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One of the most significant complications of type 2 diabetes is the disruption of glucose transport mechanisms in cell membranes, with GLUT4 and AS160 proteins playing crucial roles in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on GLUT4 and AS160 protein levels, as well as insulin resistance, in the EDL muscle of type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes with aerobic exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced through a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. The aerobic training regimen consisted of five treadmill sessions per week for eight weeks. EDL muscle samples were collected 48 hours after the final training session.The levels of GLUT4 and AS160 proteins and insulin levels were measured using the ELISA method and insulin resistance was also calculated by HOMA-IR method.

The levels of GLUT4 and AS160 were significantly decreased in the diabetic group (P=0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly increased the levels of both GLUT4 and AS160 (P=0.01). AS160 levels in the control group were significantly higher than those in the diabetes + aerobic exercise group (P=0.001); however, there was no significant difference in GLUT4 levels between the control and diabetes + aerobic exercise groups (P=0.59). A significant positive correlation was observed between GLUT4 and AS160 (r=0.734, P=0.001), while significant negative correlations were found between both GLUT4 and AS160 with blood glucose levels (r=-0.751, P=0.001 and r=-0.955, P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, insulin levels and insulin resistance in the diabetes + aerobic exercise group were significantly lower than those in the type 2 diabetes group (P=0.001).

Aerobic exercise alleviates hyperglycemia and enhances AS160 and GLUT4 protein levels in the EDL muscle. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise may help compensate for the impaired glucose transport mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes in the EDL muscle of rats.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function. It seems that regular exercise slows down the rate of cognitive decline and this positive effect of exercise is exerted by some myokines. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare verbal memory function and cathepsin B (CTSB) serum levels as well as to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the response of these variables in young and older adult male football players.

29 male football players in two age groups: 19-30 years old (G1: n=15, football experience: 10.6 ± 2.8) and 46-71 years old (G2: n=14, football experience: 35.8 ± 9.5) voluntarily participated in the study. On the training day, the subjects ran for one hour at an intensity of 11-12 on the Borg Scale. The verbal memory test was performed before and after the exercise session, then blood samples were taken from the subjects to determine the serum levels of CTSB.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between verbal memory function and CTSB serum levels of the two groups in the pre-test. Moreover, verbal memory function and CTSB serum levels increased significantly in both groups after exercise. In addition, there was no significant difference between the increases in verbal memory function between the two groups. However, the serum levels of CTSB increased significantly in the G2 group compared to the G1 group.

It seems that regular participation in football can maintain CTSB serum levels even in old age as a myokine that can improve cognitive function (memory and learning). Moreover, the response of this myokine to aerobic exercise is more pronounced in older adults compared to younger individuals, underscoring the significant benefits of maintaining an active lifestyle into old age.

BDNF decrease, and HbA1c and Asprosin increase in diabetic people and exercise can reverse these effects, but the effect of vigorous exercise on Asprosin and BDNF in elderly diabetic people have not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity functional exercise on Asprosin and BDNF and their relationship with glucose and HbA1c in elderly diabetic men and women.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 elderly diabetic men and women (age: 67.25 ± 5.84, BM: 70.29 ± 13.01, height: 160.92 ± 10.29) participated. The initial blood sample was taken while fasting. After 90 minutes, the subjects performed the exercise for 50 minutes. The second blood sample was taken 10 minutes after the high-intensity functional exercise. BDNF, Asprosin, HbA1c, and glucose levels were measured by ELISA method. To analyze the data, T-tests, covariance and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used.

Asprosin and BDNF decreased (P< 0.0005) and increased (P< 0.0005), respectively in both groups. There was no significant difference between Asprosin and BDNF in elderly diabetic men and women in pre-test and post-test (P> 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between BDNF with Asprosin, HbA1c and glucose and a significant positive correlation between Asprosin with HbA1c and glucose (P< 0.05).

Vigorous exercise decrease and increase Asprosin and BDNF in elderly diabetic men and women, respectively. Also, considering the significant negative relationship between BDNF with glucose and HbA1c and the significant positive relationship between Asprosin with glucose and HbA1c, it seems that vigorous exercise by reversing the changes of asprosin and BDNF causes possible improvement in levels of glucose and HbA1c.

Functional disorder of the nervous system is one of the consequences of type 2 diabetes. Aβ-40 and IGF-1 are probably involved in this mechanism. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on Aβ-40 and IGF-1 proteins in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.

A total of 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats were placed in 4 groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes training (DT), and training (T). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. The training was performed for six weeks. To measure proteins, the ELISA method was used, and a one-way ANOVA test was used for data analysis.

The amount of Aβ-40 in group D was different from that of DT, T, and C groups (P<.05). The DT group displayed a significant difference from the C and T groups (P<.05). Aβ-40 levels were not different between T and C groups (P=0.604). The amount of IGF-1 in the D group was lower compared to all groups (P=0.001). Nonetheless, the DT group had no difference from the C and T groups (P>.05). The amount of IGF-1 in the T group was different only from the D group (P=0.001). The positive (Aβ-40) and negative (IGF-1) correlations were observed with blood glucose (P=0.001, r=0.850 and P=0.001, r=-0.814).

Diabetes increases Aβ-40 and decreases IGF-1. Nevertheless, exercise moderates the effect of diabetes on them. Considering the appropriate duration of exercise and the correlation of these proteins with blood glucose, an increase in the intensity of aerobic training may further regulate the negative effect of diabetes on these two proteins.

Aging can lead to a decrease in cardiac function and an increase in oxidative stress in the heart, which leads to cellular aging through mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and genistein (Ge) consumption in the heart tissue of elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 18 to 24 months were selected and divided into five groups of six rats, including 1) HIIT, 2) Ge, 3) HIIT + Ge, 4) control, and 5) sham. During eight weeks, groups 2 and 3 received 60 mg of Ge dissolved in DMSO per kilogram of body weight daily, and group 5 received 60 mg of DMSO per kilogram of body weight per day intra-peritoneally. In addition, groups 1 and 3 ran on the treadmill three times per week. For statistical analysis of data, Shapiro-Wilk, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test were used.

High-intensity interval training had a significant effect on increasing GPx and MDA (P<0.05), Ge led to a significant decrease in SOD (P<0.05); however, HIIT with Ge had not interactive effects on improving SOD, GPx, and MDA (P<0.05).

It seems that the antioxidant system is dependent on the intensity of exercise and the dose of genistein. Therefore, HIIT and Ge in this study have no interactive effect on the oxidant-antioxidant system in the heart of elderly rats.

One of the complications of type 2 diabetes is the development of neurocognitive disorders, and DCX and AMPA may be involved in this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the DCX and AMPA in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.

32 eight-week-old male rats were divided into control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-exercise (DT), and exercise (T) groups. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. The exercise was carried out for six weeks. Finally, the rats were dissected, and their hippocampus tissue was extracted. Proteins were measured by the ELISA method.

There was nonsignificant difference between the DCX of the C group and the T and DT groups (p>0.05). But there was a significant difference between the DCX of the C and diabetic groups (p =0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed between the diabetic groups and the T group (p<0.05). AMPA in diabetic groups were significantly lower than in C and T groups (p<0.05) While the difference between C and T groups and D and DT groups was not significant (p>0.05). Also, a significant negative correlation was observed between AMPA and DCX with blood glucose.

Diabetes reduces the AMPA and DCX but exercise nonsignificantly reduces the effect of diabetes on those. According to the appropriate duration of exercise, there is a possibility that due to the significant negative correlation between these proteins and glucose, the intensity of exercise can significantly reduce the negative effect of diabetes on those.

Considering the hypoglycemic role of cysteine-rich acidic secreted protein (SPARC) and its effect on AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with cinnamon extract supplementation on SPARC, AMPK and GLUT4 levels in type 2 diabetic rats.

35 eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-supplement (DS), diabetes-exercise (DE), and diabetes-exercise-supplement (DES). The training program was performed 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Rats in DS and DES groups received 200 mg/kg of CE daily by gavage, and rats in C and DE groups received water during this period.

Blood glucose was decreased in the DS, DE, and DES groups. SPARC, AMPK, and GLUT4 protein levels and weight significantly reduced in the D group. Also, GLUT4 levels in the DS group increased significantly. However, the SPARC, AMPK, and GLUT4 protein levels were significantly increased in both the DE and DES groups.

CE only increases GLUT4 but exercise increases the SPARC, AMPK, and GLUT4 in diabetic rats. However, exercise with CE have significantly greater effects on the SPARC, AMPK, and GLUT4 in diabetic rats and can be very useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

Neurotrophins and neurotransmitters play an important role in improving cognitive function. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a judo training session and a weight training session on serum levels of glutamate, noradrenaline, IGF-1 and VEGF in judoka females. In this quasi-experimental study, 11 judoka females (age: 25.60±3.57 years, weight: 66.20±9.60 kg, height: 165.40 ± 4.50 cm) voluntarily participated. Subjects participated in two sessions of judo and weight training for one hour 10 days apart. Blood samples were taken from the subjects five minutes before and after each training session. serum levels of glutamate, noradrenaline, IGF-1 and VEGF were measured. The results showed that serum concentrations of all variables increased significantly after both training sessions (p<0.05). Also, the results of covariance test showed that serum levels of glutamate (p=0.013) and IGF-1 (p=0.014) after weight training session increased significantly more than judo training session. However, changes in serum levels of noradrenaline (p=0.117) and VEGF (p=0.192) were the same after both training sessions. It seems that open- and closed-skill exercises have different effects on serum levels of some neurotrophins and neurotransmitters. Therefore, the mechanism of the effect of judo training and weight training on cognitive function is different.

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and lon protease 1 (LONP1) are thought to be indicators of mitochondrial stress, which is essential for cell survival. This study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance exercise on changes in HSP70 and LONP1 in diabetic mice.

This study was experimental and thirty adult mice were randomly and equally divided into three groups: control (C; n=10), diabetic (D; n=10) and diabetic-exercise (DE; n=10). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Aerobic endurance training was performed for eight weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, glucose, insulin, HSP70 levels, LONP1 levels and insulin resistance index were measured.

Insulin, blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in group DE decreased significantly compared to group D (P<0.05). Also, HSP70 protein levels in group DE increased significantly compared to group D (P<0.05) and in group D compared to group C decreased significantly (P<0.05). A period of endurance training significantly increased the expression of LONP1 protein levels in DE group compared to group D (P<0.05). LONP1 protein levels in group D increased significantly compared to group C (P<0.05), also.

Reports show that diabetes can decreases the levels of HSP70 and increases LONP1. Also, endurance exercise can enhance impaired mitochondrial function in diabetes by increasing the expression of HSP70 and LONP1 proteins. It also improves the insulin resistance index.

Exercise modes can be divided into open skill exercise and closed skill exercise. Also, different types of exercise have different effects on factors related to improving cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a judo training session (open skill) and a weight training session (closed skill) on serum levels of NGF and FGF-2 in female judokas.

In this quasi-experimental study, 11 female judokas (age: 25.60±3.57 years, weight: 66.20±9.60 kg, height: 165.40 ± 4.50 cm) voluntarily participated. Subjects participated in two sessions of judo and weight training for one hour 10 days apart. Blood samples were taken from the subjects five minutes before and after each training session. Serum levels of NGF and FGF-2 were measured by ELISA. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures at the significance level of p<0.05.

The results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the serum levels of both NGF and FGF-2 variables increased significantly after both types of training (p<0.05). Also, serum levels of FGF-2 after weight training increased significantly more than judo training (p=0.001). However, changes in serum levels of NGF was the same after both training sessions (p=0.39).

It seems that weight training and judo training have different effects on serum levels of FGF-2. Therefore, the mechanism of the effect of judo training and weight training on cognitive function may be different. Therefore, it is recommended to use different exercises to further improve cognitive function.

Recently, there has been a great interest in combined therapies in the treatment of most diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that the arginase enzyme plays a key role in the complications of diabetes; modulation of this enzyme may help reduce the complications of diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with cinnamon extract supplementation on arginase and P38 MAPK levels in soleus muscle of rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this study, 35 eight-week-old male Wistar rats (weighted 200-250 g) were randomly divided into five groups: Control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes + supplement (DS), diabetes + exercise (DE) and diabetes + exercise + supplement (DES). The aerobic exercise was progressively performed for 8 weeks at five sessions per week. The rats in the DS and DES groups received 200 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic cinnamon extract daily by gavage, while those in groups C and DE received water during this period. Forty-eight hours after the intervention, soleus muscle was isolated and enzyme levels were measured. To analyze the collected data, one-way analysis of variance was used and Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationships between the study variables, considering a significance level of P<0.05.

The level of arginase enzyme in group D (1.17±0.05) was significantly higher than in group C (0.53±0.08), and its level in group DES (0.67±0.09) was significantly lower than in group D. There was no significant difference in p38 MAPK protein level between any groups. There was a significant positive correlation between blood glucose and arginase enzyme levels.

The combination of aerobic exercise with hydroalcoholic cinnamon extract supplementation can reduce the level of arginase enzyme. Since many complications of diabetes are associated with an increase in the arginase enzyme level, this intervention can be helpful. The findings of this study about the positive effects of aerobic exercise and cinnamon on the complications of diabetes can pave the way for clinical trials.

Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is considered as an indicator of mitochondrial stress and plays a role in modulating mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic endurance exercise on changes in heat shock protein 60 and insulin resistance in mice with type 2 diabetes.

Thirty adult mice were randomly and equally divided into three groups: control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic-exercise (DE). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin. Aerobic endurance training was performed five sessions per week for eight weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, glucose, insulin and HSP60 levels and insulin resistance index were measured.

Insulin and blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in group DE decreased significantly compared to group D (P<0.05). Also, HSP60 protein levels in group DE increased significantly compared to group D (P<0.05) and decreased significantly in group D compared to group C (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there was a negative correlation between HSP60 and insulin resistance in all three groups (P= 0.001, r= 0.930).

Diabetes lowers HSP60 levels and aerobic endurance exercise increases its levels. Also, endurance exercise can enhance mitochondrial function in diabetes by increasing HSP60 protein expression. It improves the insulin resistance index, also.

 Aerobic exercise and Saffron has beneficial effects on inflammatory response. The present study aims to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise combined with saffron extract supplementation on serum levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in rats following an aerobic exercise until exhaustion

 This is an experimental study. Forty eight Wistar male rats were assigned into four groups: control (C), supplementation) SE), training (AT), and training+supplementation (AT+SE). Aerobic exercise was performed for 8 weeks (five sessions a week). supplementation was done by administrating 100 mg/kg/day saffron extract by oral gavage. At the end of experiment, half of the rats was killed immediately before exhaustion and the remaining immediately after performing an acute aerobic exercise until exhaustion by running on the treadmill. Serum CRP and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, considering the significance level of P< 0.05. 

 Following an exhausting exercise, serum levels of CRP and TNF-α in the AT+SE group significantly lower than in groups C (PCRP = 0.001; PTNF-α=0.001), SE (PCRP=0.001; PTNF-α=0.001) and AT (PCRP= 0.021; PTNF-α =0.046). These markers in the AT group significantly lower than in groups C (PCRP=0.004; PTNF-α=0.039) and SE (PCRP= 0.014; PTNF-α=0.043). There was no significant difference between the other groups. 

 Aerobic exercise alone and in combination with the use of saffron extract may reduce the inflammatory responses following an exhausting exercise.

Balance is a key factor for improving exercise performance and preventing sport-related injuries. The objective was to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on dynamic balance after performing an exhaustive endurance task in normobaric hypoxia.Methods Fourteen endurance-trained men took part in this study. In three separate experimental sessions, after measuring the dynamic balance at baseline, participants were exposed to hypoxia for 30 min followed by one of the three montages of brain stimulation including 1) anodal stimulation of the M1 region, 2) anodal stimulation of the DLPFC region, and 3) sham stimulation for 20 minutes. Then, participants performed an exhausting cycling task at 60% of peak power output in hypoxia. Immediately after exhaustion, the dynamic balance was measured again. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that after exhaustion under the hypoxic condition, the dynamic balance of the right leg in the DLPFC condition was significantly higher than the dynamic balance in the sham condition (p = 0.042). The results also demonstrated that the dynamic balance of the left leg after exhaustion in hypoxia was significantly higher than that of the sham condition (p = 0.042). We concluded that neuromuscular fatigue and exposure to the hypoxic condition could have a detrimental effect on dynamic balance. Also, it seems that anodal stimulation of the DLPFC area could have a positive effect on the dynamic balance after exhaustion under the hypoxic condition.

High-intensity functional training can be well performed by the elderly; however, the effect of this training on brain-health-related factors has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity functional training on serum levels of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF in elderly men and women.

This quasi-experimental study included 23 subjects (7 males and 16 females) who were divided into experimental (n=16) and control groups (n=7). The experimental group performed a training protocol consisting of six exercises in three sessions (each session was 25 min) per week for eight weeks. The exercises were performed at all-out intensity for 30 sec. There was a 15-sec rest between each set and a two-min rest between each exercise. Paired samples t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results showed that the serum levels of BDNF (P=0.0005, +11.37), VEGF (P=0.0005, +7.49), IGF-1 (P=0.001, +3.91), LDL (P=0.004, -3.33), and HDL (P=0.004, +7.48) changed significantly in the experimental group. On the other hand, in the control group, serum levels of BDNF (P=0.149, +1.58), IGF-1 (P=0.486, +0.27), LDL (P=0.897, +0.14), and HDL (P=0.534, +1.10) had no significant changes; however, VEGF (P=0.01, +0.67) significantly changed. The results of ANCOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding all variables (P<0.05).

Eight weeks of high-intensity functional training in elderly men and women increases the serum levels of brain health-related factors. Therefore, functional training is recommended to improve brain function in the elderly.

Various serum factors in response to aerobic exercise improve cognitive function in healthy individuals; nonetheless, the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on their levels has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Doublecortin (DCX), and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) in triathlon male adolescents in Tuyserkan.

A total of 22 triathlon male adolescents (age: 17.60±0.52 years, weight: 60.74±4.96 kg, height: 175.60±5.52 cm) voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. Subjects in one session performed 60 minutes of running with an intensity of 12-13 on the Borg scale. Blood samples were taken from the subjects 5 min before and after training. Serum levels of BDNF, DCX and DBHB were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, paired samples t-test was used, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In addition, the percentage of changes was compared to pre-test.

Based on the results, the serum levels of DCX (P=0.0005), BDNF (P=0.0005), and DBHB (P=0.001) increased significantly, compared to those in the pretest. Furthermore, serum levels of BDNF (21.30%), DBHB (12.95%) and DCX (12.01%) had the highest increase, as compared to the pretest, respectively.

All three serum factors BDNF, DCX, and DBHB have a significant positive response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in triathlon male adolescents. Nevertheless, neurotrophin/growth factor BDNF demonstrates more changes and appears to play a greater role in neuroprotection, improving memory, learning, and cognitive function.

Exercise and diabetes have opposite effects on GLUT4 protein, but its mechanism has not been fully investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in diabetic rats.

32 male Wistar rats (weight: 245±9.4 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control, exercise, diabetic, diabetic-exercise. At 8 weeks of age, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The endurance training was performed for 6 weeks. 24 hours after the last session, the mice were sacrificed and EDL muscle was extracted. The protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 were measured using ELISA method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data at a significant level of P<0.05.

Results showed significant differences in GLUT4 levels between control and diabetic (P=0.0005), diabetic-exercise and diabetic (P=0.0005) and diabetic and exercise groups (P=0.0005). Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference in HDAC5 protein levels between control and exercise (P=0.138), diabetic-exercise and diabetic (P=0.229) and exercise and diabetic groups (P=0.306), and there was a significant difference between the other groups (P<0.05). Also, There was a non-significant inverse relationship between GLUT4 and HDAC5 protein levels (r=-0.169, P=0.354).

The positive effect of endurance training on GLUT4 protein levels was greater in the diabetic than in the healthy group. Although endurance training had a positive effect on GLUT4 and HDAC5 levels and effect on GLUT4 protein was greater and more significant.

Physical activity has a positive effect on angiogenesis and inflammation indexes, but its effect on people who intake a high-fat diet is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks of interval activity on serum levels of angiogenesis factors and inflammatory index predicting cardiovascular disease on high-fat diet rats.

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (6 weeks old) were randomly assigned in 3 groups; normal diet (n=10), high-fat diet (n=10), and high-fat diet-interval training. For the first and second groups, the training program was performed 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Before the first session and 48 hours after the last session of physical activity, blood samples were taken using the ELISA method to examine NO, VEGF, and CRP. the MANOVA test was used to analyze data

The results of this study showed that 8 weeks of interval training increased significantly (p<0.0001) NO and VEGF (P=0.0001) levels in the high-fat diet-interval training group compared to the control group and high-fat diet group. However, the CRP level of the high-fat diet-interval training group decreased significantly (P=0.0001) than the control group.

according to the findings of this study, 8 weeks of interval training increase some angiogenesis factors such as NO and VEGF, which results in the probable reduction of CRP as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease.

The neuroprotective effects of aerobic exercise and the enriched environment have been demonstrated, but the acute effects of aerobic exercise in the enriched environment have not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise in the enriched environment on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), triglyceride, and glucose in active elderly men.

Ten active elderly men (age: 60.30±3.83 years) voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study. The subjects ran one-hour with intensity of 12-15 in Borg scale, one session in an ordinary environment and one session in an enriched environment, two weeks apart in a randomized cross-over design. Five minutes before and after the training, the blood sample was taken for measurement of the changes in serum levels of BDNF, triglyceride, and glucose.

The results of paired samples t-test showed that in both environments, the serum levels of BDNF increased significantly (p=0.001). However, in the enriched environment, serum levels of triglyceride also decreased significantly (p=0.011). Also, the results of the covariance test showed no significant difference between the levels of all variables in the two environments. On the other hand, the percentage of changes in all variables was higher in the enriched environment.

One hour of running with moderate intensity significantly increased serum levels of BDNF in active elderly men. But, only aerobic exercises in the enriched environment significantly reduce levels of triglyceride. Overall, running in the enriched environment may have a greater impact on BDNF, triglycerides, and glucose.

Aerobic exercise increases serum levels of BDNF, Irisin, and Cathepsin B, but the effects of it in the manipulated environment have not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise in manipulated environment on serum levels of BDNF, Irisin and Cathepsin B in healthy active adolescents in Khorramabad.

In this quasi-experimental study, 10 healthy active male adolescents (age: 16.60±0.52 years) voluntarily participated. The subjects underwent a one-hour running with intensity between 12-13 in Borg scale one session in an ordinary environment and one session in an enriched environment interspersed with one week in a randomized cross-over design. Five minutes before and after the training, a blood sample was taken from the subjects. Serum levels of BDNF, Irisin and Cathepsin B were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, paired samples t-test was used. Also, the percentage of changes were compared to pre-test.

The results showed that in both environments serum levels of BDNF (p=0.001, p=0.001) Irisin (p=0.002, p=0.001) and Cathepsin B (p=0.001, p=0.0005) were significantly increased. However, there was only a significant difference between Irisin (p=0.043) and Cathepsin B (p=0.046) in the two environments. Also, the percentage of changes in all variables was higher in enriched environment.

Moderate intensity aerobic exercise in healthy active adolescents increased serum levels of BDNF, Irisin, and Cathepsin B. But, the manipulated environment has greater impact. Therefore, it is recommended to use a manipulated environment to make the most of the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise.

Physical activity has a beneficial effect on liver enzymes concentration. Also, patients with subclinical hypothyroidism have high levels of liver enzymes. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of 5 months aerobics exercise with low to moderate intensity on serum levels of liver enzymes in subclinical hypothyroidism women.

This semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was performed on 25 subclinical hypothyroidism women in Abdanan city in 2016. The subjects were divided into three groups: drug-exercise, exercise, and drug. Aerobics exercise training consisted of 3 sessions (60 min) per week for 5 months. The drug group was inactive persons who took only LT4 tablets. Levels of ALT, AST and ALP were measured in three groups after 5 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) and correlated t-test and one-way ANOVA test. P

Aerobics exercise with low to moderate intensity resulted in non-significant changes in serum levels of ALT (p=0.054), AST (p=0.065) and ALP (p=0.108) in subclinical hypothyroidism women.

According to the findings of the present study, 5 months aerobics exercise with low to moderate intensity leads to non-significant changes in serum liver enzymes of ALT, AST, and ALP in subclinical hypothyroidism women. Thus, 5 months aerobics exercise does not affect the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver in subclinical hypothyroidism women.

Mitochondrial biogenesis is related to Ppargc1α and Atf2 genes. Endurance training through PGC-1α and Atf2 induces mitochondrial biogenesis, but it seems that air pollution has the opposite effect. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training in air pollution on PGC-1α and Atf2 genes expression in brain cortex mitochondria of Wistar male rats.

In this experimental study, 32 eight-week-old rats (weight: 180.77±10.65) divided into four groups: control, training, pollution, and training+pollution. In order to expose animals to air pollution, a 9000-liter chamber was used. The training was performed for eight weeks. 24 hours after last session, brain cortex was extracted. The expression of genes was measured using RT-PCR. The two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data.

Atf2 gene expression was significantly different in the training+pollution group compared to the control group (P=0.04). In addition, Atf2 gene expression was significantly different in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Also, PGC-1α gene expression was significantly different in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Also, PGC-1α gene expression was significantly different in the pollution group compared to the control group (P<0.01). But, PGC-1α gene expression was not significantly different in the training+pollution group compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Pollution has no effect on Atf2 gene expression, but training in both conditions increases it. Also, pollution reduces PGC-1α gene expression but training increases it. Therefore, it seems that expression of PGC-1α in air pollution is also influenced by other factors.

Physical Activity has a beneficial effect on blood lipids. In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism the levels of blood lipids increase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 5 month aerobic exercise training on serum lipids profile in women with subclinical hypothyroidism.

In this semi-experimental study, after obtaining written consent, 25 subclinical hypothyroidism women (age: 35.59±3.83) were divided into three groups: drug-exercise (n=8), exercise (n=7), and drug (n=10). Aerobic exercise training consisted of 3 sessions (60 min) per week for 5 months. In order to increase the intensity of training, rhythmic movements were performed with different and more complex combinations. The drug group was inactive persons who took only LT4 tablets. Serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG and VLDL were measured in three groups after 5 months. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance.

Results showed that aerobic exercise training resulted in non-significant changes in serum levels of cholesterol (P=0.539), LDL (P=0.537), HDL (P=0.676), TG (P=0.531), VLDL (P=0.529) in subclinical hypothyroidism women.

According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that 5 months of Aerobics exercise leads to non-significant changes in serum lipid profiles in subclinical hypothyroidism women. Thus, 5 months of Aerobic exercise does not affect the improvement of serum lipid profiles in subclinical hypothyroidism women.

Increased expression of HDAC5 reduces the expression of GLUT4 in slow-twitch fibers, and this mechanism has not been studied in diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of study was to investigate the effect of six weeks endurance training on protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 in soleus muscle in diabetic rats.

For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats (weight: 245±9.4 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: diabetic, diabetic and training, training, and control. At 8 weeks of age, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The endurance training was carried out five times per week for 6 weeks. 24 hours after the completion of the protocol, the mice were sacrificed and their soleus muscle was extracted. Then, the protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 were measured using ELISA method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data at a significant level of P<0.05.

Results showed significant differences between control and training (P=0.008), training and diabetic training (P=0.004), and training and diabetic (P=0.0005) groups in GLUT4 levels. But, in HDAC5, results showed that there is not significant differences only between control and training groups (P=0.99), and there are significant differences among other groups (P<0.05). Also, there is a significant inverse relationship between the protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 (P=0.012, r =-0.439).

It seems that six weeks moderate intensity endurance training increases protein levels of GLUT4. But endurance training only can decreases protein levels of HDAC5 in diabetes.