risk role of market study of tehran stock exchange firms were investigated. The method used in this study is quantitative. This study is applicable and it is descriptive and causal with regard to the target type. The time period of this study was from 1387 to 1397 when 101 companies were selected according to systematic elimination, according to the topic, models, problem expression and research hypotheses were formulated and analyzed using multiple regression model or multi variables with STATTA14 and Eviews8 softwares the results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between financial flexibility of firm with capital structure and also the role of the stock market risk on the relation between financial flexibility and capital structure of a type of adjustment.

Agency problems arise as a result of the conflict of interests between managers and shareholders. Auditing is considered as an effective way to limit the power of managers in contractual relationships. The basis of this paper is examining the role of funding constraints in changing the interactive effect between managers’ over-confidence and auditing fees.
The data of the companies, listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2006 to 2016, have been extracted and the combined data regression model has been used to test the research hypotheses.
The results indicate that excessive self-confidence and financial constraints lead to changes in audit fees. Also, the results indicate that financing constraints have a significant effect on the joint interaction of management`s over-confidence and the audit fees.

The aim of this study is to examine the Stock market behavioral reaction based on the failure of long-term and short-term decreasing trends of corporate performance criteria (including earnings per share, operating profit per share, operating cash flow per share and net growth of adjusted assets per share in term of inflation) in the time of dividend increases. For this purpose, six hypotheses are developed and data are analyzed by regression models using Panel data method with fixed effects approach. The sample consists of  301 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period from 1991 to 2015. The results show that for performance criteria of earnings per share, operating profit per share, and operating cash flow per share, the market's positive reaction to simultaneous increase of functional and dividend criteria is higher for long-term patterns than short-term patterns. On the other hand, the results indicate that for the performance criterion of changes in net adjusted assets of per share, the positive reaction of the market to simultaneous increase of the functional and dividend criteria is insignificant for long-term patterns and short-term patterns. The results also show that the market reaction to the performance criteria of operating cash flow per share and operating profit per share is higher for short-term patterns than the two other functional patterns. In addition, the results indicate that the market reaction is not the same for long-term patterns and that the market reacts differently to any performance criteria, in contrast to the theoretical foundations.

Information flow is a key parameter in an economic activity and acts as a key factor in the emergence, stability and efficiency of capital markets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of disclosure quality on the value of information and changes in the quality of accounting information. For this purpose, the data of the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1383 to 1394 have been extracted and the combined data regression model has been used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that information asymmetry pricing is a function of disclosure quality criteria and the cost of capital arising from information fluctuates and changes in different levels of disclosure. Information asymmetry has a significant effect on the expected returns of investors, but when the level of disclosure quality changes, the cost of capital imposed on the company also fluctuates and changes.

  The study of factors affecting audit fee is of great significance in terms of its impact on audit quality. Audit fee is effective in proper planning and implementation of financial audit. Accordingly, the prerequisite for audit quality is to receive sufficient fee. Simunic (1980) designed a model for audit services pricing for the first time. In this study, factors such as size, complexity (number of branches and type of activity), and risk (variety of activities) of client have statistically been determinants for audit fee. Since Simunic’s seminal article was published, several studies have strived to design models to describe the deviation in the level of audit fee paid by companies. Empirical models of audit fee generally consider fee as a function of working hours spent. The common factors in all previous studies are size, complexity and risk of employer’s company. These models show a high explanatory power and have been powerful factors in determining audit fee in different samples, countries, and time periods (Menon, & Williams, 2001). Therefore, due to the fact that, first, attention to other factors has not been considered in the studies including the conditions relating to the audit profession, cultural and environmental factors, and some features of audit firm and client, second, major studies are limited to the audit market of countries such as United States, UK, and Australia, and little attention has been paid to audit services in other countries, a deep study and extraction of a comprehensive and integrated audit fee model is essential in Iran.
This research seeks to introduce new factors influencing audit fees and ultimately provide the effective factors in the form of a model. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the research question of what the appropriate model for audit fee is. In this research, given the purpose of the study, grounded theory method has been used. In this study grounded theory method was used in order to get a deep understanding of the issue and to accomplish all the factors and processes of determining audit fee from the perspective of experts and presenting a data-based model. The data were collected and coded through interviews and voice recording. Unstructured interview was used as a data collection method. The samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling continued until we reached the theoretical saturation of the data which led to the selection of 15 partners of Trusted Audit Institutions of the Stock Exchange, 2 members of Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, 4 financial managers, and 2 Managing Directors of the Companies Accepted in Stock Exchange. In the present study, Strauss and Corbin (1998) triple coding, which includes open, axial and selective coding, has been used. In the present study, all the factors affecting audit fee from the perspective of the supplier and the applicant for these services and professional and environmental conditions have been analyzed and extracted. Causal conditions have been raised at each of these levels. Due to the fact that audit fees at each level (supplier, applicant, and profession, and community) are affected by a variety of factors, in order to comprehensively examine the issue of audit fee action strategies, intervening factors and the consequences at each of the levels mentioned were investigated and the context condition in the country was also described for audit fee. According to the results and model presented, the size of the audit firm, the degree of observance of the Code of Ethics, the value (worthiness) of the work for the client, and the attributes and credibility of managers and partners were recognized as the most important factors at the level of audit firm. Furthermore, size, risk, demand of quality, the purpose of the client for auditing, and effective corporate governance were the most important factors at the level of the client. In addition, the perception of key users and stakeholders from auditing, attitudes and characteristics of policy makers and decision makers, and the formulation of effective rules and regulations were the most important factors at the level of profession and environmental conditions. If appropriate strategies are adapted and proper context at the macro-level and audit profession including the provision of economic substrate, market, and the power of supervisory institutions on audit firms, and the constructive interaction of these institutions with the government and lawmakers are provided, it will lead to obtain reasonable audit fee. The set of these factors, together with the consequences of reasonable audit fee, constitute the model of the audit fee The results of this study indicate that some of the components of the model extracted in this research, on which studies have already been carried out, are almost consistent with the literature. However, in this model, certain factors and variables have been accentuated and some other factors have been added to the previous models. Categories such as the purpose of the client for auditing, the demand of quality, the existence of effective corporate governance, and the type of the systems established in the firm at the level of client, the degree of observance of codes of ethics, the attitudes and characteristics of managers and partners, the existence of different units in the firm, the value of work for the client, providing timely information to the client, the credibility and validity of the firm and partners at the level of audit firm, and the perception of stakeholders and key users of the audit, the attitudes and characteristics of policymakers and decision makers, the formulation of effective rules and regulations, size and market concentration, and the risk of legal claims in Iran at the level of users, professional and environmental conditions are the most important achievements of this research that are considered as increasing knowledge along with the concepts related to each category, dimensions, and characteristics of each concept.

The aim of this study is to examine the Stock market behavioral reaction Based based on long-term and short-run incremental trends of corporate performance Criteria (including earnings per share, operating profit per share, operating cash flow of each share and Net growth of adjusted assets per share in term of inflation) in the time of dividend reduction. For this purpose, four hypotheses are developed and data on 301 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period between the years 1991 to 2015 were analyzed. The regression models using Panel data method with fixed effects approach reviewed and tested. The results of this study showed that for performance measures of earnings per share, operating profit per share and operational flow of each share, market behavioral response to simultaneous reduction of performance and dividend is higher for long-term models than short-term patterns. On the other hand, the results indicate that for the change in the net adjusted assets of each share, the behavioral reaction of the market to simultaneously reduce the performance Criteria and dividend is imsignificant for long-term and short-term patterns. Therefore, all the assumptions of the research, except for the fourth hypothesis, are confirmed at 95% confidence level.